Inkcubeko nobugcisa besahlulo sokuqala sekhulu lama-20 ngcaciso emfutshane

Kungcono ukuqonda iinkqubo zembali yesahlulo sokuqala senkulungwane ye-20, ngokujonga imifanekiso yabaculi belo xesha kwaye ufunda imisebenzi enomdla kakhulu yokubhala kwabo. Masihambe ngendlela encinci.

Inkcubeko nobugcisa besahlulo sokuqala sekhulu lama-20: isishwankathelo

Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, ukugqithisa kwathatha inkolelo yaseYurophu - kwakukho inani elikhulu leendlela eziphikisanayo ezingahambisani nesimo esifanayo. Inkcubeko nobugcisa besahlulo sokuqala sekhulu lama-20 linezikhokelo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo:

• I-Modern (i-French - Art Nouveau, isiJamani-Jugendstil).
• Modernism.

Umntu wokuqala wazalwa kwishumi elidlulileyo leminyaka ye-19 kwaye waphela ngokukhawuleza ubukho bakhe nokuqhambuka kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I (ngo-1914).

I-Modernism yinto enomdla kakhulu ekupheleni kwe-19 neyokuqala kwekhulu lama-20. Ucebile kakhulu kwimifanekiso yokudweba kunye nemifanekiso, eyahlula ibe yimilambo eyahlukileyo yimiba yobunjani.

Inkcubeko nobugcisa besahlulo sokuqala sekhulu lama-20 akusiyo isihloko sesifundo esinye, umsebenzi wabanye abaculi be-Impressist bangafundiswa bonke ubomi bam. Siza kuzama ukuthetha ngale nto ibalulekileyo kakhulu. Okokuqala, makhe sinike ukubonakaliswa kwezi ndawo ezibalulekileyo ezibalulekileyo: ukuhlaziywa kwanamhlanje. Ngaphandle kwabo, inkcubeko kunye nobugcisa besahlulo sokuqala se-20 leminyaka ayinakwenzeka. Emva koko, masiqhubekele kwiincwadi nakwi-cinema.

I-Modernity: imvelo ngumthombo wokuphefumlelwa okungapheliyo

Igama lomgca livela kwigama lesiFrentshi elithi "i-modern", elithetha "namhlanje". Le yangoku kwimifanekiso yaseMerika, yaseYurophu naseRashiya ekupheleni kwee-19-20 zeenkulungwane. I-Modernism ivame ukudideka kunye ne-modernism, nangona ezi zinto zihluke ngokuthe ngqo. Masibhale uluhlu lwezinto ezihlukileyo zolu hlobo kumzobugcisa:

• Khangela ugqozi kwimvelo nakwihlabathi elijikelezile;
• Ukulahlwa kwemigca ebukhali;
• Iphelile, ithululisiwe;
• Ukucokisa, ukuhamba;
• Ubukho kwimifanekiso yezinto zendalo: imithi, utshani, izihlahla.

Qonda ukuba yiyiphi indlela yanamhlanje, eyona ndlela elula, ngelixa sicinga ngezokwakha izithili zaseYurophu kule ndlela. Ngokufanayo - izakhiwo kunye namathrederalals of Gaudi eBarcelona. Inkunzi yaseCatalonia idonsa abaninzi abakhenkethi ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yobugcisa bayo obuhlukile. Ukuzihombisa kwezakhiwo kuyahluke ngokuphakama kwayo, njenge-asymmetry kunye ne-airiness. I-Sagrada Familia (Sagrada Familia) yiprojekthi ephawulekayo ye-Antonio Gaudi omkhulu.

Emva koko, cinga ngomsebenzi wama-artists aseYurophu abenzile imidwebo yabo kwisitayela se-Art Nouveau. Ukuze kube lula ukujonga izinto eziphathekayo, sinika itafile encinane.

Abaculi-banamhlanje

Isikhokelo se-Art Nouveau	Ummeli womculi
Udweba	Gauguin, Klimt
Imifanekiso	Bradley
Iiposter kunye neepowusta	Toulouse-Lautrec

Modernism

Kutheni, ngoko, ngaba lo mkhuba wazalwa, ukuphumelela uthando lwabaphulaphuli nokuqala ukuphuhliswa kwezinto ezinomdla ezifana nokuzondla kunye ne-futurism?

Ngenxa yokuba i-modernism yayiyi-revolution kwezobugcisa. Kwavela njengombhikisho ngokuchasene nezithethe ezidlulileyo zezinto zangempela.

Abantu abalingileyo bafuna iindlela ezintsha zokuzibonakalisa kunye nokubonakalisa ukunyaniseka. I-Modernism ineempawu zayo ezibonakalayo kuphela:

• Indima ephezulu yehlabathi langaphakathi lomntu;
• Khangela iingcamango ezintsha zangaphambili;
• Ukubaluleka okukhulu kunikezelwa kwi-intuition yokudala;
• Ukubhalwa kweencwadi kubangela ukuba umntu akhuphe ngokomoya;
• Ukubonakala kweengcamango.

Inkcubeko nobugcisa besahlulo sokuqala se-20 leminyaka: iifoto zabaculi abahlukahlukeneyo ziya kufundiswa kwezi zimbini zilandelayo.

Iimpawu ezichaphazelekayo zanamuhla

Ziyintoni na? Ukumangalisa: unokucinga ngazo kwaye uhlale ufumana into entsha. Inkcubeko nobugcisa besahlulo sokuqala sekhulu lama-20 ziya kuchazwa ngokufutshane apha ngezantsi.

Asiyi kuhlushwa kwaye sithumele ulwazi kwifomu echanekileyo-ngendlela yetafile. Ngakwesobunxele kuya kuba negama lomkhwa wobugcisa, ngakwesokudla yinkcazo yayo.

Inkcubeko nobugcisa besahlulo sokuqala se-20 leminyaka: itafile

Iimvenge zangaphambili zanamuhla

Igama langoku	Isici
U kutyalwa	I-apotheosis yefantasy yomntu. Ibonakala ngokudibeneyo kweefom.
Impressionism	Kwavela eFransi, kwaye kwandula-ke kwandiswe kwihlabathi. Iimpressionists zazisa umhlaba ojikelezayo ngokuhluka kwayo.
Inkcazo	Abaculi bafuna ukuvakalisa isimo sabo sengqondo kwimifanekiso, besuka kwesoyika.
Futurism	Iimbono zokuqala zavela eRashiya nase-Itali. Ama-Futurists kwimifanekiso yabo yokudweba ngobuchule ukuhambisa intshukumo, amandla kunye nesantya.
Cubism	Imidwebo iqulethwe ngamanani e-geometric angamaxabiso athile.

Inkcubeko nobugcisa besahlulo sokuqala senkulungwane ye-20 (itafile, ibanga lesi-9) libonisa ulwazi olusisiseko sesihloko.

Ngolwazi olungakumbi, qwalasela i-Impressionism kunye ne-Surrealism njengamaza, okwenziwe kwimibono emitsha.

Ukugqithiswa komsebenzi: umsebenzi weengqondo okanye iingqondo?

Kwakungenye yeendlela ezikhoyo zanamuhla, ezavela ngo-1920 eFransi.

Ukufunda umsebenzi we-Surrealists, umntu oqhelekileyo uhlala ebuza malunga nempilo yengqondo. Uninzi lwabaculi beli khokelo babelungele abantu.

Emva koko baphumelela njani ukwenza imifanekiso engavamile? Konke malunga nentsha kunye nomnqweno wokutshintsha ukucinga okuqhelekileyo. Ubugcisa be-Surrealists beyindlela yokulahla imigaqo evumelekileyo. Imifanekiso engabonakaliyo idibene kunye nokulala. Abaculi bekhokelwa yimigaqo emithathu:

1. Ukuphumla kwengqondo;
2. Ukwamukelwa kwemifanekiso kwi-subconscious;
3. Ukuba izinto ezimbini zokuqala ziphumelele, zithatha i-brush.

Ukuqonda indlela abaye bayifaka ngayo imifanekiso ye-polysemantic kunzima. Enye yeengcamango ibonisa ukuba abaPosenti bebathanda imibono kaFrud ngamaphupha. Okwesibini malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezithile ezitshintsha ukuqonda. Apho apha inyaniso ayifani ngokucacileyo. Makhe sivuyiswe ubugcisa, kungakhathaliseki iimeko. Ngezantsi umfanekiso "Iwashi" yeSalvador Dali.

Impressionism kwimifanekiso

Impressionism yenye indlela ekhoyo namhlanje, ilizwe lakwaFransi ...

Imifanekiso yalesi simboli iyahlukaniswa ngombala, umdlalo wemibala ekhanyayo. Abaculi bafuna ukuthatha umhlaba kwihlabathi lokwenene nokuhluka kwazo. Ukususela kwimifanekiso yeengcaphephe , umntu oqhelekileyo uyathuthukisa isimo sakhe sengqondo, ngoko ke zibalulekile kwaye ziqhakazile.

Abaculi besi sihlandlo abazange bakhulise nayiphi na ingxaki zefilosofi - babemane baveze oko babone. Ngokwenza njalo, bakwenza ngobuchule, basebenzise iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nepelette ebomvu yemibala.

Iincwadi: ukusuka kwiklasi ukuya kwizinto ezikhoyo

Inkcubeko nobugcisa besahlulo sokuqala senkulungwane ye-20 zikhokelo ezintsha kwiincwadi ezitshintshe ukuqonda kwabantu. Le meko ifana nokudweba: i-classicism ibuya emva kwexesha, inika indlela yokuhlaziywa kwezinto zamanje.

Wenegalelo kwizinto ezinje "ezithengisayo" kwincwadi ethi:

• Ngaphakathi;
• Ukusasazwa kwengqondo;
• Unxulumano olude;
• Ikhono lombhali ukuzijonga ngokwakhe ngaphandle (ukukwazi ukuthetha ngaye ngokwakhe kumntu wesithathu);
• Ukutshatyalaliswa.

Izikhokelo ezintsha kwiincwadi zesahlulo sokuqala sekhulu lama-20

Igama lolawulo	Ababhali
ZoLuntu lwezoLuntu	Galsworthy, Mann, Belle
U kutyalwa	Eluard, Aragon
Ngaphandle	Kafka, uRilke
Proistist prose	UJames Joyce

Umlobi wase-Ireland uJames Joyce wayengowokuqala ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezinjengeencwadi zangaphakathi kunye nama-parodies.

UFranz Kafka ngumlobi ovelele waseAustria, umsunguli we-existentialism kwiincwadi. Nangona ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe imisebenzi awazange ibenze inzondelelo yentshiseko yabafundi, waqatshelwa njengomnye wabalandeli abakhulu be-prose yekhulu lama-20.

Umsebenzi wakhe wathonyelwa ziziganeko ezimbi zeMfazwe Yehlabathi Yeyokuqala. Wabhala imisebenzi enzulu kwaye enzima, ebonisa ukungabi namandla kumntu xa ebhekene nokungabikho kobuqhetseba. Ngexesha elifanayo, umbhali akahlanjulwanga yindlela yokuhlaziya, nangona ecacileyo kwaye emnyama.

Siyaxwayisa ukuba ukufunda okubalulekileyo kweKafka kunokukunceda ukunciphisa isimo sengqondo. Ukufunda umlobi kulungile kwiimeko ezintle kunye nento encinci ekubonakalisweni kwayo. Ekugqibeleni, uchaza kuphela umbono wakhe wenyaniso. Umsebenzi ogqwesileyo kakhulu kaKafka yiNkqubo ".

Cinematography

Iifilimu ezizithobileyo ezizenzekelayo - le nto yinkcubeko nobugcisa besiqingatha sokuqala sekhulu lama-20, sifunda ngazo ngokubanzi.

Akukho naluphi uhlobo lobugcisa olusakhulayo ngokukhawuleza njenge-cinema. I-teknoloji yokudala ifilimu yabonakala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19: ngokwenene kwiminyaka engama-50 yakwazi ukutshintsha ezininzi kwaye iphumelele iintliziyo zabantu.

Iifilimu zokuqala zenziwe kumazwe aphakamileyo, kuquka uRashiya.

Ekuqaleni, i-movie yayimnyama kwaye imhlophe kwaye ingenomsindo. Intsingiselo ye-cinema engasetyenziswanga yayikuhanjiswa kolwazi ngentshukumo kunye nesimo sombuso sabadlali.

Ngethuba lokuqala i-movie kunye nabalingisi bokuthetha kubonakala ngo-1927. Inkampani yaseMelika iWarner Bros inqume ukukhulula ifilimu ethi "Jazz Singer", kwaye eli lifilimu epheleleyo ngokuvakalayo.

E-Rashiya, i-cinematography ayizange imise. Iprojekthi yokuqala yokuphumelela yayiyifilimu ye-Don Cossacks. Enyanisweni, ukunyanzeliswa kwamafilimu aseRashiya kwenzelwe ukuba: ngaphantsi kokuvinjelwa kwakukho ukunyulwa kwamasonto kunye namalungu oonyana basebukhosini.

Isigaba esikhethekileyo ekuphuhliseni i-cinema yaseRussia yaqala emva kokuba iBolsheviks ibe namandla. La maqabane aqonda ngokukhawuleza ukuba i-cinema ayinokuba yinto yokuzizonwabisa nje kuphela, kodwa isixhobo esibucayi se-propaganda.

Umlawuli ogqwesileyo waseSoviet wama-1930 nguSergei Eisenstein. Imisebenzi enjenge-"Battleship Potemkin" kunye no "Alexander Nevsky", sele ibe yiklasiki. Umqondisi we-Kiev u-Alexander Dovzhenko naye wafikelela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kwi-cinema. Umsebenzi oqaqambileyo yifilimu "Umhlaba".

Isihloko esithandekayo kakhulu kwincoko phakathi kwabantu abadala yinkcubeko nobugcisa besahlulo sokuqala sekhulu lama-20. Iklasi 9 inikeza ulwazi oluthile, olukhawuleza luphele kwintloko. Gcwalisa le ngcewa inokuba yinto yokuzifunda rhoqo.