Inkululeko luxanduva ngamnye. Ingxaki wenkululeko kunye noxanduva lwabantu

Isihloko uchaphazelekayo afanelekileyo kakhulu ngexesha lethu. Ilungelo lenkululeko iphathwa njenge ithuba lokuba umntu ngamnye ukuba enze naziphi na izenzo zinqwenelekayo ngokwengqiqo yabo ngokwabo kwinkqubo-sikhokelo ye-mthetho, lo gama ekuhlonipheni amalungelo nenkululeko yabanye.

Ingxaki wenkululeko kunye noxanduva lwabantu

Ukuze uqalise kukuba ukutolika ezi magama mabini. Inkululeko - enye iindidi bulumko nesakhiwo esikhulu ezichaza undoqo womntu. Kuyinto ubuchule bomntu ukuba bacinge ze benze izenzo ezithile, mayisekelwe kuphela iinjongo zabo, izinto kunye neminqweno, kwaye lakufumana ngaphandle.

Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, ngokwemiqathango nesantya olukhawulezisiweyo ngendaleko impucuko, indima ekhethekileyo yomntu kwi sikhokelo ekuhlaleni komelezwa akakhawulezi ngokwaneleyo, nto ke leyo ebangele ngakumbi kwaye kaninzi kukho ingxaki inkululeko kunye noxanduva lwakhe eluntwini.

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo ukuba namhlanje phantse kuzo zonke iinkqubo eziphuhliswe bulumko xa benehlombe ingcamango wenkululeko. Lilinge lokuqala ukuchaza ulwalamano kweziphilayo inkululeko nemfuno ingqalelo yayo bobabo Benedict Spinoza. Wabachazela lo mqondo ngokwemiqathango Isidingo esibonakalayo.

ukuqonda ngakumbi ubunye dialectical le Union wavakalisa Fridrihom Gegelem. Ukusuka umbono wakhe zenzululwazi, isisombululo dialectical izinto le ngxaki kukuba kuqwalaselwe inkululeko ibe yimfuneko njongo.

Eluntwini kwenkululeko ngamnye nengeniso enomda kakhulu. Kulo mba, kukho ingxaki: esintu - na umntu kunye neminqweno akhe musani idibana kunye neemfuno zoluntu. Ngoko ke, umntu kufuneka balandele imithetho zentlalo, kuba, naxa kungenjalo kunye neziphumo.

Ngelo xesha langoku (kwincopho yophuhliso lwentando) yengxaki inkululeko ngamnye ikhula iwonga kwihlabathi jikelele. Ngoku ingasombululwa kumgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuze benze oku, zonke iintlobo "zokhuseleko 'umthetho, nto leyo icacisa amalungelo nenkululeko ziphuhliswa ngokucwangcisiweyo zaze zamkelwa. Kungenxa ehlabathini mihla sisiseko yawo nawuphi na umgaqo. Noko ke, asingabo bonke iingxaki ukujoliswa ukuya kumhla isonjululwe kwihlabathi yaye, ingakumbi, eRashiya.

Kufuneka kwakhona ukhankanye balubiza kweekhonsepthi ezifana inkululeko kunye noxanduva lwabantu, ngenxa yokuba lo kuqala zibhuqe, nangenxa ulwaphulo amalungelo wesithathu nenkululeko umntu onoxanduva ngokuhambelana nomthetho ipasisiwe eluntwini. Uxanduva - ekuthiwa ixabiso inkululeko. inkululeko kunye noxanduva ekhulayo ingxaki na ilizwe ehlabathini, iyenza kuqala, kunye ukufuna amakhambi - kubaluleke kakhulu umsebenzi.

A uhlobo lwenkululeko ukusuka ngembono-bulumko

Kungaba:

• yangaphakathi (eceleni, ngokomoya, inkululeko bengqondo, isivumelwano sakhe ngomoya kunye al.);
• yangaphandle (livela inkqubo yentsebenziswano nehlabathi ngaphandle, inkululeko zemali, inkululeko action);
• civil (inkululeko kwezentlalo, engaquki ukunciphisa inkululeko kwabanye);
• kwezopolitiko (ukukhululeka kwimpembelelo despotism yezopolitiko);
• inkolo (ukhetho yeNkosi);
• ngokomoya (njalo-ebizwa amandla yomntu phezu kwakhe ego, tyekelo iimvakalelo kunye neminqweno);
• yokuziphatha (ukhetho lwabantu Umgaqo wabo okulungileyo okanye okubi);
• yezoqoqosho (inkululeko ukuba yokulahla yonke impahla yayo ngokokubona kwayo);
• okwenyaniso (umnqweno inkululeko ubume boluntu);
• Natural (ngokwamkela imfuneko ukuze siphile ngokuvisisana nemithetho yendalo yendalo lusekiwe);
• isenzo (ukukwazi ukwenza njengako isigqibo);
• ukhethe (endowing ngabantu ekuphononongeni khetha ukhetho kakhulu esamkelekileyo ngokwabo isiganeko isiphumo);
• iya (ukunika ithuba ngamnye ukukhetha ngokweminqweno yakhe ozikhethayo);
• ingundoqo (imeko apho ukuthanda ngamnye kulo abawuthobeli umthetho phezu inxalenye ukuthanda abanye abathathi-nxaxheba).

nabalawuli inkululeko

Ba ku ezingafani imiqathango nto. Ezi ziquka:

• inkululeko yabanye;
• State;
• nenkcubeko;
• zokuziphatha;
• nemvelo;
• imfundo;
• imithetho;
• zokuziphatha;
• amasiko futhi abutment;
• ukuqonda nokwazi imfuneko.

Imizekelo inkululeko kunye noxanduva ukuhlangana, ngokungathi kunjalo, ngawo onke amabanga. Xa siqwalasela ukusuka kwindawo ngembono ingxaki ngokuphathelele kwezi ndidi, apha kule meko ibangelwa: ukwenzakala okanye ebulala umenzi wobubi ikhondo yokuzikhusela, ubusela ukutya ngenxa yakhe indlala nonina, abantwana, kunye nabanye.

iindlela bulumko cazelo kombono

Abameli yamandulo bulumko (uSocrates . UDiogenes, uSeneca, uEpicurus, kunye nabanye) bakholelwa ukuba inkululeko - intsingiselo nenjongo yobukho bomntu.

yokuphumelela medieval (Anselm Kenterberiysky, Albert Veliky, Foma Akvinsky et al.) Ukuze Wamkele nesizathu, yaye naziphi na izenzo ezenziwa ngethuba le kunokwenzeka kuphela ngaphakathi iimfundiso ecaweni, kungenjalo inkululeko ezichongiweyo kunye ihlelo, isono enzima.

abameli ixesha New (Paul Anri Golbah, uThomas Hobbs, uPierre Laplace Simon et al.) Freedom ukuchazwa njenge ngemeko yendalo yomntu eya ubulungisa kunye nokulingana kwezentlalo.

Ngenyameko wafunda umba kwi bulumko German yamandulo. Umzekelo, Immanuel Kant wayekholelwa ukuba inkululeko - stroke into (uluvo), kuphela loo ndoda, kodwa ukuba Ioganna Fihte kuyo - kuphela ngokupheleleyo yokwenene.

umqondo uxanduva

Kuyinto udidi komthetho kunye neendlela zokuziphatha, nto leyo ibonakalisa ubuhlobo yokuziphatha kunye zomthetho kunye nentlalo yomntu ukuya lonke uluntu ngokubanzi kwaye ngokukodwa kuluntu. Ukwakha uluntu mihla, esomeleza isiqalelo bayazi kwisikhokelo yobomi yayo zentlalo, asibubudlelane na abantu inkululeko ulawulo yoluntu, kwaye konke oku kunye uxanduva yokuziphatha lomntu ngamnye.

Isakhelo esemthethweni ye yangoku zolawulo, yolwaphulo kunye yeTyala kuLuntu, leyo, ukongeza ekufumanekeni betyala, ithathele ingqalelo iziphumo yezikhulu umoni (iimeko zemfundo yakhe, nomsebenzi, inqanaba lokuqonda ityala, ovumayo ukuba nokulungiswa enye). Yoku, ukuziphatha zomthetho uxanduva uyahambelana (inkqubo yokuqonda ngamnye iimfuno yoluntu kamva okubangela ukuba bayiqonde imithetho nozinzo kuphuhliso yembali).

Ukuthobela onke amalungelo nenkululeko yomntu, kwakunye ubukho uxanduva phambi komthetho ngenxa zolwaphulo - iphambili ukulawula komthetho.

Evolution kunye nokuphuculwa lasisiseko senkcubeko yoluntu ziyalela imfuneko yophuhliso oluphucukileyo kunye nemiba yomthetho, kangangokuba waqalisa ingqiqo imeko kuphela ngokomthetho, wenza njengoko elingana naliphi na ilizwe.

Ndaya kungena okuchasene nomthetho ukuba (amalungelo oluntu nenkululeko akuthethi kwaye hayi ezikhuselweyo). Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le uluntu uye iindlela zayo yokuchithwa omtsha ilungiselelo elisemthethweni bomntu, ngokumnika nentembelo kwixesha elizayo.

Balubiza kwezi ngongoma malunga ungubani

Ingcamango inkululeko ngamnye kuchaphazela nomba yentanda zobomi. Kungenxa yoku, umbuzo-buciko: "Ngaba umntu inkululeko yokwenene, okanye nantoni na azenzayo isuke yimithetho zentlalo kunye nezithethe, apho umntu na apho?" Okokuqala inkululeko - ukukhetha benolwazi malunga ngombono kunye nokuziphatha. Noko ke, uluntu umda ngamandla indlela yayo lwemithetho ezahlukeneyo kunye nemimiselo, ezo zibangelwa injongo yokudala uphuhliso evumelanayo ngamnye ngaphakathi kwinkqubo loluntu.

Great ezingqondweni wazibuza: "Oko kukuthi ukuzalana yenkululeko kunye noxanduva?" Bagqiba kwelokuba uxanduva - isiseko oluntu ephakathi core, olawula ayo ezisesikweni kubonise zenkuthazo ilungu elinye ezithile izenzo zokuziphatha ngokubanzi. Kwimeko apho umntu ulungelelanisa ukuziphatha kwakhe ngokwezicwangciso zentlalo, kufikwa ubuchule ngaphakathi yendoda isazela. Noko ke, indibanisela enjalo iikhonsepthi ziyaphikisana ngaphezu ngokuvumelana ngokungangqalanga. Kunoko, inkululeko kunye uxanduva ngamnye iyavumelana ngokulinganayo, anikane kuphela.

uxanduva

It is:

• kwezentlalo;
• zokuziphatha;
• lezopolitiko;
• imbali;
• umthetho;
• adibeneyo;
• personal (ngabanye);
• iqela.

Kukho imizekelo ezahlukeneyo uxanduva. Oku kungaquka ityala xa inkampani "Johnson & Johnson" wafumana imizila benqanda kwi njengezingxobo "Tylenol", nethe kuveliswe le mveliso. Ilahleko iyonke kule meko yaba $ 50 million. Emva koko, ulawulo nkampani wabhengeza ukuba ukuthatha onke amanyathelo kunokwenzeka ukukhusela uluntu. Lo ngumzekelo uxanduva lwentlalo. Ngelishwa, iimeko ezinjalo kwimarike esetyenziswayo kunokuba kunqabile kakhulu.

Uyakwazi kuzisa imizekelo indlu uxanduva kunye nenkululeko, xa umntu inkululeko yokuzikhethela umculo ufuna ukumamela, kodwa kukho kwakhona ixesha udlala khona (ukuba umculo usuka ukhalele phezulu kakhulu emva elinanye ebusuku, imfanelo yolawulo, kunye isiphumo ukuba nazo isohlwayo).

Umzekelo umphakathi wesintu kunye nobudlelwane

Kukho nje ezintathu:

1. Umzabalazo wenkululeko (yongquzulwano ezingadibaniyo kunye neendidi nangaphandle of data).
2. Ukuziqhelanisa kokusingqongileyo (umntu ilandela ngokuzithandela imithetho yendalo, babingelela umnqweno wakhe umnqweno ukuba free).
3. Ubalekele leyinene ezingqonge (abantu, bazi yokungabi wabo kumzabalazo wenkululeko, iyithumele eMonastri okanye engena ngokwakhe).

Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo ekuqondeni inkululeko njani amaqhina oqhagamshelwano kunye noxanduva, kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo ukuziphatha komntu. Ukuba umntu uyazi ngokucacileyo ukuba awusebenzeleyo yenza isenzo esithile, kwaye uzama ukuya kulwa izithethe ezisekiweyo-kakuhle zentlalo kunye nemithetho, udidi ingqalelo ngokuvisisana egqibeleleyo kunye nabanye.

Man njengokuba umntu zinokuphunyezwa kuphela kwi imeko ukuba usebenzisa inkululeko yakhe njengelungelo oyikhethileyo. Unako kwakhona uqaphele ukuba le yindlela high isikhundla ebomini, kanye njengoko iindlela kunye neendlela zokufikelela kuya kuba ngokuvisisana kwemithetho ngendaleko leyinene. Ingcamango xanduva, yena, inxibelelene kunye nemfuneko enze isigqibo ngeendlela kwaye kuthetha ukuqinisekisa ekuphumeleleni injongo efunekayo.

Ngoko ke, sinokugqiba ukuba inkululeko kunegalelo ngokubonakala uxanduva ngamnye, yaye luxanduva izenzo zayo eqondisa isivuseleli.

Ingxaki ungubani kwi-sikhokelo ifilosofi ebomini

Le mbono ngokwembono ebomini - yinto sukelo ngokwayo, kodwa abasebenzi kulo mba - kodwa njengendlela ukwenzela ubukho eziphathekayo abantu alo. Kulo mzekelo, uluntu ijolise ukuba enze kufumaneke uphuhliso ngokomoya simahla kumntu ngamnye, nokuqinisa umyalelo osemthethweni kunye ngokuphathelele nokungena kwi inkululeko yakhe. Nangona kunjalo, indima eluntwini negative ukumimitheka, kwaye inkululeko eyenziwa ngumntu, wakhetha ibinzana ethile (inkululeko kwezopolitiko, kwezoqoqosho, njl njl).

Abameli kule bulumko wayekholelwa ukuba inkululeko lokwenyaniso aqondwa kuphela nomba ngokomoya (ezentlalo esahlukileyo), apho abantu bathathwa ubukho, kunokuba ngabalawulwa bezomthetho.

Ingxaki engundoqo ubuntu ifilosofi ebomini - wancothuka kuye evela uluntu, nto leyo iqondwa njengoko inguqu yeemveliso yemisebenzi ngamnye kwemikhosi nobutshaba ezimeleyo, kwakunye inkcaso ukuya kurhulumente ngamnye kunye nombutho wonke abasebenzi, amaziko oluntu, amanye amalungu oluntu, njalo-njalo N..

Ingakumbi ngokunzulu lo bulumko uphonononga namava njengoko ekufanisweni ehlukanisiwe ihlabathi ngaphandle (umzekelo, imvo namdla, ukungakhathali, ubulolo, uloyiko, njalo njalo).

Ngokutsho existentialists, ukuba umntu achase ukuthanda kwakhe zibekwe kweli hlabathi engaqhelekanga kuye, ukuya isiphetho ethile. Kulo mba, loo mntu uchaphazelekayo rhoqo kunye nemiba enxulumene intsingiselo yobomi bakhe, izizathu ubukho yayigcinwa ehlabathini, ezikhethiweyo indlela, njalo njalo. D.

Nangona ecotha yokomoya yomntu (ezingenangqondo), ebomini iye yenza elibonakalayo igalelo kuphuhliso ezahlukeneyo bulumko Iindlela, apho umntu abone njengomntu, lujoliswe ekubhaqeni i-human uqobo.

Ingxaki ubuntu ifilosofi ebomini lubonakala nomba mihla le magazini. Uqulathe eyona ekuthiwa olahlwa, kodwa loo nto ayithethi siyeke ukuba ukuzisa umnikelo exabisekileyo ukuya imbono ethile ngamnye kunye noluntu. Le ngefilosofi ebomini ngokuvisisana nemigaqo yayo walatha imfuneko ngokutsha ngokucokisekileyo ekhoyo ngalo mzuzu lwamaxabiso ekhokela uluntu kunye nabantu njengomntu.

Kanye njengokuba umlinganiselo wenkululeko kunye noxanduva lobuqu

Esisebenza ngayo njengoko umlinganiselo esemthethweni inkululeko ekhoyo imida yayo isikhombisi kuyimfuneko yaye kunokwenzeka, kwakunye eqhelekileyo. Ukongeza, ukuba ekunene - usisiqinisekiso inkululeko ingqalelo, indlela yokukhuselwa nokulondolozwa kwayo. Ngenxa yokuba ukuba isikali esemthethweni, ilungelo uyakwazi ukubonakalisa cala inqanaba afunyenwe lophuhliso lwentlalo. Ngale ndlela, le didi - umlinganiselo inkqubela. Isiphumo soku kukuba kwisigqibo sokuba ekunene - lo ngumlinganiselo inkululeko njengoko uphuhliso lwemveliso, yaye luxanduva uhlobo kwezentlalo yokulinganisa.

sobulumko German F. Hegel akukubona oko njengoko ubukho yokwenene kwengqiqo ezifana inkululeko kunye noxanduva ngamnye. Kwakhona eyaziwa isikhundla kant njengoko oko ekunene - yindawo wenkululeko, kujongwe ukuba ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela ubuntu yangaphandle ngamnye. Kuphela umbhali omkhulu Russian Leo Tolstoy yakholwa kuzo zonke iinzima ebezijongene ukuba ekunene - ubundlobongela ngokuchasene umntu.

Ezikhoyo zomthetho Izibonelelo - Lo udidi inkululeko, apho ngokusemthethweni ingqalelo kwaye ivakalise zikarhulumente nemithetho. Njengokuba sele kucaca, le njongo iyintloko imiba yomthetho kwenkululeko - ukhuseleko ngamnye ukususela sesichengeni ngaphandle nalwazelelelo phezu inxalenye nabasemagunyeni, kunye nezinye abemi.

Ebeka i ngasentla, sinokugqiba ukuba iindidi ezifana namalungelo, inkululeko kunye noxanduva bomntu, ziyajongwa zihlobene: eyokuqala ke usisiqinisekiso wesibini nowesithathu.

concept uxanduva

Baya ingachazwa njengento classical and non-yamandulo. Kakuhle eli ingqiqo yokuqala - umntu inoxanduva oko wakwenzayo kubo. Kulo mzekelo, isihloko kufuneka ibe simahla ezizimeleyo. Kweli nqanaba kwakhona ityhila ingxelo ukuba inkululeko kunye noxanduva ngamnye - iikhonsepthi bezalana ngokusondeleyo.

Esi sifundo, ukwenza izenzo, kufuneka siqonde ngokucacileyo imiphumo ebonakalayo evela kubo. Kwaye kunye nomzuzu wokugqibela wokuba nombono weklasi - umntu kufuneka abe noxanduva lwezenzo zakhe (umzekelo, phambi komphathi, inkundla, isazela sakhe, njl.). Kule meko, umlingisi wenza njengomtyholwa.

Indlela yokuziphatha - uxanduva lokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha kwenkqubo. Kule nkalo, le nkcazo iyaqiniswa: "Akukho senzo - akukho mthwalo kubo." Ukuba kukho imeko apho le ngongoma ilungu leqela, kwaye ngoko akunakwenzeka ukuqikelela imiphumo yezenzo ezithile, kuvela ingcinga entsha. Yaba yinkcazelo engeyiyo yeklastiki. Kule nkalo, ngoku umxholo sele uthwale uxanduva ngezenzo ezingaphumeleli kwiimeko zesakhiwo esele sikhoyo, kodwa ukufezekiswa ngempumelelo komsebenzi abelwe wona. Yaye apha, naphezu kokungaqiniseki okukhoyo, umntu uyasombulula ingxaki ngohlobo oluchanekileyo kwimeko enikwe (ukuphathwa kwenkqubo yokuphunyezwa kwayo). Ngoku kungengomxholo ongaqhelekanga, uxanduva aluhambelani nomgaqo wenkululeko epheleleyo yomntu, kodwa kwimisebenzi kunye nemigangatho yoluhlu lwentando yesininzi.

Ngoko ke, ukuba siqala ukuqonda indlela inkululeko kunye nembopheleleko yalo mbandela ehambelana ngayo, ngokokuqala kukho konke kuyimfuneko ukucacisa imeko ethile yokuphunyezwa kwezi zigaba. Emva koko kufuneka uqalise ukuba ngumntu othile. Ngenxa yoko, iimpendulo ezimbini zingafunyanwa: inkululeko kunye noxanduva lomntu ngabanye kwaye luhambelana ngokuvisisanayo okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, zichazwe ziimeko ezihambelanayo ezixhomekeka kwimithetho yoluntu kunye nemigangatho.