I Moscow Helsinki Group - inhlanganiso yamalungelo oluntu. Lyudmila Alexeyeva - usihlalo Moscow Helsinki Group

Njengoko usazi, wadala 05/12/1976 eMoscow Helsinki Group - umbutho zanikezelwa ukuba ukuthobela esweni kunye isahlulo sesithathu izivumelwano Helsinki equlethe inqaku wobuntu. Ziquka amalungiselelo kumalungelo oluntu angundoqo, ukugcinwa apho amalungu elwela amalungelo oluntu eSoviet Union iliso amashumi eminyaka. Ngomhla kokudalwa iqela isaziso kwinkomfa cofa ekwakheni yamachiza Soviet Andreya Saharova.

History of indalo

I Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG) ebusweni uYuri Orlov, ngumseki kunye usihlalo yokuqala, thaca iinjongo zayo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Lo mbutho uya kubeka esweni ukuthotyelwa Helsinki Declaration of kweUSSR kunye nokwazisa bonke States eziye basayine olu xwebhu, kunye yiSoviet Union, malunga naziphi na ukunyhashwa.

Ukongeza Yuriya Orlova, eli qela kwakukho Alexander Ginzburg, Lyudmila Alexeyeva, Natan Sharansky, Vitaly Rubin, Malva Landa, Alexander Korczak, Elena Bonner, Anatoly Marchenko, uMikhail Bernshtam Peter Grigorenko.

ngemvume ngenkani

I-Helsinki Izivumelwano wabeka isiseko ngesixhobo esweni ukuthotyelwa kunye neemfuno zabo. Ngokukodwa, ezi iintloko yokudluliswa kwamagunya kufuneka ibe ukuvavanya ukuthotyelwa zonke iqabane ithi ezisayiniweyo isibhengezo sabo kwiinkomfa yonyaka. I Moscow Helsinki Group Siyathemba ukuba ingcaciso enikwe kwi sanctions amanqaku ezinxulumene namalungelo oluntu, siya kuqwalaselwa kwi kwezo ntlanganiso, nokuba lwesininzi ziza kufuna ukuba eSoviet Union utyikitye isivumelwano wabulawa ngokupheleleyo, kuquka amanqaku ezoluntu. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza njalo kungakhokelela ekubeni ngokuwa Helsinki Izivumelwano, apho inkokheli eSoviet wayengenakukunyamezela. Xa izinto eSoviet Union kwaba ukugcina isivumelwano elinemali kakhulu kuye, kuthathelwa ingqalelo into yokuba eli lizwe yophiswa bodwa emhlophe elide ukusuka lonke ihlabathi kunye wokuthenga iingalo ugqatso.

umsebenzi ngempumelelo

Lo mbutho yamalungelo oluntu, akazange babonakala sapho lwaluquka amalungu elinanye kuphela, ukuze abe nako ukubeka esweni kwintsimi enkulu yonke eSoviet Union. Ekugqibeleni amalungu MHG nje engenamandla njengokuba bonke abanye abemi USSR, nazo zonke izixhobo zabo bezibandakanya oomatshini bokuchwetheza emibini ubudala. Kwelinye icala, iqela eMoscow Helsinki kwakukho abavikeli abanamava eziqokelelwe yi ngexesha isixa esikhulu sezixhobo zokufunda kwizifundo abachaphazelekayo. Ngaphezu koko, izikhululo zikanomathotholo amazwe zosasazo kwi kummandla yiSoviet Union, rhoqo buyizalisile iirekhodi Moscow Helsinki Group, kwaye waqalisa ukufumana ulwazi malunga ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu kwilizwe liphela. Ngokukodwa, amalungu lombutho yazisa amaqhawe intshukumo yesizwe Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Georgian kunye Armenian.

Kwiminyaka engama-6 ikhona, eli qela wenze kwaye anikezelwe West malunga 195 iingxelo zokuphula kwamalungelo oluntu eSoviet Union. Ezi ngxelo ziqulathe ulwazi malunga izithintelo ilungelo lokusebenzisa ulwimi lwabo lwenkobe, lokufumana imfundo ngolwimi lwabo lweenkobe, njalo njalo. Ntliziyo D. Isakhiwo (lamaBhaptizi, Adventists, abakwaMoya namaKatolika) waxelela malunga ukunyhashwa ilungelo lenkululeko yonqulo. Abemi abangengabo amalungu nayiphi na intshukumo, ingxelo-non ukuthotyelwa isahlulo sesithathu Helsinki Izivumelwano, ukuba baza kusuka ngokunokwazo okanye abo babathandayo.

ngumzekelo omhle

Kamva, emva kokuba imodeli le Moscow Helsinki Group, ngoNovemba 1976, kwasekwa Lithuanian kunye Ukrainian Helsinki Group, ngoJanuwari 1977 - Georgia, ngo-Epreli - Armenian, ngoDisemba 1976 - iKomiti Christian yokukhuselwa kwamalungelo amakholwa eSoviet Union ngoNovemba 1978 g - the Catholic IKomiti yokukhuselwa kwamalungelo amakholwa. IiKomiti Helsinki wabonakala ePoland eCzechoslovakia.

asabela

NgoFebruwari 1977, waqala kwabanjwa iqela Ukrainian kunye eMoscow. Omnye yokuqala ndoda usihlalo MHG kaYuri Orlov. May 18, 1978 wagwetywa iminyaka 7 entolongweni kunye nemisebenzi nzima kunye neminyaka emi-5 ekuthinjweni. Inkundla ithathwa imisebenzi yakhe kukuphazamiseka anti-eSoviet ze ukujongela phantsi urhulumente waseSoviet kunye nenkqubo. June Vladimir 21 kunyaka omnye Slepak wagwetywa iminyaka 5 ekuthinjweni. Juni 14, Natan Sharansky wagwetywa iminyaka 3 entolongweni kunye kwiminyaka eli-10 kwinkampu ngokungqongqo-mbuso.

Ngu ekwindla ka-1977 baye kuvinjwa inkululeko amalungu angaphezu kwe-50 maqela Helsinki. Abaninzi kubo bagwetywa ixesha elide entolongweni, abanye bafa phambi kokukhululwa kwabo.

Igagasi yobumbano

Amajelo kumazwe wedemokhrasi - kwamaqabane eSoviet Union yi-Helsinki Izivumelwano zayisithelisa inkqubo Helsinki kunye nokutshutshiswa amalungu ayo kwi-USSR zayo States satellite. Uluntu kula mazwe awasabela ngayo intshutshiso ngokwenza amaqela zabo kunye neKomiti Helsinki.

Ngomhla nokudalwa American Helsinki Group kwabhengezwa ngoDisemba ka-1978. kamva imibutho efanayo zavela eKhanada, nakwamanye amazwe Western aseYurophu. injongo yabo ayeke ukutshutshisa oogxa babo ukufaka uxinzelelo kwi oorhulumente zabo zesizwe yafuna ngamandla ukusuka eSoviet Union of the Helsinki Izivumelwano lokubulawa.

Iziqhamo zomsebenzi

Le mizamo sithwele iziqhamo. Ukususela kwiNkomfa Madrid ngo-Oktobha 1980, lwentando yesininzi ithi Amaqela baye yonke intlanganiso ngamxhelo ukuvakalisa ezi mfuno. Ngcembe ukuthotyelwa ngemimiselo "ibhaskiti" wesithathu waba ngomnye wemiba ephambili yenkqubo Helsinki. Ngexesha Vienna kwiNkomfa ka-1986 watyikitywa lo protocol ezongezelelweyo, njengoko apho imeko amalungelo oluntu kweli lizwe - party iSivumelwano ingqalelo inkxalabo zonke abasayinayo.

Ngenxa yoko, le Moscow Helsinki Group waba imbewu, wazala intshukumo eHelsinki ngamazwe. Yena ke ukuba nempembelelo ikhula kwisiqulatho inkqubo Helsinki. Kuba okokuqala kwimbali amazwe, intlangano yamalungelo oluntu ladlala indima izivumelwano phakathi karhulumente. ESoviet Union iye batyholwa aphule amanqaku yoluntu ngokusekelwe amaxwebhu ebonelelwe Moscow, Ukrainian kunye namaqela Lithuanian.

Gorbachev nobudlelwane

Phantsi koxinzelelo oluvela kumazwe yedemokhrasi, hayi kuphela iqela eMoscow "Helsinki", kodwa kubo bonke abantu, ndayihluthwa inkululeko yabo amanqaku zezopolitiko Soviet Criminal Code, ngo-1987, baye bakhululwa. Ngowe-1990, abemi eSoviet banikwa unelungelo lokushiya ngokukhululekileyo baze babuyele kweli lizwe, ukuze ayeke ukutshutshisa amakholwa.

Amava bufunyenwe ngethuba ngentsebenziswano olusondeleyo nemibutho engekho phantsi korhulumente, oko kubonakala kwinto yokuba i-OSCE yaba umbutho wokuqala kwizizwe ngezizwe azifaka kwinkqubo yokusebenza njengokuba namaqabane ngokulinganayo. Ngazo kwiNkomfa Human Dimension abameli bemibutho engekho phantsi korhulumente inxaxheba ngokusekelwe ukulingana kunye nabameli ezisemthethweni OSCE angamalungu, yaye ligama banikwa kwi ngokulinganayo.

Emva phaya phakathi

MHG, leyo ngexesha ekusungulweni yayo yaba umbutho kuphela ozimeleyo ongekho phantsi kukarhulumente eSoviet Union, ngoku idlala indima ephambili elwela amalungelo oluntu kunye noluntu, leyo kwasekwa i-Russian Federation. Eyona njongo iphambili yale Moscow Helsinki Group iyaqhubeka nokubeka esweni imeko amalungelo oluntu. Namhlanje, nakuba kunjalo, ikhutshwa phandle kuphela ngokusekelwe amanqaku kuluntu i-Helsinki Izivumelwano, kodwa kwakhona kunye nenkxaso-siseko Russian, i-European Convention yokuKhuselwa yamaLungelo oluNtu kunye nenkululeko kunye nezinye izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kumalungelo oluntu zisayinwe Russian Federation.

Lyudmila Mihaylovna Alekseeva MHG waya ngo 1996. kwiminyaka emithathu ngaphambili, wathi eMoscow wabuya ekuthinjweni ngoFebruwari 1977 eUnited States. Lonke elo xesha umfazi waqhubeka ukusebenza yamalungelo oluntu, kwaye ikhokelwa ukuba usasazo kanomathotholo "Liberty" yaye "Voice of America".

Ngo-2012 waqalisa ukusebenza umthetho omtsha Russian Federation, oko kumiselwa ukuba Moscow Helsinki Group - i arhente zasemzini elifumana imali evela phesheya kwaye azi amazwe. Ukuze kukuphelisa ibala ethe ngokwembali yasetyenziswa-ntonye segama elithi "hlola", umbutho wagqiba ekubeni thina ukunciphisa ukunceda abemi Russian.

umvuzo nje

Ngowe-2015, Lyudmila Alexeyeva ngomsebenzi obalaseleyo ezinxulumene namalungelo oluntu lifumene ibhaso Vatslava Gavela. Ukudluliselwa phezu € 60,000 kumsitho kubanjelwa Palace of Europe eStrasbourg ngomhla ekuqalekeni Iseshoni yomntu ye-neCoE yeNdibano zePalamente, PACE uMongameli Anne Brasseur wathi itshantliziyo amalungelo oluntu, wathabatha phezu umsebenzi ukulwela ubulungisa, uye waphefumlela izizukulwana ezininzi yamatsha ntliziyo Russian angaphandle . Amashumi eminyaka, Alexeyeva umnwe, yena wagxothwa emsebenzini wakhe kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba emke kweli lizwe ukuze babe nako ukuqhubeka ukuthetha malunga ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu eSoviet Union. Ngoku nohola Moscow Helsinki Group - abakuthandayo Umbutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente, nto badla ngokujongana ubutshaba, kodwa usaqhubeka ukuze aligwebe izibakala-mthetho kunye nokunceda amaxhoba.

ukuhlasela bayaqhubeka

Kutshanje, ngosuku olwandulela engama 40 kwi MHG channel TV karhulumente "Russia-1" thaca "bamaxwebhu ', ezibe imibiko ukuba inkokeli eliphikisayo Alexei Navalny wafumana inkxaso-mali evela ubukrelekrele yaseBritani, kuquka ngoncedo le Moscow Helsinki Group. Sihanjiswe "Amaxwebhu" kunye "imbalelwano", kuthiwa ebonisa ulwalamano lwakhe kunye nentloko-mali utyalo-mali "Hermitage Capital" William Browder. Uhlalutyo i "materials" MI6 kunye CIA watyhila ukuba niphuphuma intetho ngqo kunye neziphoso ngokuqhelekileyo ngababhali Russian. USihlalo Moscow Helsinki Group bazitshitshisela emangalelwa eendaba karhulumente, esithi ukuba akukho mali Alekseya Navalnogo akazange wafumana nayiphi na imali yaye akazange anikezele. amalungelo oluntu nabo ngesini wathi Moscow Helsinki Group kunye nokuxhasa akuthethi ukuqhuba imicimbi yemali, ezifana ekupapashweni mali mali uthango, lutho.

Kuyabonakala ukuba, elinye iinzame buze Moscow Helsinki Group kunye nenkcaso ayiphumelelanga kakubi.