Inkwili - yintoni na le nto? ngwenya Russian

Ngwenya - yinto iklasi olwahlukileyo iinqanawa abakwaziyo ukuntywila ukuba amanzi anzongonzongo kakhulu yaye ixesha elide ngaphantsi kwamanzi. Namhlanje lweenqanawa ezintywilayo na isixhobo engundoqo Committe le Navy nawuphi na uhlanga. main inzuzo yabo - cwaka. Oku kwenza lweenqanawa ezintywilayo sele kwimo imfazwe.

Imbali indalo: ekuqaleni

Kuba okokuqala umbuzo wokuba yintoni inkwili, wanikela impendulo esinokusetyenziswa uLeonardo da Vinci. Wachaza ukuba kwixesha elide babesebenza ubeko lwe isixhobo zomkhosi zalo eziluncedo yamacebo, kodwa ekugqibeleni layirhawula yonke imifanekiso yalo, ngenxa yokoyika imiphumo vuhlayiseki.

Ngo-1578 i Isazinzulu IsiNgesi William Bourne kwingxelo yakhe Sizizobele ngwenya, leyo wabonwa nguye ezinzulwini oLwandle Black. Wachaza ngwenya - akunto, njengawokuqala U-inqanawa eyenziwe eGreenland nasesikhumbeni kunye zamahlengezi. Isitya wandivelisa amatanki zokulinganisa, kwaye wenza njengoko kwitshimini esasihamba. Loo inkwili nako ixesha elide phantsi kwamanzi, kodwa ke wabonisa iziphumo emangalisayo.

projekthi esemthethweni ukwakha lweenqanawa ezintywilayo elenziwa kuphela ngo-1620. Ukwamkelwa ukwakhiwa wanika inqanawa ehamba IsiNgesi Korol Yakov I. Designing wathabatha injineli Dutch K. Drebbel. Kungekudala isikhephe lwavavanywa eLondon ngempumelelo. Iinjini kuqala inqanawa ehamba i-UK wayesebenza phezu amaphini-amandla. ERashiya, ingcamango yokudala nawa efihlakeleyo yaqalwa ngu Peter I. Noko ke, ngokufa kwakhe iprojekthi wabulawa kulithatha. Ngo-1834 kwakukho zonke-metal inkwili yokuqala kwamanzi. Umsunguli baso injineli Russian K. Schilder. Bendiza zaye isixhobo Ngelixesha kwakwuse kumnyama. Ezi mvavanyo zaba yimpumelelo, kwaye sungula yokuqala kwamanzi ehlabathini ngayo enomjukujelwa lwaqhutywa ekupheleni konyaka.

I-US Navy nako ukuma bucala. Ngo-1850 waqalisa lo msebenzi phantsi kolwalathiso L. Hunley. Isikhephe yalawulwa ukusuka gumbi eyahlukileyo. Le esisetyenziswe Screw omkhulu basonta oomatiloshe usapho. Uqwalaselo kudlule lunamaqoqo ezincinane izindlu. Ngowe-1864, umntwana wokuqala Hunley yazika welinye icala inqanawa. Emva koko, impumelelo anjengala ndoqhayisa Russia, France.

Ngexesha lweenqanawa ezintywilayo yeHlabathi yokuQala bebexhotyiswa idizili kunye Iimoto zombane. Xa eyila isizukulwana esitsha lweenqanawa ezintywilayo ekhombisa iinjineli Russian. Ngexesha lemfazwe ekulweni ababandakanyekayo izitya 600 yolwandle, nto leyo ekugqibeleni yathi iinqanawa malunga 200 kunye kubabulali.

Imbali indalo: ixesha elitsha

Ngu ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II Uninzi lweenqanawa ezintywilayo ezibe intsalela USSR (iiyunithi 211). Kwindawo yesibini Kumi wayenothotho Italy - 115 ii nkwili. Elilandelayo eUnited States, France, iBritani, iJapan, uze kuphela Jamani 57 isitya olunzulu-elwandle. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le inkwili kwakujongwa wokulwa unit engundoqo Navy ngexesha lemfazwe. Oku kubonisa into yokuba yiSoviet Union predominated phezu kolwandle ngezantsi de ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ityala yaba ngwenya yazika ezingama leenqanawa utshaba ngaphezulu kwama-400. Nangona ngwenya nako emanzini ukuya kwiimitha ezili-150, ngoxa amanzi iiyure eziliqela. Isantya engumndilili 6 amaqhina. A revolution sobunjineli kwamanzi luvelise sisazinzulu ezaziwayo-kakuhle Walter. Walungiselela umzimba iimeko kunye injini abasebenza hydrogen peroxide. Oku kwenza lweenqanawa ezintywilayo zokoyisa isantya umqobo amaqhina 25.

ngwenya namhlanje

inkwili Modern - ukuba craft chibi usebenzisa nezityalo amandla enyukliya ukuba avelise amandla kuyimfuneko. Kwakhona izinto amandla lweenqanawa ezintywilayo neebhetri, iinjini idizili, iinjini Stirling kunye nezinye iiseli amafutha. Okwangoku, le yunithi yokulwa bazizityebi fleet yamazwe 33.

Emva kweminyaka ye-1990, kwezikhali NATO ngokuba namajoni angama-mpahla 217, kuquka SSBNs kunye SSNs. Ngelo xesha, eRussia phezu eseleyo kancinane iiyunithi ngaphantsi kwama-100. Ngo-2004, i-Russian Federation odolwe Italy zokudalwa uhlobo amancinci inkwili non-nuclear. Le projekthi wabizwa S1000. Noko ke, ngo-2014 iye engumkhenkce kungokuvumelana. Namhlanje, enye lweenqanawa ezintywilayo fastest kwaye uninzi ubhetyebhetye zithathwa hydrogen. Le nqanawa deep udidi U-212, nto leyo isanda kuphela ukuveliswa eJamani. izikhephe ezinjalo zisebenza ngenxa hydrogen, ngokwenjenjalo ekufezekiseni intshukumo eliphezulu noiseless.

ngezigaba ngwenya

Lweenqanawa ezintywilayo lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ngamaqela ngokuphathelele kwezi ndidi:

1. Ngokutsho uhlobo imithombo yamandla: amandla enyukliya, idizili, umphunga kunye negesi, amafutha, hydrogen.
2. Sebenzisa: nomgangatho woposo, qhinga, ezizodwa.
3. ubukhulu: ingami, eliphakathi, encinane.
4. Ngokutsho uhlobo izixhobo: torpedoes, weave, enomjukujelwa, ugalelwe.

Iyunithi iqhelekileyo ngwenya zenyukliya enzonzobila. Olu uhlobo lweenqanawa ezintywilayo uye zokuhlela yayo:

1. SSBN - lweenqanawa ezintywilayo zenyukliya kunye nezixhobo weave.
2. PLARK - lweenqanawa ezintywilayo zenyukliya kunye imijukujelwa iza.
3. MPLATRK - emininzi, ngwenya inomzimba, lo mthombo wamandla apho leyo reactor yenyukliya.
4. DPLRK - lweenqanawa ezintywilayo diesel kunye imijukujelwa kunye torpedoes.

Ukususela iintlobo zovavanyo zingahlukaniswa: indiza, ezinamaphiko, kunye ngwenya umlambo nabemi.

Imithetho design

Lweenqanawa ezintywilayo yenziwe nezakhiwo 2: ukukhanya ixesha elide. Eyokuqala kukunika inqanawa eziphuculweyo iipropati hydrodynamic kunye yesibini - ukukhusela xi ezinkulu zamanzi. Kumelwe ezazivela insimbi, kunjalo, kaninzi zenzeka kunye aluminiyamu titanium. Kwi ngwenya iye kwamatanki ezikhethekileyo sizinze kunye nolawulo yokutrima. Ediphini lwenziwa usebenzisa hydroplanes. Livela kumiselwa ukubana amanzi kunye nomoya zixinaniswe akumatanki zokulinganisa. Intshukumo wenqanawa kukhokelela idizili okanye amandla enyukliya izityalo. lweenqanawa ezintywilayo Small nesebenza neebhetri kunye nombane. umbane diesel Special esetyenziselwa ukutshaja. Asisebenzi motor ophephela.

iintlobo izikhali

Le lweenqanawa ezintywilayo Injongo kukuba ukwenza imisebenzi ethile:

- ukutshatyalaliswa iinqanawa,
- ukupheliswa iinqanawa multi-injongo,
- ukutshatyalaliswa bezinto qhinga utshaba.

Kuxhomekeka neenjongo lweenqanawa ezintywilayo babeka iintlobo ezifanelekileyo kwezixhobo: imigodi, torpedoes, imijukujelwa, zokudubula, elektroniki. Ukuziphendulela, abaninzi iinqanawa ezinzulu-ulwandle kusetyenziswa iinkqubo air wokhuselo ephathwayo.

ngwenya Russian

Enye zakutshanje eyamkelwe kulo Fleet kwafika lweenqanawa ezintywilayo "Halibut". Ukwakhiwa kweeyunithi 24 sathatha iminyaka engama-20, ukususela ngowe-1982. Namhlanje, xa ukulahlwa lweenqanawa ezintywilayo Russian 18 "Halibut". Izikhephe zakhiwa kwi-sikhokelo projekthi 877. Ezi nqanawa anzulu-amanzi aba AMAGQABAZA ▸ kuthiwa-"Varshavyanka". Ngowe-2004 yena wazalwa isizukulwana esitsha inkwili, "Lada", ukusebenza ukufakwa elektrodizelnoy. Inqanawa yenzelwe ukutshabalalisa naziphi na neethagethi yotshaba. Ezi lweenqanawa ezintywilayo Russian ziye zanda ngenxa inqanaba elincinane ingxolo. Ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu projekthi ngokukhawuleza inciphisiwe.

Ecwebezelayo amandla iphambili zithuthi Russian yi inkwili zenyukliya "Pike-B". Le projekthi yathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwama-20 de kube ngo-2004. Namhlanje lweenqanawa ezintywilayo yale hlobo kwi abaxhobileyo Russian yi iiyunithi ezili-11. "Pike-B" uyakwazi ukufikelela ngesantya amaqhina 33, antywiliselwe ngenxa 600 m Akuba yokukhangela elizenzekelayo ukuya kwiintsuku ezili-100. Capacity - abantu abangama-73. Ulwakhiwo iqela elinye malini ebuncwaneni malunga 785 mln. Idola.

Kwakhona kwi yokugcina kwizithuthi abanjalo lweenqanawa ezintywilayo zenyukliya eRashiya, njenge "Shark", "Dolphin", "Barracuda", "Kalmar", "Antey" kunye nabanye.

Ngwenya entsha

Xa "Warszawianka" series ukuba kungekudala zazaliswa neeyunithi amatsha Russian aselwandle. Oku kuya kuba ngwenya entsha "Krasnodar" yaye "Stary Oskol". Izikhephe ziya kuqalisa inkonzo kwisiqingatha sesibini sonyaka wama-2015. Kwizibuko sizizitya ezinzulu-ulwandle "Kolpino" yaye "The Great Novgorod", kodwa ukwakhiwa kwayo sigqityiwe kuphela ekupheleni kuka-2016 Ngenxa yoko, kuya kubakho "Warszawianka" iiyunithi 6 uyilo kwiphepha lomncono Black Sea Fleet kaThixo. Abameli beli ngcelele zenzelwe ukuba bakhusele ukuhlaselwa lutshaba, oko kukuthi, ukukhusela aselwandle iinqwelwana, unxibelelwano, kunxweme. Lweenqanawa ezintywilayo "Varshavyanka 'ibhekisa kudidi cwaka. umsebenzi Elektrodizelnom kwi injini.

Ubude inkwili yi -74 m, yaye ububanzi -. 10 m isithuthi Kwamanzi linokufikelela isantya amaqhina-20. Ukuntywiliselwa threshold - 300 m ukuqubha ubomi -. Ukuya kwiintsuku ezingama-45.

inkwili Missing kunye nechibi

Ide 1940, lweenqanawa ezintywilayo uze yalahleka ezinzulwini zolwandle kunye neelwandle. Izizathu oku iintsilelo zoyilo kunye kubekhona recaps, nemfihlelo iqela ngamajoni.

Emva kokuba World Second kuqikelelwa iiyunithi ngwenya engekhoyo. Kule minyaka ingama-50 idluleyo, iinjineli ziye ifikelele incopho yayo. Ukususela ekuqaleni kuka-1950 inkwili akujongwa yingozi kubomi izisebenzi, udibane utshaba nangoko ilungise ziko lomkhosi. Yiyo loo nto kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngoko kancinane ezilahlekileyo ii nkwili. Isitya idumileyo elingekho njenge "Scorpion" (USA), i "Dakar" (uSirayeli) kunye "uMinerva" (France). Kuyaphawuleka ukuba zonke zontathu inkwili ezazikayo ingqubekile phantsi kweemeko eliyimfihlakalo ekuhambeni kwiiveki ezi-2 ngo-1968. Iingxelo kuzo zonke zontathu iintlekele wabhekisela into ingubani, emva kumfowunelwa yalahleka ngonaphakade unxibelelwano kunye aba belungu bayehluthe kubo.

Xa zizonke, kule minyaka 60 idlulileyo iye yabhalwa ngokusemthethweni 8 lweenqanawa ezintywilayo zenyukliya nechibi, kuquka amathandathu Russian ezimbini American. Eyokuqala yaba inqanawa "Thresher" (USA), ababekhwele apho kwakukho abantu 129. Le ngozi yenzeke ngenxa yokuhlaselwa utshaba ngo-1963. Eli qela lonke abulawe.

Block kakhulu kwaye ebuhlungu kukuba bayahlelwa inkwili "Kursk". Ngehlobo lowe-2000 ngenxa dubulo le inomzimba kwindawo yokuqala Inqanawa yazika ukuya ezantsi kuLwandle Barents. Ngenxa yoko, abantu 118 babulawa.