Chain Trophic. ikhonkco lokutya idlelo. circuit supply Trophic

chain Trophic - ulwalamano phakathi komgangatho phakathi olukhulu ezahlukeneyo ezityiwayo micro-eziphilayo apho amandla tihamba eziphilayo inguqu kunye nempahla. Zonke izityalo, izilwanyana kunye eziphila ezinento omnye komnye kwi-siseko 'ukutya - nkonzo ".

iinkcazelo esisiseko

chain Trophic - le yenye iimpawu ezibalulekileyo nayiphi ikhosistim. Le ikhonkco lokutya. Ibonisa ulandelelwano ethile tyaba eziphilayo. Xa oku Uhanjiso lubonakala kwi ecosystem kwinkqubo ukondla amandla kwemichiza nezinto eziphilayo. Umzekelo: ingca - yomvundla - ingcuka - iintsholongwane. Njengoko umthetho, encotsheni sephiramidi lokutya nomzingeli enkulu. Igama elithi ngokwawo - livela kwigama lesiGrike elithi "indebe", gama elo elithetha "ukutya". Phambi kokuba bajongane into yokuba eli ikhonkco lokutya, kufuneka siqwalasele izinto ezifana abavelisi, abathengi kunye eziphilayo.

abavelisi

Abavelisi liqela eziphilayo leyo bayakwazi synthesizing izinto eziphilayo ezivela iikhompawundi kwezimbiwa entsonkothileyo. Ezi ziquka, kuqala kwiinto zonke, autotrophs. Ezi zityalo kwakunye nezityalo kakhulu, nto leyo iphotosynthesis ungakwazi ukuguqula amandla elanga ibe kwemichiza lwangaphandle. It oluhlala iiseli kwaye inxaxheba ukutya. E zemvelo, imizekelo abavelisi kumila, ubulembu kunye gymnosperms kunye nezityalo kweentyatyambo. Xa kolwandle, ukuba ezincinane. Tiny ulwelwe eluhlaza - ngumzekelo ngokuvelisa zonke nezilwanyana zasemanzini.

consuments

Consuments - ukuba iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo awadli izinto eziphilayo kuphela, nto leyo kuhlelwe abavelisi. -Ikhosistim abathengi zibizwa ngokuba heterotrophs. Kusenokuba ezitya izilwanyana ezitya izityalo, izinambuzane. Ukwahlula phakathi imiyalelo ezahlukileyo kwabathengi. Eli candelo zisekelwe ngobume eziphilayo kwikhonkco lokutya.

Ngu consuments ukuze 1st ziquka izilwanyana ezitya utyani, izinambuzane neentaka. Umzekelo, amaplanga ukutya avotayo ikhonkco umvundla, mouse, amaxhama, elk. Zonke ezi izilwanyana ngabathengi yomyalelo 1. osemqoka yabo lokwahlula kukuba zitya abavelisi, oko kukuthi izityalo. Oku ikakhulu iimpuku, ungulates, iinyoka, namacilikishe kunye eziphila ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinambuzane, intlanzi, iintaka ezincinane.

Consuments odolo 2nd nangenxa - its kuphela iintlobo karhataka. Baya kwakha iiproteni babo izinto kweziphilayo isilwanyana okanye yemifuno imvelaphi. Eli qela libandakanya amabhere, canine, ngwe, iintaka ezinkulu amaxhoba, ezirhubuluzayo ndyoka. Le eziphila nolwandle le niche kuhlale neminenga kunye namahlengesi.

zizibolisi

Ezibolileyo bathi Lahla iintsholongwane zalawo organic. Oku iintsholongwane nezinye izinto. Kwabo ubomi kulo mhlaba kunye nokukhuthaza iinkqubo ukubola. Ezibolileyo lihambisana elithi "destructors". Okwangoku, eli qela ifakiweyo, kunye bacteriophages.

Eyona eziphambili ze ngemixokelelwane trophic

Kukho iindidi ezimbini kuphela ezisisiseko amatsheyini okutya: detrital nowamadlelo. Baye umahluko omkhulu. Idlelo food chain (chain okanye amadlelo) esekelwe ubudlelwane entsonkothileyo lwamaqela ahlukeneyo kwezityalo, izilwanyana kunye saprophytes. Oku kusekelwe eziphilayo autotrophic. Oku ikakhulu isityalo. Elandelwa izilwanyana ezitya utyani. Umzekelo, ungulates, okanye nezikrekrethi. Xa ezilwandle, oko kungenziwa zooplankton. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, phaya phezulu chain ukutya amarhamncwa yomyalelo 2. Olu hlobo ukuba akukho laze endle. Ngokomzekelo, yena uthwala, abameli usapho ikati, iintaka inyama. Ingakumbi ikhonkco lokutya amadlelo elide elwandle. Apha zifumaneka consuments we-6 kunye umyalelo 7-th.

chain trophic Detrital esekelwe kwinkqubo yokubola. Basoloko inxaxheba fungi okanye neentsholongwane-saprophytes.

ikhonkco lokutya Detrital

chain siqala anjalo ixhaphakileyo emahlathini, nalapho uninzi isityalo lingapheli izilwanyana herbivorous ngqo. Kodwa inyamalala. fungi Its siyenziwa esasinokubonwa neentsholongwane, ezo zibizwa ngokuba saprophytes. Konke ukutya detrital ikhonkco lokutya njalo iqala detritus. Bayaqhubeka Cya ukuba ndidilize nasekuvuseleleni kubo. Ngoko kukho detritus kunye nabasebenzisi zabo - iintlobo karhataka. I-ecosystem kweelwandle neelwandlekazi, ingakumbi amanzi anzongonzongo, kwaye ilawulwa yi chain detrital. Kukho iimeko musa basinde inani elikhulu ezidla, ngoko indawo yazo kuhlala amagciwane.

amazinga trophic

chain Trophic ubunjwe kwiiseli ezininzi. Ezi linki kube lula zifumaneka nayiphi ecosystem i planethi. Inqanaba lokuqala usoloko thaca abavelisi. Okwesibini - ngabathengi komyalelo ezahlukeneyo. Xa short circuit, ngokuqhelekileyo leeyunithi ezintathu, ebudeni inani labo akupheleli. Kodwa kuya kusoloko micro-izinto zakutshanje kunye nomngundo. Nayiphi na ukutya chain trophic iphela eziphilayo. Owona msebenzi wabo kwimixokomelwano ezahlukeneyo - kusetyenzisiwe ze into ephilayo ukuba iikhompawundi kwizimbiwa. I inde ikhonkco lokutya ubonelelo eqalisiweyo ezilwandle. I mfutshane kubo - emahlathini kunye basike. Loo series oqhagamshelwano phakathi kwamanqanaba ngalinye trophic yaye yakha isekethe ugesi.

Kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba trophic ikhonkco lokutya alusoloko lugqityiwe. Kusenokwenzeka ilahlekelwa kwezinye iindawo. Ngamanye amaxesha "iphuma" ngenxa yezizathu ezithile. Okokuqala, ayisoloko phambi ezikwi kwizityalo - abalimi. Ukuba abekho kuloo mimandla aye amiswa ngokusekelwe anokungenwa izityalo kunye (okanye) isilwanyana iintsalela. A Umzekelo umxhelo - inkunkuma yamagqabi emahlathini. Okwesibini, heterotrophs babe yindlala ngemixokelelwane ukutya, okt izilwanyana. Okanye zinokuba amancinci. Umzekelo, emahlathini efanayo iziqhamo ezimnandi kunye namasebe, ukuba udluliselwe labathengi, ngoko nangoko uqalise ukubola. Kulo mzekelo, nabavelisi nangoko ilandelwa eziphilayo. Xa eziphila kwakhiwa chain ngamnye trophic ukuqala iimeko zokusingqongileyo. Phantsi iimpembelelo ezithile, ngakumbi ngakwicala womntu, la iisekethe ukuze kwandiswe okanye, njengoko kaninzi kwenzeka ngenxa ukwehla wokubhanga kweeyunithi ezithile.

Imizekelo amatsheyini trophic

wesekethe Trophic, kuxhomekeka inani leeyunithi nto ibandakanya, kunokuba lula yaye sekhombuya. Umzekelo esekethe epheleleyo, apho kukho abavelisi, abathengi kunye zizibolisi, ukuze babonakale ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: wephimpi - beaver - iintsholongwane.

amatyathanga zobunewu trophic ziqulathe inani elikhulu unamakhonkco. Kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo inani labo singadluli 6-7 zemvelo ezikhoyo zendalo. Ezi amatyathanga elide inokufumaneka elwandle kunye neelwandle. Xa iiyunithi eseleyo ngokuqhelekileyo eziphila yokwenene 5. Kukho imizekelo emininzi ye indlela yokwenza ukutya-mxokelelwane kumaqondo ahlukeneyo:

1. ulwelwe - Roach - zakhele - burbot - iintsholongwane.

2. ezincinane - zama - pomacentridae Fish - White Shark - iintsholongwane.

3. Ingca - intethe - isele - ngokuqinisekileyo - ukhetshe.

Zonke ezi yimizekelo kwiisekethe amadlelo ezizingelayo. Kodwa kukho ezinye iintlobo zobudlelwane. Umzekelo, izinambuzane chain. Zibonakala ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ingca - cow - yehagu - iintsholongwane. Ngamanye amaxesha ngenxa chain unokuwa consuments: currant - angumgubo nangexoshomba ngundo - phage. Idlelo ikhonkco lokutya yohlukile olwaye lwamfimfitha kumarhamncwa dimensions kulo kwanda ukwandisa ulandelelwano link level. Kodwa njengomgquba zisekho saprophytes kuzo zombini ezi meko. A ezahlukeneyo look chain detrital kancinane: inkunkuma igqabi - fungi ngemikroskopu - iintsholongwane.