Dialectics kuyinto ubugcisa -

Dialectics yi art - ukuthetha, ukuncokola (ngesiGrike). Namhlanje, ukuqonda lo gama thile ngokubanzi. Ngenxa yoko, inkcazelo yakutshanje ngengqiqo - yindlela kunye nethiyori kolwazi ezikhona, imfundiso ukuthembakala ihlabathi kunye nemithetho jikelele, apho kukho uphuhliso yokucinga, uluntu kunye nendalo. Kukholelwa ukuba uSocrates waba ngowokuqala lowo kuqaliswa kwikota.

Le mbono weyokwenene eziyingqongileyo kwasekwa kulo kuphuhliso bulumko. Amacandelo izimvo dialectical eziqulethwe kwiincwadi zeentanda-bulumko zobulumko Chinese, eRome, India, kunye Greece. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho ezintathu iintlobo eziphambili yembali zokufundisa.

Eyokuqala kugqalwa ngengqiqo ezikhululekileyo. Le mfundiso yamandulo kakhulu ngokucacileyo iboniswa bulumko yamandulo yamaGrike, iincwadi Heraclitus ye-Efese.

Heraclitus wayekholelwa ukuba yonke into rhoqo iyatshintsha ehlabathini, yonke into ikhona kwaye ayikho ngexesha elinye, ukuba gqolo yokuduka kunye kokuhluma. Sobulumko wazama ukucacisa inguqu izinto zonke zibe izichasi zabo.

Kamva, le mfundiso yaphuhliswa kwizikolo Plato kunye uSocrates. Le yokugqibela ingqalelo ukuba ngengqiqo - yinto wena ayityhile inyaniso xa sidibana kwimpikiswano ekuchaseni iimbono. Ngokutsho uPlato, imfundiso yaba indlela enengqiqo, apho kukho ulwazi lwezinto - intshukumo kucamanga iikhonsepthi zeenduli lisezantsi.

Ifom yesibini ithathwa le ngengqiqo idealist zembali thaca kwimisebenzi classical bulumko zobulumko German (Kant, Hegel, Schelling).

Le meko iye yayokufika kwizinga eliphezulu lophuhliso ifilosofi Hegel. Ngokutsho njengomntwana onengqondo, lo ngengqiqo - ayikho nje ubuchule argument, ingxoxo, incoko, kodwa ujonge elimiweyo liphela. Hegel babekholelwa ukuba le ndlela ukuqonda ubunyani ithatha ingqalelo ukungangqinelani kwehlabathi, iinkqubo ulwalamano, izinto kunye neziganeko, utshintsho, ukuguqulwa umgangatho, kwakunye shintsha ukuba ngaphezulu ukusuka asezantsi ngokukhanyela imvume lixesha kunye nokukhula, elitsha.

Noko ke, zaye zaphuhliswa izimvo Hegel, olusekelwe phezu isigqibo idealist engundoqo umbuzo yentanda, awaba nako kungqinelane kuse ekupheleni. Xa ingxoxo sazi kwakhe kuphela "Ndicinga 'ukuba ngengqiqo yezinto. Uphuhliso zehlabathi njengako Hegel uzimisele ngokungqinelana self-uphuhliso , "ingcamango epheleleyo," "noxolo lwengqondo" eyimfihlakalo kwisiqalo wempikiswano ngaye.

Okwesithathu eliphezulu ifomu zembali kuthathwa ukuba ngengqiqo izinto. Le modeli kususelwe yi Marx. Ekhulula ngengqiqo Hegelian lweziqalelo eyimfihlakalo kunye yimibono.

Kuba imfundiso abangabaxhasi bakaMarx luphawulwa iinxa zonke zesifundo of nesenzeko, nilwela ukuqonda into ngokwayo, ubudlelwane ezintsonkothileyo ezininzi kwezinye izinto. Kakhulu ngokucacileyo le mibono iyabonakaliswa imfundiso ngengqiqo ayinyani kunye nenjongo.

Injongo, ngokutsho Marx, kukuveliswa intshukumo ehlabathini, sibukhangela elilodwa. Kulo mzekelo, i ngengqiqo aluchaphazeli ingqondo yomntu kunye noluntu.

Luluvo Marx ingqalelo uphuhliso kunye nentshukumo ngezimvo, iingcinga, zibonisa bonke njongo engqondweni.

Ngenxa yoko, eziziiprayimari ngengqiqo injongo kunye luluvo - kulandela. Eyesibini kuxhomekeke yokuqala, kodwa ke wokuqala komntu akuxhomekekanga ekuzithandeleni owesibini. Indlela dialectics luluvo ibonisa injongo, njengoko ngexesha elinye nayo ngokomthamo.

Izazinzulu cinga eziphawuleka kakhulu unxibelelwano eqhelekileyo okukhona kuzo zonke iindawo zehlabathi.

Kukho kwakhona ezifana into njenge "ngengqiqo komphefumlo." Kukholelwa ukuba uninzi kanye lo mba kutyhilwa Tolstoy, esalatha ukuqonda entsha kakuhle abantu.