Isakhiwo abaseAfrika ziitectonic plates. isakhiwo ziitectonic plates ezintabeni abaseAfrika

Isakhiwo Namhlanje ziitectonic plates zaseCaucasus kwasekwa 25 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo ngexesha emfundo ephakamileyo. Namhlanje ke isongwe iintaba, ukuze ngenxa yeenkqubo zejoloji lwangaphakathi ngamathuba iyasebenza mlilo. Zezona yobudala efanayo njengoko Alps, kwaye iqanjwa gneiss negranite.

ulwazi jikelele

Ziitectonic plates isakhiwo abaseAfrika yi ummandla deformation ebanzi, apho kanye kwakukho kungquzulwano umArabhi neepleyiti eYurophu. Iintaba akhiwa ngenxa ukuhamba amazwekazi. nyaka ngamnye Plate Isidanish, ohlohliweyo Afrika, ukufudukela ngasentla besentimitha ezimbalwa.

Ngenxa yesi sizathu, i-mmandla isoloko ebuhlungu inyikima, ngenxa apho zaseCaucasus unesifo. isakhiwo ziitectonic plates Itshintsha ngenxa kancinci ukuya nezothuso ezithi zenzeke, batshabalalisa iziseko kwabantu emhlabeni. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1988 kwakukho yintlekele engathethekiyo eArmenia, yabulala abantu 20,000, yaye omnye 500,000 abalahlekelwe amakhaya abo.

ezizalana

Formation emantla plain akathandi wabumba Paleozoic batyumke ngamatye. Bona yanikelwa imithambo iziqina asidi kwaye nezibaya ezinkulu. Ziye ke yakhiwa lenyengane, quartzite kunye shale. Xa entlanjeni Alikonovki lomlambo kufuphi Kislovodsk uyakwazi ukufumana amatye ezininzi yamandulo ephakeme.

isakhiwo ziitectonic plates zaseCaucasus Iintaba kwaziswa phezu granites ebomvu pink, ogama yobudala uthelekelelwa kwiminyaka million 220-230. Xa eziqaphelekayo Mesozoic aqotywa, ngenxa ezenza umaleko uqweqwe, ogama ubukhulu imalunga-50 eemitha. nokubunjwa kwayo kuquka feldspar, zwi kunye linguMika.

Apha uyakwazi ukufumana kunye geodes - zolwakhiwo mhlaba ngohlobo nemingxuma ezivaliweyo kumatye awenziwa ludaka. Ngaphakathi into izimbiwa efakwe kunokuba yakha zikhabane macala. Enanikade kumphezulu engaphakathi nemingxuma ezo amiliswe ziikristale, zezintso-Chuba, incrustations kunye nezinye lokubolekwa kwezimbiwa. Le geodes abaseAfrika maxa wambi ukufumana izinto ezinqabileyo Celestine - ezimbiwa transparent nombala oluhlaza.

neetyuwa

Kodwa kumathambeka kumzantsi uyakwazi ukufumana kumatye awenziwa ludaka lasekwa ngo ubukho amadama സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe kunye Cretaceous. Ngaphambili, kwakukho ulwandle, kwaye ngoku wahlala lekalika brown naziiperile, dolomite kunye sandstones ferruginous nombala obomvu.

Ukuhlela iintaba abaseAfrika kwakhona iquka yokulahlwa kwe amatye ezahlukeneyo, ezifana travertine, wabonakala emva komphunga yamanzi kwezimbiwa. Kwezi rocks ungabona imizila ecacileyo amagqabi kunye namasebe ebezikhona kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo.

isakhiwo

isakhiwo ziitectonic plates zaseCaucasus ntaba uluhlu yahlula inkqubo ibe ezimbini ephakeme. Omnye wabo kuthiwa Enkulu, enye - ukuba amancinci. Phakathi kwabo ulale amathafa.

I-Greater Caucasus kwakhona eyaziwa ngokuba North Caucasus (ingakumbi rhoqo eli gama lisetyenziswa eRashiya ukubhekisela nakwiiriphabliki basekuhlaleni nakwiimanyano). Ngasemzantsi lidala ephakeme. Ngokubhekele phaya ezantsi kukho ummandla eyaziwa ngokuba eCaucasus. Kuye ngokuqhelekileyo zibandakanya ummandla yamazwe amathathu: Georgia, Armenia kunye Azerbaijan.

Izazi Kwakhona bonisa imimandla emibini ebalulekileyo: eqongeni zamaSkitiya kunye indawo intermountain.

Greater Caucasus

Greater Caucasus ibanga 1100 km ukusuka kumntla-ntshona ukuya engasezantsi, nakwintshonalanga engasentla. imida yayo yemvelo iBlack kunye lweCaspian Seas. Malunga amanqaku kakhulu ekunokuthiwa Anapa kummandla Krasnodar nentaba Ilhydag kufuphi Azerbaijan Baku.

Le nkqubo ntaba yahlulwe eziliqela. Balani Range (okanye i-Greater Caucasus) lunobude ka-3 ukuya kwezi-5 amawaka eemitha. Nazi ezi ntaba iphakamileyo eYurophu. isakhiwo ziitectonic plates wabumba yembonakalo abaseAfrika sublime.

ukwakhiwa emigodini uluhlu ibandakanya crystalline elingaphantsi kweminyaka yobudala wamandulo - lo ephakeme ephambili. ongundoqo wayo ingqongwe kuligquma oselula, equka uhlobo olutsha. Abumba ntoni kwinzululwazi ubizwa ngokuba "amaphiko Phakamisa." Zizonke ezimbini - nezi ndawo Southern.

Eyokuqala ubunjwe iidipozithi ngohlobo imibimbi. Batyunyuzwa nasemaweni Mesozoic kunye nobudala Cenozoic. iphiko Young ukhandwa yesibambiso zamafu, ezo unobangela neengxaki zejoloji ezinkulu kulo mmandla. Isakhiwo into yokuba namawa Batyunyuzwa kungena Imihlubulo entsonkothileyo ezininzi. Vala kwaye imbimbithelo kubo waqhekeza zibe ziingceba eziliqela. Wings ukunika izazinzulu ulwazi apho kulandela ukuba ubunzima iphambili kummango ntaba bahamba ngasezantsi. neetyuwa abadala lihambisana abancinane shwaka phantsi amanzi Azov, Black kunye lweCaspian Seas.

Xa ixesha Paleozoic inxalenye esemntla eCaucasus waba kwihlomela, apho ilizwi kwilizwekazi nolwandle Paleotethys. Ekuqaleni kwalo kwaba indawo ezolileyo kungekho msebenzi mlilo okanye zejoloji uhlobo apho kukho ngoku Atlantic. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha imeko itshintshile, iinkqubo zangaphakathi bazenzela ngayo.

Caucasus walenza

The Ridge ebalulekileyo isiphaluka sesibini eqhelekileyo. Apha evala eCaucasus. isakhiwo ziitectonic plates yommandla ibandakanya nasentshonalanga, nduli mlilo umhlaba. Omnye umahluko ukusuka Greater Caucasus kukungabikho a uluhlu elinye. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kukho lwamawa ezininzi ezincinane yendlela, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba isixa esikhulu asezintlanjeni. Akukho zomkhenkce ezibalulekileyo okanye neentaba. Isizathu siyifumana yokuba le ngingqi tectonically abaselula kakhulu. iincopho High angekayazi eyona nto.

Apha zijongene iinxalenye ezihambisekayo ye ibhanti Alpine-zeHimalaya, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba neCaucasus Njengomncinane na isakhiwo yedeskthopi kakhulu ezintsonkothe kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa "mzalwana big". Iqala kumazantsi kwelinye nembasa. Ukuba North Caucasus uye phantse akukho jike mlilo okanye unokukhawuleza, apha umyalelo kwabo yobukhulu enkulu.

Imbali wejoloji kummandla

Imbali zejoloji Njengomncinane Caucasus kunokwenzeka ukuchaza iimpawu ezininzi ezihambelana zonke iinkqubo ezenzekayo apha kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo.

Ekuqaleni kwale ndawo kwakukho suture ziitectonic plates kunye olwandle enkulu Tethys. Umsebenzi mlilo yendawo ezinzulwini amanzi yeyona enamandla kakhulu Emhlabeni ngexesha Mesozoic. Ocean iye singqongwe microcontinents eziliqela. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, bamngqonga ngokupheleleyo echibini, ebabela bayixhaxhe eziliqela. Ekuveleni kwiminyaka yezigidi 85 eyadlulayo baseka izwekazi esinye amaxesha amaninzi sele phantsi utshintsho ziitectonic plates.

Los ajenos, elo ukusuka emantla, ke isizathu sokuba isithuba enkulu ulwandle lunciphe isayizi encinane. Kwakhona yaphela mlilo zasemanzini kunye nemida owayesakuba amazwekazi ezincinane.

platform zamaSkitiya

Inxalenye ebalulekileyo kummango liqonga oselula bamaSkitiya. It iqulathe imigangatho ezimbini. Lower - isiseko, thaca ezingxondorheni Paleozoic yemvelaphi (ubudala, izigidi 230-430 iminyaka). Umgangatho ophezulu kuthiwa yokwaleka. Yena omncinane kwaye ibandakanya nasemaweni Mesozoic kunye sexesha Cenozoic (million 65-250 iminyaka). Oku neetyuwa zolwandle dongwe carbonate. Kwinxalenye phakathi Pre-Caucasus, okuhambelana aseStavropol Territory, isiseko uphakanyiselwa kwaye ukuya empumalanga nasentshonalanga iqala ukutshona phantsi.

iqonga amaSkitiya. kwimida yayo kumzantsi iphela deflections ezininzi - Kuban, Terek, Kusari-Divichenskim. Apha 40 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, ukutshabalala zeengxondorha, ngenxa apho kwasekwa iidipozithi Ingxenye molasse. Kwezi ndawo, ingakumbi ezintle eCaucasus. Iifoto nelamaxandeka kwezimbiwa zasekuhlaleni nemiwonyo ke ndijonge. Kuyinto la mazwe uzukisiwe Lermontov, ibekwe ireferensi elidumileyo.

Faka isahlakalo nokwakhiwa zeengxondorha kunye isakhiwo kwesikhoko zibonisa ukuba le ndawo kusetyenziswa ukumela ulwandle. Kwathi malunga 230 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. unit Continental wavuswa waza wazigqubuthela nzulu. Esi sakhiwo emva ukuvela i-Greater neAsia. Kwesuka delamination, owayebonakele kwisiza izikhongozelo enkulu ematyeni ezisentlabathini. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka namhlanje, nto leyo achaze iintlekele rhoqo.

uluhlu INTERMONTANE

Kubhaliwe ebekwe ngezantsi Greater neAsia. Xa sexesha xa kuyilwa kuphela Alps (iminyaka malunga 200 yezigidi eyadlulayo), kwakukho element eliphakamileyo kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Yaba iqonga carbonate kufana lizwekazi encinane. Nangona kunjalo, kunye ekuqaleni lokusekwa ezintabeni (kwiminyaka engama-30 yezigidi eyadlulayo), lo mmandla ziyaqala SAG siwe phantsi. Ulwandle, nto leyo eye kweli ziko ngesakhiwo ngcembe yaphela ukuya Sea Black and noLwandle lweCaspian.

Ezi iinxalenye ezimbini ezinxulumeneyo. Interesting ahlelwe ziitectonic plates. Caucasus (ulwazi Table ebalulekileyo imelwe ngezantsi) lungohlulwa lube amacandelo amathathu. Le massif crystalline Azerbaijani kwaye Georgian ibloko kunye Dzirula ebahlulayo kubo.

Imbali zokufunda nezibonelelo

Ngenxa iseti kweenkqubo zangaphakathi isakhiwo abaseAfrika avunyelwe avele izibonelelo apha ezahlukeneyo zendalo. Abantu ababehlala kwezo ndawo kumaxesha amandulo, baye bafunda ukuba ukuvelisa ezinokuzisebenza. Ungakwazi ukufumana imizila ezininzi zezinto ezenziwa luluntu emigodini kulityalwa zegolide, isilivere, ilothe, ubhedu, i-oyile, amalahle, njalo-njalo. D.

store Local a lungaya malunga 200 milliardov emilambo yeoli kunye negesi yendalo. Oku zolondolozo ezinkulu, nto leyo eya kuthatha amashumi eminyaka.

Inzala kwi isakhiwo eli lizwe ebesoloko ekho - abantu bayathanda ukuba baqonde apho kukho izibonelelo. Imizamo yokuqala ukufunda yokwakheka zaseCaucasus bangamalungu kwinkulungwane XVIII, xa zobuntlola zenzululwazi kwathunyelwa apha, olwaqalwa Lomonosov.

Kwinkulungwane XIX apha siyahamba ukuba isaveyi Musin-Pushkin, Dubois de Monpere. Noko ke, uyise yokwenene isifundo yokwakheka komhlaba zaseCaucasus ithathwa oyingcaphephe waseJamani UHerman Abikh. Wathabatha nobumi Russian kwaye ukuhambela kumazantsi eli lizwe kwi-imi- 60 kwinkulungwane XIX. Umxholo phando kwakukho isakhiwo ziitectonic plates iintaba abaseAfrika. Ngenxa yophando lwakhe ezininzi waba lilungu Wawongwa i-St Petersburg Academy of Sciences.