Yombhobho gas "Blue Stream ': anika umdla

"Blue Stream" - yeyona inkulu ngaphesheya koLwandle Black igesi yombhobho, apho izibaso nakwesiphi eRussia kuya eTurkey. Ku yakhiwa isebe Dutch of OOO "Gazprom" BV kunye Italian "Eni" yaye yaqalisa ukusebenza ngo-2005. Inxalenye mbhobho kummandla Turkish ezilawulwa yinkampani amandla yendawo BOTAS. Phantsi kolawulo lilonke Russian Federation. Eyona njongo iphambili yale "Blue Stream" - diversify unikezelo irhasi IsiRashiya ukuya eTurkey, ngokudlulisela amazwe wesithathu.

History of indalo

Ukulungiselela le projekthi ye-wegesi yaqala ngo-1997. NgoDisemba, Russia, Turkey asayina isivumelwano koorhulumente ekwakhiweni umjelo unxweme. Ngelo xesha, "Gazprom" livumile kunye nenkampani BOTAS malunga namashumi amabini anesihlanu isivumelwano sobonelelo amafutha. NgoFebruwari 1999, imemorandam sasayinwa phakathi Russian kunye icala Italian, kwakunye kwamiselwa isebe Dutch.

Ukwakhiwa "Blue Stream 'lwaqhutywa ngo-2001-2002. icandelo Imvume yokwenza esakhiwa yinkampani Italian Saipem, nelizwe Russian - "Stroytransgaz". "Blue Stream" waqalisa ukusebenza ngo-Februwari 2003. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa ungquzulwano phakathi eRashiya Turkey phezu amaxabiso amafutha xa kuvulwa ngokusesikweni kwesikhululo wekhadi igesi Darusu wegqitha Septemba 17, 2005 kuphela. It yayihanjelwe Russian nguMongameli Vladimir Putin, abalungiseleli yinkulumbuso Turkey kunye Italy.

iimpawu zobugcisa wegesi

"Blue Stream" waqalisa ukusebenza kwi ngokupheleleyo ngo-2010. Its ezinomlinganiselo yi-16 billion cubic metres. Ubude lilonke i "Blue Stream" - 1213 leekhilomitha. Inxalenye Russian iqala isityalo igesi Izobilnoye ecaleni aseStavropol kwaye iphela kummandla Krasnodar. ngezinga elikhulu ufunyenwe Turkey - 444 km. Imibhobho zininzi zisetyenziswa kunye ubukhulu ezahlukeneyo: isahlulo mhlaba - 1400 eemilimitha, intaba - 12000, Guinea - 610. Uxinzelelo ifikelela 25 MPA. "Blue Stream 'umbhobho uthathwa ngokunzulu ehlabathini. Lisebenza 2.2 iikhilomitha ngaphantsi komhlaba.

Ngowe-2014, Turkey naseRashiya lafikelela kwisivumelwano malunga ekukhuliseni amandla 3 billion cubic metres. Kwakhona, ukuqwalasela kwakhona amaxabiso amafutha lwaqhutywa.

Lwezimali kunye ubunzima lokuqala

"Blue Stream" - kodwa yiprojekthi yebhongo kakhulu. eyona uphuhliso yakhe yaqala ngo-1987, xa Turkey waqalisa ukungenisa oyile USSR. Ekuqaleni, lo samba 0.5 billion cubic metres, namhlanje iye ikhule ngamaxesha 34. Esi sakhiwo - oku yi projekthi yebhongo kakhulu. Iingxaki yaqala kwinqanaba lokuqala, ngoko saqaliswa ukulibaziseka iminyaka emithathu. Iindleko zizonke zolwakhiwo yombhobho yaba 3.2 billion US zeerandi. Wayirhola kuba ngokudibeneyo ecaleni Turkish kunye Russian. Uyilo lwenxalenye offshore of US $ 1.7 yezigidi iye isetyenziswe.

Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba bekusungulwa wegesi, icala Turkish Uveze ukuba akukho ukulungele ukuthatha bawo zamafutha. Ukuthintela ukungaphumeleli zeprojekthi, Russian Federation kwanciphisa ixabiso waza wagqiba ukugawula izinto. Kodwa le mpikiswano ayizange iphele khona. Ngo-2004, Vladimir Putin kwafuneka ukuba angenelele kwaye ukunciphisa ixabiso ukusa kwinqanaba zohanjiso zomgaqo Bulgarian.

Yombhobho "Blue Stream 2"

Le projekthi uhola wendlela entsha yaphakanyiswa kuqala ngo-2002. Russian nguMongameli Vladimir Putin kunye Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan kuxoxwa ukwakhiwa umgca wesibini kunye ukwandiswa yombhobho ekhoyo usebenzisa link Samsun-Keyhen kunye namasebe e South-eMpuma Yurophu. Development le projekthi iye yakhula emva kokuba isigqibo amazwe amahlanu ukuba baqale ukwakha i "Nabucco". Noko ke, kungekudala waba ngundaba ukuqhubela phambili le projekthi phantsi kwegama "South Stream". Yombhobho entsha kuza kudibanisa ngqo eBulgaria naseRashiya. Kodwa ngoku lumiswa ngenxa eziya zisiba lobudlelwane kunye Ukraine.

Ngo-2009, Vladimir Putin, njengoko inkulumbuso ecetywayo kuhola enqamleza ngaxeshanye kwi "Blue Stream 'phantsi kuLwandle Black, yaye waqhubeka nendlela yakhe ukusuka Samsun ukuba Keyhen. Ukusuka apho, ukuba ukuthutha irhasi yendalo kwelaseSiriya, Libya, uSirayeli naseSipro. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, eli phulo kuphela umbandela umbono wexesha elide, nayiphi na imeko yakhe ilungisa noko.

Zokukhusela okusingqongileyo nokukhusela

Ukwakhiwa "Blue Stream 'iye yanxulunyaniswa Uqhankqalazo ezinkulu-scale envayrontamentalistov. Kodwa abazange babe nenxaxheba enkulu inkqubo, njengoko igosa uhlolo lwefuthe kokusingqongileyo wabonisa kancinane kube ukulimala kwakhe. Ukwakhiwa kwaqhubeka, yokuqalisa iprojekthi iye yabonisa ukuba akukho izizathu ezinzulu inkxalabo. Ke zonke ezi uqikelelo zinokuphikiswa, kuba onke amaqela anomdla kakhulu kwimisebenzi yawo. Ngaphezu koko, zonke iimviwo eyenziwa ikakhulu eRashiya, apho "Blue Stream 'kubaluleke qhinga, ingakumbi emva exacerbation lobudlelwane yayo Ukraine kunye frozen" umlambo Southern ". Nangona kwimeko ukunyhashwa ke lowo kwicala American ibingayi ayiphumelelanga ukuba angenelele.

imeko yangoku

Yombhobho gas "Blue Stream" - iprojekthi leyo kufuneka ibe sisiseko intsebenziswano nokubambisana phakathi eRashiya Turkey kumacandelo zamandla ombane nezothutho. umgca sendleleni ndati Ukraine, Moldova, Romania kunye Bulgaria ezikhoyo. fuel zokuhamba oluya kwenza ukuba lixhome kakhulu, kubekho izikhalazo ezininzi malunga ukubiwa ithi bakhe, kummandla apho wabaleka.

Kodwa ukususela ekuqaleni nokusebenza iprojekthi i "Blue Stream 'iingxaki, kuquka eRashiya. Njengoko kuboniswe yi iimvavanyo ezenziwe yi-Accounting kwiGumbi, inkampani Italian babesebenzisa nepolagayuschimisya iingenelo zakhe. Kakade ke, kuye kwabangela umonakalo kwi-mali karhulumente. Iingcali ziqikelela ukuba ngo-2003 kuphela sasifana US $ 1 billion.

Iingxaki namathemba

Russian Umgaqo wokuqala ibandakanya ukwakhiwa wegesi phantsi kuLwandle Black. Enye yeenjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo ezibekwe wesekethe "Blue Stream", kwabakho imfuneko boyise okhuphisana ekuthuthweni igesi eYurophu. Ilizwe apho onke amaqhawe - yi Turkey. "Blue Stream" sijoliswe nommandla wayo, kwakunye neprojekthi elandelayo. Sele ngoNovemba 1999, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Azerbaijan kunye eGeorgia asayina isivumelwano koorhulumente kwindlela Trans-lweCaspian. Emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa kule projekthi ukuze iqela iinkampani eziphambili Genaral zombane kunye Royal Dutch Shell. Wesuka ke iingxabano, ngoko ukwakhiwa lanqunyanyiswa phakathi kwamaqela.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, nangona ukugxekwa eUnited States, "Blue Stream 'kwakubaluleke qhinga, kunye nokuxhomekeka eYurophu kwi igesi Russian yi ndawonye.