Iseli nucleus kwaye umsebenzi wayo

Ubume kunye umsebenzi iseli inkqubo zazivelela, ivavanywa uthotho utshintsho. Ukuvela organelles ezintsha kunikelwa utshintsho emoyeni neplanethi oselula lithosfere. Enye yezona zinto zifunwayo ziza ezingundo yaba ngumongo iseli. eziphilayo Eukaryotic saphiwa, ngenxa yobukho organelles bodwa, izinto ezibalulekileyo phezu prokaryotes yaye ngokukhawuleza weza kulawula.

Yeseli nucleus, isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi ezahlukileyo kancinane izicwili ezahlukeneyo nogwali, ukuphucula umgangatho RNA biosynthesis kunye nokudluliselwa kolwazi yemfuza.

imvelaphi

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho nantoni na awayefike sele ezimbini eziphambili malunga ukuyilwa iseli eukaryotic. Ngokutsho kwithiyori organelles oluphakathi (umz, mitochondria okanye misila) baba eziphilayo ethile prokaryotic. Iminyanya eukaryotes mihla wabaginya. Ngenxa yoko omzimba bokubambisana.

Ngaloo ndlela engundoqo wambumba ngenxa yangaphakathi Buze inxalenye cytoplasmic ndizayo. Kwaba yimfuneko ngendlela yayikukufumana indlela entsha yophuhliso weseli isondlo, phagocytosis. ukutya capturing lalikhatshwa ukwanda iqondo nokushukumisa kukho icytoplasm. Genofory ukumela izinto yemfuza weseli prokaryotic kwaye incamathela iindonga, iwela abanamandla "ukuhamba" ummandla kunye nokukhuselwa ezifunekayo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba zenza inxalenye enzulu invagination inwebu equlethe genofory apha. Le hypothesis ubonakala kukuba isikhumba kernel kuhlangene ukuba inwebu cytoplasmic of iiseli.

Kukho enye inguqulo lweziganeko. Ngokutsho hypothesis wentsholongwane egazini ngemvelaphi ngumongo, lamiswa ngenxa ukusulelwa iiseli Archaea yamandulo. It zangena virus DNA kunye ekugqibeleni walawula ngokupheleleyo kwiinkqubo zobomi. Izazinzulu kuyihl 'amahlongwane le ngcamango oluchanekileyo ngakumbi japan eninzi iingxoxo wakhetha yayo. Noko ke, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku akukho ibubungqina obupheleleyo nayiphi na yeengcinga ezikhoyo.

Enye okanye ngaphezulu

Uninzi yeseli mihla eukaryotic unalo nucleus. Inani elikhulu iqulethe enye kuphela organelle onjalo. Kukho, nakuba kunjalo, yaye iiseli ukuba balahlekelwe undoqo ngenxa ezinye iinkalo zemisebenzi. Ezi ziquka, umzekelo, iiseli ezibomvu. Kukho kwakhona ezimbini iiseli (ciliates) kunye umphakathi ezininzi.

Ubume yeseli elakha

Enoba iimpawu kumzimba, ubume core iphawulwa iseti organelles ezithile. Ukususela isithuba iseli elingaphakathi kukho ingxolo isayinelwe inwebu kabini. umaleko yayo yangaphakathi nangaphandle kwezinye iindawo hlanganisa, akha pores. umsebenzi wabo ukutshintshisana kwezinto phakathi icytoplasm kunye isiqalo.

indawo organelles karyoplasm igcwele, ezikwabizwa ngokuba incindi yenyukliya okanye nucleoplasm. Kubhaliwe ibekwe chromatin kunye nucleolus. Maxa wambi yokugqibela yezi organelles yeseli isiqalo engekho ikopi enye. Ezinye izinto eziphilayo nucleoli, phezu koko, akukho.

ndizayo

Imvulophu enyukliya amiliswe of a lipid kwaye iquka lamanqanaba ezimbini: engaphandle kunye embilwini. Enyanisweni, yiloo iseli ndizayo efanayo. Oluphambili inxibelelane imiphantsi reticulum endoplasmic ngokusebenzisa isithuba perinuclear kunye umngxuma lisekwa maleko ezimbini iqokobhe.

Le inwebu nomphandle wocango babe neempawu zabo kubume, kodwa ngokubanzi iyafana.

Elikufutshane kukho icytoplasm

Umaleko engaphandle singena inwebu le reticulum endoplasmic. Umehluko Its ukusuka yokugqibela - a xi kakhulu ephezulu iiprothini kwisakhiwo. Le inwebu na ukudibana ngqo kunye kukho icytoplasm yeseli, isale umaleko kwi ngaphandle ribosomes. Ngomhla ngaphakathi inwebu liqhagamshelwe pores ezininzi, yinto izakhiwo ziiprotein enkulu kakhulu.

Umaleko engaphakathi

Bujonge ezantsi inwebu yeseli isiqalo ngokuchasiweyo elingaphandle, agudileyo, ezingaqukwanga ribosomes. Kwenza karyoplasm. A phawu uphawu le inwebu yangaphakathi - lamins yenyukliya umaleko lining ecaleni layo ukuxhumana nucleoplasm. Esi sakhiwo protein ezithile ixhasa uhlobo iqokobhe, kubandakanyeke kummiselo sofuzo ibinzana kwaye kunegalelo kuthinjwe chromatin ukuya ndizayo zenyukliya.

lokugaya

Impefumlelwano ngumongo kwaye kukho icytoplasm ngokusebenzisa pores zenyukliya. Yokuba izakhiwo kakhulu ezintsonkothileyo lisekwa iiprotheni-30. Inani pores kwi ezingundoqo omnye inokuba nomahluko. Oku kuxhomekeke kuhlobo yeseli, ilungu kunye nomzimba. Ngokomzekelo, xa abantu ngumongo iseli linokuba ukusuka-3 ukuya ku-5 amawaka ubude ethile isele kufikwa ku 50,000.

Ekhaya umsebenzi - ukutshintshisana kwezinto phakathi ngumongo kunye nabanye isithuba cell. Ezinye molekyuli yalawo pores nje, ngaphandle naliphi igalelo ezongezelelweyo amandla. Zinelungelo ubukhulu encinane. Zokuthutha molekyuli ezinkulu izakhiwo supramolecular kufuna umlinganiselo othile wamandla kwemali.

Karyoplasm yeseli ukuze bakwazi ukufaka kwi nucleus, RNA iimolekyuli. Ngendlela eyahlukileyo ithuthwa iiproteni efunekayo kwinkqubo intranuclear.

nucleoplasm

juice Nuclear sisisombululo colloidal kweziyi. Oku kulinganiselwe kernel iqokobhe kunye neendawo eziyingqongileyo le chromatin kunye nucleolus. Nucleoplasm - ulwelo viscous apho izinto ezahlukeneyo iqhawulwa. Ezi ziquka nucleotides kunye nee-enzayim. I kubalulekile lokuqala DNA yokuqaphela. I-enzyme ababandakanyekayo ukhutshelo, kwakunye nokulungiswa kunye DNA ukuphindaphindeka.

Ubume yencindi yewayini yenyukliya kuyahlukana nedlela ngobume kwiseli. Zabo ezimbini - zokubhala kwaye kwenzeka ngexesha hlula. Uphawu lokuqala interphase (ixesha phakathi kwamacandelo). Kulo mzekelo, incindi zenyukliya ezahlukeneyo distribution uniform nucleic kunye iimolekyuli DNA efan. Ngeli xesha, kukho umbandela njengelifa ngohlobo chromatin. Ulwahlulwa-iseli isiqalo sikhatshwa ukuguqulwa chromatin ibe zofuzo. Ngeli xesha yahluka isakhiwo karyoplasm: genetic material uzuza isakhiwo esithile, imvulophu zenyukliya uyazifohloza, kwaye oluxutywe karyoplasm kukho icytoplasm.

chromosome

Imisebenzi ephambili kwezakhiwo nucleoprotein aguqulwa ngexesha ukwahlulwa chromatin - yokugcina, intengiso kunye nokudluliselwa kolwazi yemfuza, nto leyo iqulathe ngumongo iseli. Zofuzo luphawulwa kwemilo ethile: uwahlule ube zahlulo okanye amagxa constriction zaseprayimari, ekwabizwa ngokuba tselomeroy. Ngokutsho kwindawo yayo kukho iintlobo ezintathu zofuzo:

• intonga-emile okanye acrocentric: ukuba luphawulwa ngokubeka tselomery phantse ekupheleni, omnye umlenze ujika phandle kancinane kakhulu;
• raznoplechie okanye submetacentric ilifa emagxeni ubude olungalinganiyo;
• L-bayalingana okanye metacentric.

Isethi zofuzo esiseleni ngokuba karyotype. uhlobo ngalunye kokuba kulungisiwe. Ngaloo iiseli ezahlukeneyo ephilayo unokuqulatha diploid (kabini) okanye haploid iseti (single). Lwalo lokuqala uphawu iiseli somatic, ngokuqhelekileyo akha umzimba. iseti Haploid - ilungelo iiseli ngesondo. iiseli Human somatic ziqulathe zofuzo 46, sex - 23.

chromosome Diploid kumisa isibini. Identical isakhiwo nucleoprotein zibandakanyiwe ipere, zibizwa ngokuba alleles. Baye isakhiwo esifanayo kwaye enze umsebenzi ofanayo.

Chromosome unit zolwakhiwo zezilimo. Iluphawu iikhowudi DNA engasebenziyo ye iproteni ethile.

endosome

Iseli ingxenye iye organelles omnye - i nucleolus. It is abazahluli ukusuka karyoplasm inwebu, kodwa kulula ukubona ngelixa befunda iiseli ngemicroscope. Ezinye iinkozo kunokuba nucleoli ezininzi. Kukho abo apho ezi organelles abangekhoyo ngokupheleleyo.

Imilo ngumongo kufana sphere, abe ubukhulu encane. Le nto ndiyibhalayo iiprotheni ezahlukeneyo. Lo msebenzi ungundoqo nucleolus - Yindibanisela ribosomal RNA, kwaye ribosomes ngokwabo. Kuba iyimfuneko nokudalwa imixokelelwane polypeptide. Nucleoli kwakheka malunga kwiingingqi ezithile zofuzo. Zibizwa ngokuba umhleli nucleolar. Iqulethe zofuzo RNA ribosomal. Nucleolus, phakathi kwezinye izinto, le ndawo xi liphezulu iiprothini kwiseli. Inxalenye iiproteni ezifunekayo ukwenza imisebenzi organelle.

Njengenxalenye nucleolus amacandelo amabini: granular kunye fibrillar. Eyokuqala eya ivuthwa inyukela ribosomal enganeno. Oku kwenziwa kwiziko fibrillar RNA ribosomal yokuqaphela. Icandelo Granular ezingqongileyo fibrillary ibekwe esizikithini nucleolus.

Iseli nucleus kwaye umsebenzi wayo

Indima edlalwe yi kernel, kuhlangene kulwakhiwo lwalo. izakhiwo Internal organelle kunye nokuphumeza iinkqubo zibalulekileyo kwiseli. Apha ibekwe ulwazi yemfuza egqiba isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi kwiseli. I kernel unoxanduva ukugcinwa kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi yemfuza, ikhutshwa phandle ngexesha mitosis kunye meiosis. Xa iseli yokuqala imeko intombi afumane iseti efanayo ngezakhi umzali. Ngenxa iiseli lwegciwane meiotic akhekha iseti haploid zofuzo.

Enye kubalulekile osemqoka i kernel - nokulawulwa kweenkqubo intracellular. It ikhutshwa phandle esweni Yindibanisela kwiiproteni unoxanduva isakhiwo umsebenzi inamacandelo cellular.

Igalelo protein amagama yenye indlela. iinkqubo Core ukulawula ngaphakathi esiseleni, luhlanganisa zonke organelles kwinkqubo eyodwa ngendlela esebenza kakuhle. Ukwehluleka kulo ngokubanzi kukhokelela ukufa kweeseli.

Okokugqibela, i kernel linxiwa Yindibanisela subunits of ribosomes, athi abenoxanduva zokusekwa kwe-asidi ezifanayo acid ye-protini. Ribosomes zibalulekile kule nkqubo tumbuluxiwa.

iseli Eukaryotic i isakhiwo ngokhona kucokisekileyo ngaphezu prokaryotic. Ukuvela organelles kunye inwebu yabo kwandisa ukusebenza kweenkqubo intracellular. Formation of a core engqongwe inwebu lipid, idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kule zazivelela. Ukukhusela ulwazi yemfuza inwebu kuvunyelwa ukuba kahle eziphilayo yamandulo olunye-ezineseli iindlela ezintsha zokuphila. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho phagocytosis, leyo yenye iinguqulelo kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho ephilayo bokubambisana, owathi kamva waba ngukhokho yeseli mihla eukaryotic zonke organelles kwayo. Yeseli nucleus, isakhiwo umsebenzi kwezinye izakhiwo ezintsha uvunyelwe ukusebenzisa ioksijini nethe. Umphumo waba shintsho olukhulu onokuphila koMhlaba, yabeka isiseko sokumiswa kunye nophuhliso eziphilayo multicellular. Namhlanje, eziphilayo eukaryotic, eziquka abantu, ngegqudu umhlaba, yaye akukho nto yesi utshintsho kulo mba.