Inkqubo yokuphefumula: isakhiwo sezitho. I-pleura i ... Ubunzima bemiphaphu

Njengoko uyazi, ngaphandle komntu onomoya akakwazi ukwenza ngaphezu kwemizuzu emithathu. Ngaloo ndlela, i-oksijini igcina ichithwe egazini iphelile, kwaye ukuzila kweengqondo kubonakala, okubonakalisa njengokuphelelwa amandla, kunye neemeko ezinzima - kunye nokufa. Ewe, abantu abaqeqeshwe ngandlela-thile bangakwazi ukunweba ixesha elingenamoya ukuya ezintlanu, ezisixhenxe kunye nemizuzu elishumi, kodwa oku akunakwenzeka ukuba umntu oqhelekileyo. Iinkqubo zokutshintshwa ezenzeka emzimbeni zidinga ukunikezelwa rhoqo kwee-molecule zomoya, kwaye inkqubo yokuphefumula yenza umsebenzi omhle.

Izigaba zokuphefumla

Ukutshintshwa kwe-oksijeni phakathi komzimba kunye nokusingqongileyo kwenzeka kwizigaba ezine:

1. Umoya uvela kwimimandla yangaphandle kwimiphunga kwaye igcwalise yonke indawo ekhoyo.
2. Kukho ukwahlukana kwee-gesi, kuquka i-oksijini, ngodonga lwe-alveoli (iyunithi yesakhiwo yamaphaphu) egazini.
3. I-Hemoglobin, equlethwe kwiiseli ezibomvu zegazi, ibopha ininzi yomoya kwaye iyithwale ngomzimba. Inxalenye encinci ichitheka kwigazi ngendlela engatshintshiyo.
4. I-oksijeni ishiya i-hemoglobin compounds kwaye idlula edongeni lwesitya ukuya kwiiseli zezicubu kunye namalungu.

Siyabona ukuba kule nkqubo iprogram yokuphefumula ithatha inxaxheba kuphela kwisigaba sokuqala, enye incike kwiimeko zokuhamba kwegazi, iipropati zayo kunye nezinga leetabolism. Ukongezelela, imiphunga ithatha inxaxheba ekutshintshiseni ukushisa, ukususwa kwezinto ezinobuthi, ukwakheka kwezwi.

Anatomy

Inkqubo yonke yokuphefumula iyahlula ibe ngamacandelo amabini, kuxhomekeke kwisikhundla esifanelekileyo sesebe.

Umzila ophezulu wokuphefumula uqukethe izibilini zomlomo nezomlomo, i- nasopharynx, i-oropharynx, umhombo kunye ne-pharynx. Kwaye inxalenye enkulu iindawo ezisakhiwe ngamadonga amathambo enkayi okanye isikhokelo se-muscular-connective framework.

Umzila ophantsi wokuphefumula uquka i-larynx, i- trachea kunye ne-bronchi. I-Alveoli ayifakiwe kuloluhlu, njengoko ziyingxenye ebalulekileyo yomphunga we-parenchyma kunye necandelo lokuphela kwebronchi.

Ngomfutshane malunga neyunithi nganye yecandelo lokuphefumula.

Isango

Ukwakhiwa kwamathambo, okufumaneka ngaphambili kwekhayi. Iqulethwe ngamabhonkco amabini angabinxibelelwano (ngakwesobunxele nakwesobunxele) kunye nokwahlula phakathi kwabo, okubangela ukufuduka. Ngaphakathi kwintambo yamanzi ihlanganiswe nekhanda elimnyama, elinemitha emikhulu yegazi. Le nto inceda ukufudumala emoyeni ngexesha lokuphefumlela. Kwaye ubukho be-cilia encinci bukuvumela ukuba uhline i-particle dust particles kunye nenye ingcola. Ukongezelela, sisisigxina esisisigxina esisinceda umntu ukuba ahlukanise iphunga.

I-Nasopharynx, i-oropharynx, i-yawn kunye ne-pharynx isebenzela ukudlula umoya ofudumele kwi-larynx. Isakhiwo seenxalenye zendlela yokuphefumula isondelelene ne-anatomy ye-gace kwaye iphinda iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinda isakhelo sesistim.

Larynx

Izwi lomntu lufometha ngqo kwi-larynx. Kukho apho iimbambo zezwi zikhoyo, eziduduza ngexesha lokuhamba kwomoya ngabo. Oku kufana nemicu, kodwa ngenxa yempawu zakhiwo (ubude, ubukhulu), amandla abo akancinci kwenye ithoni enye. Isandi selizwi liyakhuliswa ngokusondela kweesono okanye izibonda ezingenakucala, ezenza i-resonance ethile. Kodwa ilizwi alisayi kuthetha. Izandi ezahlukileyo zenziwe kuphela xa umsebenzi odibeneyo wezo zonke izinto ezidibeneyo zokuphefumula kunye nenkqubo ye-nervous idibeneyo.

I-trachea, okanye i-windpipe, ityhubhu equkethe i-cartilage kwelinye icala kunye nemigqa kwelinye. Ubude bayo buyishumi ukuya kwishumi elinesithandathu. Kwinqanaba lesihlanu le-vertibra ye-thoracic, ikwahlula ezimbini kwi-bronchi eyintloko: ngakwesobunxele nakwesokudla. Isakhiwo sendlela yokuphefumula esezantsi kubhekiswe ngokubanzi ngamathambo, apho, xa zidibeneyo, zenza iibhubhu eziqhuba umoya kwindawo ephakamileyo yempompa ye-parenchyma.

Ukuhlukana kwenkqubo yokuphefumula

I-pleura iyinqabileyo yangaphandle yempompa, emele ngamathambo e-serous. Ngaphandle, ungayithatha ibe yindawo ekhuselekileyo yokukhusela, kwaye ayikude neyona nyaniso. Ihlanganisa izitho zangaphakathi ezivela kumacala onke, kwaye zifumaneka kwindawo yangaphakathi yesifuba. I-Anatomically, izingxenye ezimbini ze-pleura ziyabonakala: enye iyakubhalela imiphunga, kwaye yesibini ibeka isifuba esivela ngaphakathi.

Iqabunga elibonakalayo

Inxalenye yegobolondo ephezulu kwizitho zangaphakathi ibizwa ngokuba yi-visceral, okanye i-pleura ye-pulura. It is tightly soldered to parenchyma (inqobo ngokwayo) yemiphunga, kwaye iyakwazi ukwahlukana kuphela. Ngombulelo lo mshelwano osondeleyo kunye nokuphindaphinda kwazo zonke iintambo zelungu ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa imida ehlula imiphunga ibe yi-lobes. Ezi ziza kuthiwa yi-plera interlobar. Ukudlula kuwo wonke umpopho, izicubu ezixhamlayo zijikeleze imiphunga yamaphaphu ukukhusela iinqanawa, amathambo kunye ne-bronchus ephezulu engena kuyo, ize idlulele eludongeni lwesifuba.

Ipheshana leparietal

Ukususela kwindawo yokuguquka, iqabunga lezicubu ezinxibelelwano libizwa ngokuba yi "parietal, okanye parietal pleura." Oku kungenxa yokuba isiqhotyoshelwano sayo asiyi kuba se-parenchyma yomphunga, kodwa kwiimbambo, iintambo ze-intercostal, i-fascia kunye ne-diaphragm. Into ebalulekileyo kukuba kuyo yonke ixesha i-serosa ihlala ihambelana nxamnye nokungafani kumagama olwahlulo. Ama-anatomes ukulungelelanisa ukukhangela iimbambo, ukuhlukana kunye nokuhlukana kwamacandelo, kunye nenxalenye yecala elingentla ngentsipho yomphunga ubizwa ngokuba yidome.

Umtya

Phakathi kwamaxwebhu amabini e-pleura kukho i-gap encinci (engekho ngaphezu kweyeshumi-yeshumi ye-millimeter), le yintlambo yomsindo wemiphunga. Izaliswe imfihlelo, eveliswa ngokuthe ngqo ngumbumba we-serous. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umntu onempilo imihla ngemihla uvelisa kuphela ii-milliliters ezimbalwa zezi zinto. Kufuneka imfucumfucu efanelekileyo ukunciphisa amandla okuxhatshazwa ayenzeka phakathi kweemakhishithi ezixubileyo ngexesha lokuphefumla.

Iimeko zezilwanyana

Ngokuqhelekileyo, izifo zesiganeko zivuthayo. Njengomthetho, kunoko kunengxaki kunokuba isifo esizimeleyo, njengomyalo, ithatyathwa ngabagqirha ngokubambisana nezinye iimpawu zeklinikhi. Isifo sofuba yisona sizathu esona siqhelo sokuba kutheni i-pleura igula. Isi sifo esithatheleneyo sisasazeka phakathi kwabantu. Kwi-classical version, ukusuleleka kwintsholongwane kubakho kwimiphunga. Isakhiwo sezitho zokuphefumula kubangela ukuhamba kwesibindi kunye ne-pathogen kwi-parenchyma kwisibindi se-serous.

Ukongeza kwisifo sesifo sofuba, iziphumo zokuvuvukala kwe-pleura zingaba sisifo, isisombululo sokuzimela, ukuphendula, ukuphazamiseka kwe-pneumonia, i-staphylococci kunye ne-pyogenic flora, i-trauma.

I-Pleurisy ngokwemvelo yome (fibrinous) kunye ne-effusive (exudative).

Ukuthukuthela okumile

Kule meko, inethiwekhi ye-vascular inside the tissues ihamba ikhupha, kwaye ixabiso elincinci lomlambo liya kukhupha. Iphosa kwisigxina sobunzima kunye neendidi ezixineneyo ezifakwa kwiindawo zemiphunga. Kwiimeko ezinzima zale mibabalazo kangangokuthi ummandla wepomphu wenza igobolondo eqinile ekhusela umntu ukuba aphefumule. Ingxaki enjalo ayikwazi ukulungiswa ngaphandle kwongenelelo olusakhulayo.

Ukuqhayisa ngokukhethekileyo

Ukuba i-pleural fluid ikhiqizwa kwisixa esibalulekileyo, ngoko uthetha nge- pleurisy exudative. Yaye, yahlula i-serous, i-hemorrhagic ne-purulent. Konke kuxhomekeke kwimeko yomswakama ophakathi kwamaphepha amathishela axhumeneyo.

Ukuba i-liquid isacacile okanye idlulile, iluphuzi-le yintsiksi ye-serous. Iqukethe iiprotheyini ezininzi kunye nenani elincinci lezinye iiseli. Ingaba ngumqulu onjalo ukuba uza kugcwalisa isigxina sonke se-thoracic, ukunyanzelisa iinjongo zesimo sokuphefumula nokuphazamisana nomsebenzi wabo.

Ukuba ugqirha wabona ngexesha lokuxilonga ukuba kukho umbane obomvu esifubeni, oko kubonisa ukuba kukho umonakalo kwisitya. Izizathu ziyakwazi ukuhluka: ukusuka kwilonda elinyukayo kwaye ukuvalwa kwembambo kunye nokuqhekeka kwezimbombo ziza kutyunjwa izicubu zomphunga we-caver.

Ubukho kwi-exudate yenani elikhulu lamaseli egazi ezimhlophe lenza lifufume, nge-yellow hue. Le nto ibonisa ukuba isigulane sinentsholongwane yebhaktheriya ezinengxaki ezinzulu. I-pleurisy enobugqwetha kuthiwa yi-empyema. Ngamanye amaxesha, ukuqoqwa kwamanzi okuvuthayo kuqukumbeza isifo senhliziyo, kubangela i-pericarditis.

Njengoko sibona, inkqubo yokuphefumula ayikho nje imiphunga. Iquka impumlo nomlomo, i-pharynx kunye ne-larynx enegigamente, i-trachea, i-bronchi, imiphunga kunye nenene, i-pleura. Le nto yinkimbinkimbi yelungu, esebenza ngokuvisisanayo, ukunikela emzimbeni oksijini kunye nezinye iigesi zomoya womoya. Ukuze kugcinwe le ndlela ngokufanelekileyo, kuyimfuneko ukuba rhoqo uhlalutye, uphephe izifo eziphefumulayo kwaye uhlakulele rhoqo ukukhusela kwabo. Emva koko igalelo elibi lokusingqongileyo liya kuba nempembelelo encinci kwimisebenzi yenkqubo yokuphefumula.