Isigama ngokwalo ngemvelaphi. Inkqubo lungelelanisa lolwimi mihla Russian. amagama amatsha

ulwimi Russian, njengayo nayiphi na, iye inkqubo yayo lungelelanisa ukuba iye yakhula hayi kwiinkulungwane nje, kwaye nkqu zeminyaka. kuqamba isigama unalo imvelaphi eyahlukileyo. It ayinabantu kunye namagama lweenkobe Russian waboleka. Isigama nelulwimi imvelaphi yamagama ezifundiswa esikolweni, kwakunye kwicandelo philological.

nezimaphambili ezingundoqo

Ulwimi IsiRashiya inkqubo osisityebi lungelelanisa, ukuyilwa eziqale Neolithic kwaye uyaqhubeka namhlanje. Amanye amagama yanyamalala ulwimi nesigama esebenzayo, baba archaisms, ngoxa abanye ndzulu zibe kwintetho yethu, babe yinxalenye yalo.

Xa Lexicon kwenkqubo yolwimi ngokwemiqathango imvelaphi yohlulwe waboleka lokuzalwa Russian. Primordially isigama Russian yi malunga ne-90% ye-isakhiwo lungelelanisa. Abanye eka ukuboleka. Ukongezelela, nyaka ngamnye isichazi yethu ehlaziyiweyo kunye namagama amatsha kunye iikhonsepthi ezivela ngenxa inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobugcisa.

amagama Primordially Russian

Ichibi ephambili primordially isigama Russian. Kweli qela ezi subgroups zilandelayo ngamazinga kunye izigaba zophuhliso, hayi kuphela ngolwimi kodwa abantu:

1. Lexicon Indo yaseYurophu-.
2. Lenqaba Common.
3. Russian Old.
4. Eneneni Russian.

Ezenziweyo kula maxesha zenza isiseko la mazwi, ngumqolo yesigama yethu. Yaba bakhe kwaye kufuneka ziqwalaselwe kuqala.

ixesha Indo-European

Primordially isigama Russian ngokwemiqathango eyaqala emva kwixesha Neolithic. Luphawulwa phambi kwexesha enye, okuthiwa iyonke - Indo, nto leyo esebenza phantse II Millennium BC. Xa amazwi eli qela la amagama ezilwanyana, ingqiqo ukubhekisela nomini, ukutya. Umzekelo: unina, intombi, nokuba yinkomo, yenkomo, inyama kunye nabanye. Bonke babe ukuvumelana ngezandi nangezinye iilwimi. Umzekelo, umama elithi isandi efanayo IsiNgesi (unina), kunye German (yithini).

Isigaba Common baseMpumalanga

isigama Common lenqaba kuye kwaqala le BC ngenkulungwane VI. Kuye njengelifa kwizizwe ezahlukeneyo abahlala kummandla kwiiBalkans, Central neMpuma Yurophu.

Lexicon kwexesha ubhekisela kumaqela lungelelanisa-lwesemantiki, ezo zisetyenziselwa ukubhekisela iindawo amagama omzimba, izilwanyana, izinto zendalo, ixesha nexesha, izityalo kunye neentyatyambo, amagama ezinye kwizakhiwo, izixhobo. Le mizekelo iphawulekayo isigama, zigcinwe kweli xesha: oki, Linden, ehlathini nespruce, umthi, igqabi, amazimba, nerhasi, amaxolo, ngamagaba, ndlu, evarandeni, uphahla, inkukhu, irhanisi, kvass, ijeli. Plast oku njengenxalenye isigama izizwe becala Slavic.

period Old

Old Russian (okanye East Slavic) isigama wangena Lexicon yethu kwilixa zokuhlala Slavic kwi kummandla eYurophu yanamhlanje, malunga XI-IX iinkulungwane. Oku kwakhona ngexesha lokusekwa lokusekwa ngobume Kievan Rus, oko kukuthi, IX-XIV leminyaka. Quka amagama afana okulungileyo, ihobe, malume, ntambo, lwentaka, iiproteins, mane, asithoba namhlanje.

La magama nabo luphawulwa bubukho lwezimaphambili mfundo, wena, kwangaphambili vz-. Umzekelo: i webutho, lokuba ukuyinkala, kubaphelisa, ukubamba up.

Fumana amagama abunjwe kweli xesha, ukuba kunokwenzeka kuphela ngeelwimi Russian, Ukrainian kunye Belarusian.

Ngexesha ukubunjwa ubuzwe Russian

Ukususela ngenkulungwane XIV ngolwimi Russian luyaqala ukuba kuvela isigama esitsha negrama. La magama kuvela emva kokuwa Old Slavonic ulwimi iilwimi Russian, Ukrainian kunye Belarusian. Ukuba okunene amagama Russian izinto ezifana ukukhalaza, iphepha lodongo, ikhaphetshu wafaka, amava.

Oku kuquka zonke izibizo benziwa kunye izimamva -schik, -ovschik, -telstvo, -w (a). Umzekelo: isicima-mlilo, iqela, uhlanga, oxube. Oku kuquka nezandiso umlimi, ekwindla, izenzi kuhanahanisa, mabahlambe ukuba ukhathazeke.

Ukwazi ezi mpawu, unako lula ukubala amazwi kwenziwa kwesi sigaba sophuhliso.

Eli xesha ke lokugqibela lokusekwa umaleko engundoqo ngokwenene kuJuda Russian.

amaNorse

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu Russian ukuphuhlisa kuphela urhwebo kunye amaqhina yenkcubeko, kodwa yezopolitiko kunye emkhosini. Konke oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni ukuboleka iilwimi. Kanye igama Russian kwinkqubo lungelelanisa yatshintsha phantsi kwempembelelo balo baba yinxalenye awaziyo. AmaNorse safuma ulwimi Russian, bazisa kuye ezininzi ezintsha.

Amanye amagama aye abolekwe ngokupheleleyo, njengoko abathile ekhulisa - ekuqaleni wafumana izimamva Russian okanye nezimaphambili, nto leyo ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela ukuyilwa entsha, nto leyo eye yaba imvelaphi yegama Russian. Ngokomzekelo, igama elithi "ikhompyutha" wangena ilexicon yethu ihleli, kodwa igama elithi "Inzululwazi enyukliya" ithathwa lweenkobe Russian, ekubeni yayiyimini wabumba elithi "atom" bacela iimodeli zomthonyama gama-kumiswa Russian.

Bekela bucala zokuboleka evela Slavic kunye Turkish, Latin, isiGrike, iilwimi isiJamani kunye Romance, eziquka IsiNgesi, IsiJamani, Italian, iSpanish, Dutch.

staroslavyanizmy

Emva ukwamkelwa ubuKristu ekupheleni X kwenkulungwane kulwimi Russian lifikile oluninzi amagama. Kwakunxibelelene ukuvela eRashiya iincwadi Church Slavonic. Old Church Slavonic okanye Old Bulgarian, Church Slavonic, ulwimi olusetyenziswa yi aliqela kumazwe Slavic njengolwimi zoncwadi esibhaliweyo, eyayisetyenziselwa kuguqulelwe iincwadi zecawa zamaGrike.

Ukusuka ulwimi lwakhe Russian beza amagama neecawa, amagama izinto ezithile. Ezi ziquka umbingeleli, umnqamlezo, amandla, ububi, ngokuvumelana kunye nabanye abaninzi. Ekuqaleni, amagama data zisetyenziswa kuphela ngokubhala, intetho ethi, kodwa eyangena ngomlomo ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Church Slavonic Lexicon ngokwemiqathango imvelaphi na ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

1. I-ekuthiwa nepolnoglasie amagama ingcambu. Umzekelo: amasango okanye kwikhompyutha. Kulo mzekelo, kukho iindlela polnoglasnymi namasango ngokupheleleyo.
2. Ukudityaniswa kwamaxwebhu kaloliwe kwingcambu yegama. Umzekelo okuphawuleka kwegazi ilizwi.
3. Ukubakho kwi amagama yamaqabane u, umzekelo ekukhanyeni ngelizwi.
4. Bezikhamiso e ekuqalekeni ilizwi naphambi amaqabane nzima: omnye.
5. La amalungu, i-PA kunye ekuqaleni kwegama. Umzekelo: i rook ngokulinganayo.
6. Ukubakho Iibhokisi WHO-top, chrez-. Umzekelo: ukuhlawula, ngokugqithisileyo.
7. Izimamva -stvi-, -usch-, -yusch-, -asch-, -yasch-: ukunciphisa, ukutsha, ukunyibilika.
Amalungu amazwi okuqala uThixo-nabungozi, amabi, greho-, dushe-, impilo-ntle: awoyika uThixo, zlonravie intsikelelo.

La mazwi namhlanje asetyenziswa ngolwimi Russian. Kwangaxeshanye, bambalwa abantu bazindla ukuba ibizwa ngokuba lo umqondiso akanalo iingcambu lweenkobe Russian angaphandle. amaninzi kakhulu ke ingafunyanwa kwi iitekisi yebhayibhile, imisebenzi ziyahlonelwa iincwadi Russian.

ivezwa Polish

Xa ucinga umbuzo, yintoni na isigama ngokwemiqathango ngemvelaphi, asinakukwazi silibale ngayo ngokuboleka ngolwimi Polish, eziqale XVII-XVIII eminyaka. Iilwimi West Slavic siye eyangena amazwi ethu afana iimpahla zendlu, aphose, umvundla, periwinkle, jam. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba restock, hayi kuphela iilwimi Russian kodwa Ukrainian, Belarusian.

ukuboleka Greek

Umzimba ebonakalayo amaNorse zamaGrike. Ukungena kulwimi lwethu, yena waqala kwisithuba zonke-Slavic umanyano. I "izipho" eyona indala lungelelanisa amazwi afana Chamber of Commerce, kwibhoyila ebhedini.

Kweli thuba ukusuka IX ukuya kwinkulungwane XI la mazwi aye abolekwe phantsi, isithunywa, imathematika, isibane, imbali, intanda, nencwadi, yokugquma, lantern. Xa la magama kamva ixesha ebolekiweyo ezinxulumene amazwi ubugcisa nenzululwazi: Comedy, anapaest, logic, Isifaniso, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ngokuqinileyo izixhobo terminological sesininzi bezenzululwazi.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ngenxa kwimpembelelo isigama isiGrike aseByzantium phraseology lolwimi Russian bacebisa kakhulu. Noko ke, kula mazwe iimpembelelo ngokwabo waziva nje kuphela inzululwazi, njengoko philology, kodwa kwizibalo, inzululwazi, chemistry, kunye nobugcisa.

latin

Kweli xesha ukusuka XVI VXIII kwinkulungwane ngolwimi Russian inamagama Latin ukuba bazizityebi fund lungelelanisa kummandla esayensi, yobugcisa, kwezentlalo nezopolitiko. Ziquka ikakhulu Ukrainian kunye Polish. Ingakumbi le strong negalelo kuphuhliso lwemfundo kunye nenzululwazi, kwakunye nonxulumano kwimbali nenkcubeko kula mazwe.

Ukususela ulwimi Latin beza kuthi ngcamango sele eziqhelekileyo ezifana iiholide, izinto zokubhala, umlawuli, abaphulaphuli, isikolo, le nkqubo, uluntu, i-revolution, kunye nabanye.

ulwimi lohlanga

elide sele kudlule iindlela zethu zidibane kunye AmaTatar, baseTurkey. Of ulwimi lohlanga amazwi ndzulu Russian ezifana neeperile, amaso, ikharavani, market imali, ivatala, igawuni, inkungu, iibhulukhwe, aphumeze amagama ngamahashe: roan, bay, buckskin.

Advantageously uboleke livela Tatar. Ngenxa amaqhina ezorhwebo, zenkcubeko yomkhosi eziye zaba khona phakathi kweentlanga zethu phezu kwiinkulungwane eziliqela.

yaseScandinavia

ukuboleka encinane kakhulu kwiilwimi yaseScandinavia - Swedish, Norwegian. Sangena xesha ngaphambili ngenxa wobudlelwane yorhwebo eyayikho phakathi kwezizwe zethu nkqu kwixesha langaphambi kobuKristu.

Amazwi kakhulu umxhelo eyangena kwinkqubo Russian lungelelanisa: amagama, Igor kunye Oleg, amagama imveliso - herring, pud, lo umlobothi wakho, bazifinyeza iiseyile, okuhamba.

iilwimi Western eYurophu

Imvelaphi entetho yolwimi mihla Russian, uphuhliso walo inxulumene ne eziliqela iilwimi zaseYurophu. Emva kokuba utshintsho uPetros I, kwi XVII-XVIII iinkulungwane, ngolwimi Russian kuquka iimpawu iilwimi Western eYurophu.

I-German weza ulwimi lwethu inani lamagama emkhosini, isigama zorhwebo kunye nomthengi, inzululwazi nobugcisa: inqaku promissory, abasebenzi, le ngokubethwa, iqhina, ngoM, iiholide landscape.

Dutch "kwabelwane 'imiqathango Russian Nautical: dockyard, izibuko, umqhubi, waselwandle, koomatiloshe. Marine and ngokoMthetho nabo bavela kulwimi IsiNgesi: Midshipman, uBrigadier.

Singenile ukusuka IsiNgesi kwinkqubo yethu kunye namagama lungelelanisa ezifana Ukwayo olo, etoneleni, ibhola ekhatywayo, ezemidlalo, ekugqibeleni, ikhekhe, pudding.

Kwinkulungwane XX kwaye iquka amazwi kwiinkalo zobugcisa nemidlalo,-mali nezorhwebo, ubugcisa. amagama amatsha, ngelixa izongezelelo kwinkqubo yethu lungelelanisa: ikhompyutha, ifayili, byte, owuva, labarhwebi, ingqesho, imiboniso ntetho, Thriller, lubekwe kuthathelwe.

Ngowe XVIII-XIX iinkulungwane ngolwimi Russian ingangena amazwi ulwimi isiFrentshi - nesacholo, iimpahla, ibhatyi, ingubo, umhluzi, inkuku, izindlu zangasese, nomkhosi ekampini, weqonga, umdlalo, umlawuli.

Of Italian neSpanishi bafika kwiikota zomculo Russian, imiqathango kummandla art: Ngokwentetho bendlela Choral Hymns, Sonata, zomkhosi, pondola misindo, isiginkci.

Bonke bephela nangoku ngokukhutheleyo yokusebenza kwinkqubo yethu lungelelanisa, yaye malunga phi kwaye njani baye kuwo, sinokufunda kwisichazi-magama.

neologisms

Ngelo xesha langoku le Russian inkqubo lungelelanisa ulwimi izakuhlaziywa amagama amatsha. Bayinxalenye ulwimi ukuvela iingqiqo ezintsha kunye nezimo. Xa umxholo isiganeko okanye izinto kuvela kunye namagama amatsha Zimiseleni kubo. Abazange nangoko zibandakanyiwe isigama esebenzayo.

Kangangethuba, igama uthathwa ukuba neologism, ngoko kuya kuxhaphaka kakhulu kwaye ngokuqinileyo okulungiswe lwimi. Ngaphambili mazwi, neologisms wayeyinxalenye novulindlela i Komsomol, lo usomajukujuku, Khrushchev kunye nabanye. Ngoku, akukho namnye uya kurhanela ukuba neologisms.

izichaza

Ukujonga ukuba ngaba luluphi isigama ngokwemiqathango ngemvelaphi lisetyenziswa kwimeko ethile, u nga vula ku izichazi etymological. Bona iinkcukacha imvelaphi ilizwi, etymology kokuqala. Ungasebenzisa isikolo kunye emfutshane izichazi etymological , ihlelwe yi H. Shang, "Russian dictionary etymological" A. E. Anikina okanye "isichazi-magama etymological» P. A. Krylova, kunye nabanye.

Funda intsingiselo yamagama zasemzini ukuza kuthi evela iilwimi zasemzini, kunokwenzeka, esebenzisa emangalisayo "Dictionary of Amagama amazwe" ihlelwe Ozhegova.

Ukufunda esikolweni

Isigama ngokwemiqathango imvelaphi kunye nokusetyenziswa idla efunda ekuhambeni isikolo ulwimi Russian kwicandelo 'Lexicology kunye phraseology. " Uninzi ingqalelo le sihloko pay progression 5-6 amabakala th, kwakunye we-10. Abafundi bafunda imvelaphi yamagama kunye collocations, intsingiselo yawo, bafunde ukwahlula phakathi kwabo, umsebenzi kunye izichazi ezahlukileyo.

Kwezinye iimeko, ootitshala uchithe zonke ezikhethiweyo, imisebenzi extra-curricular eyayinikelwe ekufundweni imvelaphi yamagama.

Ziziphi izinto ingasetyenziswa kuphononongo yesihloko "Lexis ngokwemiqathango ngemvelaphi"? Uluhlu ne ngokuhlelwa imizekelo yezicatshulwa ngeelwimi ezahlukeneyo, equlethe amagama ulwimi abolekwe Russian, kunye nezichazi-magama.

Ukufunda eyunivesithi

Ingakumbi ngokweenkcukacha wafunda isigama ukusuka kwindawo umbono ngemvelaphi i-University, i-Faculty of Philology. Lo mbandela unikwa izifundo ezimbalwa kule khosi "Lexicology kunye phraseology lolwimi mihla Russian." Koomasifundisane, abafundi ibattery iindidi zezicatshulwa, ukufumana amagama lweenkobe Russian waboleka kuzo, hlela kubo, umsebenzi kunye nezichazi-magama. Chaza kunye amathuba zesimbo ebolekiweyo, amagama eziphelelwe lixesha.

Xa izifundo neesemina iinkcukacha uhlobo lwamagama ngemvelaphi, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokusebenza ulwimi mihla Russian. Le ndlela ivumela abafundi abanomdla ukuba bagqwese ulwazi kakhulu kakhulu ecetywayo ndaba isifundo.

iziphumo

Naliphi na ilizwi kwinkqubo lungelelanisa iye imbali yayo kunye nemvelaphi yayo. Amanye amagama kudala ukusebenza ngolwimi lwethu, ekubeni ixesha xa esisebenza, i ulwimi yaseYurophu-Indo, abanye baye beza kuthi ngamaxesha ezahlukeneyo ngexesha Slavic kunye neelwimi zaseYurophu, ukanti abanye kwavela ngexesha kuphuhliso lolwazi mihla technology.

Ukuqonda imbali imvelaphi amagama athile kuya kusinceda nje ukuba ukuqonda intsingiselo yawo mikhulu, kodwa kuxubusha ngendlela ezaqala ngayo inkcubeko yelizwe lethu ngexesha elinye okanye elinye.