Intlango: iingxaki zendalo, ubomi bentlango

Iintlango ziindawo ezomileyo ezineqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kunye nomswakama ophantsi. Abaphandi bajonga ezo ndawo kwiindawo zomhlaba eziphazamisayo. Abadlali bee-Geographer kunye ne-biologists bathi iinqaba ngokwabo ziyiyo ingxaki ebalulekileyo yendalo yoMhlaba, okanye kunokuba yingozi. Leli gama lenkqubo yokulahleka kwezityalo ezihlala zizinzileyo, ukungenakwenzeka kokubuyiswa kwemvelo ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba kwabantu. Siza kubona ukuba yintoni intsimi entlango ekhoyo kwimaphu. Iingxaki zemvelo zendawo yendalo ziya kusekwa ngokuhambelanayo ngqo nemisebenzi yabantu.

Izwe leendawo ezichaseneyo

Iindawo ezinomileyo zehlabathi zilobhanti elitshisa, zifumana ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya kwi-250 mm yemvula ngonyaka. Ukuphuphuma kwe-Evaporation ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunezihlandlo ezilishumi kunexesha lemvula. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amaconsi afikeleleki emhlabeni, aphephe emoyeni. Kwinqanaba laseGobbi nase-Asia Ephakathi kwebusika, amaqondo okushisa awela phantsi kwe-0 ° C. Ubukhulu obuphawulekayo luphawu lwesimo sezulu sentlango. Ngomhla ingaba ngama-25-30 ° C, kwi-Sahara ifinyelela kwi-40-45 ° C. Ezinye iziganeko zendawo yeentlango zomhlaba:

• Izilwanyana ezingabonakalisi umhlaba;
• Iziphepho zokhula kunye nemigodi ngaphandle kwemvula;
• Amachibi angenamanzi anomxholo wetyuwa ophezulu;
• Imithombo elahlekileyo kwiisanti, ingabikho imilambo;
• Imilambo engenawo umlomo, iziteshi ezingenamanzi kunye nokuqokelela okumanzi kwi-deltas;
• Amachibi ahlambayo ahlala eguqulekileyo amaphekula;
• Imithi, izihlahla kunye nemifuno ngaphandle kwamaqabunga, kodwa ngeentsiba.

Iinqaba ezinkulu kunazo zonke zehlabathi

Imihlaba eninzi, engenakho izityalo, ithathwa ngokuba yimimandla engenamanzi yomhlaba. Ilawulwa yimithi, izitshalo kunye nemifuno ngaphandle kwamaqabunga okanye kungenasityalo esilahlekileyo, esichaza igama elithi "intlango". Iifoto ezithunyelwe kwinqaku zinika ingcamango yeemeko ezinzima zemimandla eyomileyo. Imephu ibonisa ukuba iindawo eziqwengileyo zifumaneka kwi-hemispheres yaseMntla neyeMzantsi kwisimo sezulu eshushu. Kuphela kwe-Asiya Ephakathi, le ndawo yendalo yindawo epholileyo, ifika kuma-50 ° N. W. Iinqaba ezinkulu kunazo zonke zehlabathi:

• ESahara, eLibyan, eKalahari naseNamib e-Afrika;
• Monte, Patagonia naseAtacama eMzantsi Melika;
• Inxuwa enkulu kunye neVictoria e-Australia;
• Arabia, Gobi, iSiriya, uRub-el-Khali, iKarakum, kunye neKyzylkum e-Eurasia.

Imimandla enjalo njengendawo yentlango kunye neenkqantosi kwibalazwe yehlabathi ihlala iphela ukusuka kwi-17 ukuya kwi-25% yelizwe lonke le-Afrika kunye ne-Australia kunye ne-40% yendawo.

Imbalela eselwandle

Indawo engavumelekanga i-Atacama ne-Namib. Le mihlaba engapheliyo iindawo eziselunxwemeni lolwandle! Intsaba yaseAtacama ihlala entshonalanga yeMzantsi Melika, ijikelezwe ngamatye aqingqiweyo enkqubo yeentaba ze-Andean, ifikelela kwindawo ephakamileyo engaphezu kwama-6500 m. Ngasentshonalanga, intsimi ihlanjululwa yi-Pacific Ocean kunye nekhoyo yasePeru.

I-Atakama yintlango engapheliyo, kukho irekhodi elingaphantsi kwe-0 mm. Imvula encinci yenzeke kanye emva kweeminyaka emininzi, kodwa kubusika busika ukusuka kulwandle oludwendwe rhoqo. Malunga nabantu abayizigidi ezi-1 bahlala kulo mmandla oomileyo. Inani labantu libandakanya ukunyuka kwezilwanyana: zijikelezwe ngamadlelo kunye namahlathi onke entlango ephakamileyo. Isithombeni kwinqaku linika ingcamango yeendawo ezinzima zaseAtacama.

Iintlobo zeentlango (udidi lwezinto eziphilayo)

1. Uluhlu lwendawo, uhlobo lweebhanti zaseTropiki kunye nama-subtropical. Imozulu kwimeko enomileyo kwaye ishushu.
2. I-Anthropogenic - ivela ngenxa yempembelelo ngqo okanye engathanga ngqo yoluntu kwimvelo. Kukho intsingiselo echaza ukuba le ntlango leyo ingxaki zayo zendalo zihambelana nokunyuka kwayo. Kwaye konke oku kubangelwa yimisebenzi yoluntu.
3. I-populated - intsimi apho kukho abahlali basisigxina. Kukho imilambo yokuhamba, ii-oases, ezenziwe kwiindawo zokuphuma komhlaba.
4. IShishino - indawo enezihlwempu kakhulu kunye nezilwanyana zasendle, ezibangelwa kwimisebenzi yokuvelisa kunye nokuphazamiseka kwendalo.
5. I-Arctic - ikhephu kunye neqhwa leqhwa kwiindawo eziphezulu.

Iingxaki zemvelo zentlango kunye neentlango ezinqamlekileyo ngasenyakatho nakwiindawo ezitshisayo zifana neendlela ezininzi. Ngokomzekelo, kukho ukukhawuleza kwenyani, okuyiyona nto inomlinganiselo wokuphila kwezityalo. Kodwa i-Arctic ekhethiweyo ye-Arctic ibonakaliswe ngokushisa okuphantsi kakhulu.

Ukuxhatshazwa kwemvelo - ukulahlekelwa kwekhava lokuqhubekayo

Phantse kwiminyaka engama-150 edlulileyo, izazinzulu zithe zanda ukwanda kwendawo yeSahara. Ukucwaningwa kwezinto zakudala kunye neengcaphephe zibonisa ukuba akusoloko kwintsimi yintlango. Iingxaki zendalo zathi ke ngoko kuthiwa "kuyomisa" kweSahara. Ngako-ke, kwi-XI leminyaka, ukulima eMntla Afrika kunokwenziwa kwi-21 °. Kwimihla emashumi asixhenxe kwimida esenyakatho yezolimo yafudukela kumzantsi ukuya kwi-17 efanayo, ngekhulu lama-21 yafudukela phambili. Kutheni kuvela inkunkuma? Abanye abaphandi bachaza le nkqubo eAfrika ngokuthi "behla" kwimozulu, abanye babhekise idatha malunga nokuhamba kweesanti ezilahla. Ukuvakalelwa kwakunomsebenzi kaStebbinga "iDangile eyadalwa ngumntu", eyapapashwa ngowe-1938. Umbhali ucacise idatha malunga nenkqubela yeSahara ukuya ngasentla kwaye ichaza le ngxaki ngokuziphatha kakubi kwezolimo, ngokunyatheliswa kwezinto zokutya, iinkqubo zokulima ezingenangqiqo.

I-Anthropogenic isizathu sokuphelelwa yintsholongwane

Njengomphumo wophando malunga nokuhamba kwesanti kwi-Sahara, izazinzulu zathola ukuba ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala, indawo yomhlaba wezolimo kunye nenani leenkomo liyeke. I-Woody-shrubby izityalo ziya kubuya kwakhona, oko kukuthi, i-desert yabuya! Iingxaki zendalo zigqithiswe ngokugqithisileyo ngokuthe ngqo kwezi ziko xa iindawo zixothwa kwiindawo zokulima ukuze zibuyele. Amanyathelo okulungiswa kunye nokuhlaziywa kwenziwa kwindawo encinci.

Ukuxhamla kwezulu kudla ngokubakho ngenxa yento eyenziwa ngumntu, isizathu sokuba "sinyuka" akusikho i-climatic, kodwa i-anthropogenic, ehambelana nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamadlelo, ukuphuhlisa ngokweqile ukwakhiwa kwendlela, ukulima okungenamsebenzi. Ukuchithwa kwamanzi phantsi kwefuthe lezinto zendalo kungenzeka kumda weeqithi ezikhoyo sele zikhona, kodwa ngaphantsi kunokuba zichaphazeleke kwimisebenzi yabantu. Izizathu ezibalulekileyo ze-anthropogenic desertification zi:

• Ukugonywa kwamaminerali ngeendlela ezivulekileyo (kwiikherite);
• Ukuhluma ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa kwemveliso yodlelo;
• Ukutshitshiswa kwamahlathi okutyala kwamahlathi;
• Iinkqubo ezinganelanga zokunkcenkceshela (ukunkcenkceshela);
• Ukuqiniswa kokukhukhula kwamanzi kunye nomoya:
• Ukucoca kwamanzi, njengokuba kwenzeka ukunyamalala kweLwandle lwase-Aral kwi-Asia ephakathi.

Ingxaki yengqongileyo yeentlango kunye neentlango (semihla)

1. Ukungabikho kwamanzi kuyona nto ebangela ukwanda kweendawo zasentlango. Ukufudumala okunamandla kunye neziphepho zothuli zikhokelela ekukhuliseni nasekukhungweni komhlaba ongenasiphelo.
2. I-salinization - ukwanda kwimixholo ye-salut e-soluble ngokukhawuleza, ukwakheka kwe-solonetks kunye ne-solonchaks, ngokungafanelekanga kwizityalo.
3. Imvula yamanzi kunye neentsantyambo - ukunyuka komoya, ukuphakamisa ebusweni bomhlaba inani elibalulekileyo lezinto ezilahlekileyo. Kwi solonchaks, umoya uthabatha. Ukuba iisanti kunye nobumba zenziwe ngeemveliso zensimbi, iziqhumane eziluhlaza ezibomvu nezibomvu zivela. Bangakwazi ukukhupha amakhulu okanye amawaka emakhilomitha ayi-square.
4. "Iidemon zeDangile" - isanti esothuli, iphakamisa emoyeni isixa esikhulu sezinto ezilahlekileyo ukuya kwindawo ephakamileyo yamashumi amabini emitha. Iintsika zeNtshonalanga zandiswe phezulu. Ahluke kwiinkanyamba ngokungabikho kwamagumbi e-cumulus aphethe imvula.
5. Izitya ezidumbayo ziindawo apho ukukhukhula kwintlekele kwenzeka khona ngenxa yembalela kunye nokulima okungalawulwayo komhlaba.
6. Ukuvalwa, ukuqokelela inkunkuma-engaphandle kwendalo yendalo yezinto ezingaselanga okanye zikhulule izinto ezinobuthi.
7. Ukuxhatshazwa nokungcola ngumntu ngexesha lokumbiwa kwemayini, ukuphuhlisa imfuyo, izithuthi kunye nokukhenketho.
8. Ukunciphisa indawo ehlala kwiintlobo zentlango, ukuhlwempuzeka kwezilwanyana. Ukulahleka kwezinto eziphilayo.

Ubomi bentlango. Izityalo nezilwanyana

Iimeko ezinzima, izibonelelo zamanzi kunye neziqhamo ezingenamanzi zentlango ziguquka emva kokuba imvula idlule. Abaninzi bamnandi, njengama-cacti kunye namanqatha, banako ukufumana kunye nokugcina amanzi adibeneyo kwiimpawu kunye namacembe. Ezinye izityalo ze-xeromorphic, ezifana ne-saxaul kunye nomhlonyane, zivelise iingcambu ezide ezifikelela kwi-aquifer. Izilwanyana ziye zatshintshela ukufumana umswakama abazifunayo ekudleni. Abameli abaninzi bezilwanyana batshintshela kwizinto zobomi basebusuku ukuze baphephe ukugqithisa.

Ihlabathi elijikelezile , intlango ngokukodwa, ifumana impembelelo engalunganga kwimisebenzi yoluntu. Kukho ukutshatyalaliswa kwendalo yendalo, ngenxa yoko, umntu ngokwakhe akanakuyonwabela izipho zendalo. Xa izilwanyana kunye nezityalo zilahlekelwa yindawo yokuhlala, oku kuchaphazela kakubi ubomi babantu.