Lwamawa Mid-olwandle. isakhiwo ziitectonic plates median Ridge

Ubume kunye Ukudaleka kuqweqwe lomhlaba umiselwa kuphela uphuhliso kodwa imvelaphi mphandle jikelele emgangathweni wolwandle. amaqela amabini ahluka apha: ihewu yolwandle nje into yokuba a zotshintsho uhlobo isakhiwo Uqweqwe kunye kummango udibaniso kunye amathafa abyssal kunye imingxuma.

izama lokuhlela

Kuba gabalala kolwazi malunga isakhiwo komgangatho wolwandle inkqubo enye langa ifakiwe. lwamawa Mid-ulwandle zifumaneka phantse phakathi kwizikhewu eziphambili yolwandle, ebabela zibe alinganayo. Kukho iinzame eziliqela yokuhlela. Menard, umz, buyazohlula ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• lwamawa ezibanzi kwamanzi kunye seismicity ngokukhawuleza (umz East Pacific.);
• lwamawa kwamanzi imxinwa kunye kumathambeka kunye ziintshukumo zenyikima (umz Mid-Atlantic Ridge.);
• lwamawa ezivaliweyo amawa, kodwa ukuba umsebenzi ehamba seismic (umz., kunye avareji Pacific eTuamotu).

Ngokutsho GB Udintsevu, lwamawa yee-ulwandle kuba akukho analogue kumhlaba. D. G. Panov ngokucalula nokwahlula lwamawa kwamanzi kwi iPacific kuya iimbombo iqonga - abangaphakathi nabangaphandle - nabaphatha njengoko analogue kumaqonga yezwekazi. Noko ke, isakhiwo ziitectonic plates udibaniso kummango ayikwazi ukuba zihlelwe zomhlaba ezisentlabathini. awo aphezulu kakhulu kweenguqu ziitectonic plates kwaye grandly ngaphezu njengezwekazi kakhulu - izakhiwo emhlabeni.

ukubunjwa

Enye ntlobo zixhaphakileyo kwingxelo ingxondorha elwandle - imigodi ocean. Ngaphezu koko, babo yi-Pacific Ocean. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini:

• uplifts anticlinal uchwetheze kunye emaweni kakhulu kwi core;
• lothuli imiphini kuvele mlilo, kuquka mlilo extinct (Guyot).

ixesha ukwakheka

Middle-Age Uluhlu ixhomekeke isakhiwo kwesikhoko - kumazwekazi okanye yolwandle ngayo. Uyakwazi ukubona iindawo ezininzi ngokunxulumene nezakhiwo Alpine, ngamandla obonakaliswa bewuhlisele nzulu elwandle. Umzekelo, ummandla ezikufutshane elwandle eFiji.

Mid-Ocean lwamawa anticlinal - nelamaxandeka ngobunono, yaye ezinye kakhulu ezinqabileyo mlilo kwamanzi - phantse zixhaxhwe. Le elisandula kusekwa, kwaye elula neentlobo deformation ye emgangathweni wolwandle ngokohlobo ukuqhekezwa amaqonga kunye nomsebenzi olunzulu wenyikima mlilo. Njengoko usazi, konke kwaqala ngexesha Cenozoic koqeqesho. imfundo Anticlinal - lwamawa yee-Ocean - akhiwa futhi akhule kwaye ngoku.

Uhlobo lwesibini kwingxelo ingxondorha elwandle - imithi ocean - ninzi ubude ubude. Linearly elongate ephakamisa kunye amathambeka osicaba abe ubukhulu elincinci kakhulu le uthinte. Esi sakhiwo baninzi nakummango yee-olwandle. Imizekelo: South Pacific, East Pacific kunye nabanye.

Le ukuyilwa mandulo ngakumbi, mlilo kwasekwa kuzo ngexesha ePhakamileyo, yaye kamva waba seamount yaqhubeka. Uqhekeko lweempazamo enzonzobila phindwa amaxesha amaninzi.

Ubume kummango yee-Ocean

Ocean lwamawa kwimimandla eqhekekileyo - yeyona mmandla zinzima. Ubume sharpest candelo ifumaneka kwiindawo apho uhlobo nakummango Mid-ulwandle, ezifana ne-Atlantic kunye neelwandle Indian, i-Pacific South, i-Southern Ocean ukusuka kummandla Afrika phakathi Australia ne Antarctica.

Enye yezona zinto uphawu olu hlobo lwesakhiwo - grabens (iintlambo ezinzulu), ukwakha uthotho (iikhilomitha ezintathu) iincopho eziphakamileyo, ukutshintsha umngena ezinemithi mlilo. A bit efana ubume esiluhlaza yesakhiwo, kodwa le mizekelo omzimba ngakumbi ucaca ngakumbi kulwakhiwo lwezwekazi namabhanti ntaba.

Xa kungekho kwagxunyekwa lesibini (kwaye fraction), nto leyo eye xitsunga median zonke mathambeka, singathetha ngayo imiqondiso ukuyilwa yakutshanje a isiqabu. Ke emazantsi ithambeka akhoyo umgangatho tyaba masimu kunye amanyathelo, eyahlukileyo enye kwenye. Oku zangaphambili iimpazamo nyathelo. Okuqaphelekayo - Rift Valley, leyo okuphosela kummango isiqingatha udibaniso.

Njani liphela ukwaphulwa langa yolwandle, kumiselwa imimandla zaphuka. Olu lolona hlobo abuthethileyo of ukubonakalalisa zomhlaba kumlenze lokugqibela ngexesha enkulu zejoloji. Ziitectonic plates isakhiwo udibaniso kummango zinokuba nomahluko. Umzekelo, ena - indawo iinkqubo esebenzayo ziitectonic plates, mlilo kukho mihla rhoqo. Okhotsk block lithospheric iipleyiti ukuqhubekekiswa uqweqwe yolwandle bokwakha lizwekazi kunye kummango udibaniso eKamchatka - into esweni rhoqo kwenkqubo.

indawo

iipleyiti Lithospheric e motion nokunyanzelisa (ebizwa ngokuba yi-divirgentsii) aguqulwa uqweqwe wabo wolwa- ndle. Wokungcola elwandle liphume, wakha lwamawa yee-olwandle. Baye zahlelwa kwi ngamahlanu zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwinkqubo yehlabathi kunye inxaxheba eSoviet Union.

lwamawa Mid-ulwandle abe ubude abangaphezu kwe amathandathu amawaka eekhilomitha. Ungaqala kunye Gakkel Ridge kwi Arctic Ocean - ukusuka kuLwandle Laptev ukuya Spitsbergen. Ngoko qhubeka ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka umgca wakhe ngasemzantsi. Apho, i Mid-Atlantic Ridge zinabela ukuya Bouvet Island.

Pointer Okulandelayo ikhokelela kwaye entshonalanga - it yaseMelika-Antarctic Ridge, kunye empuma - yi-African-Antarctic, nokuqhubeka Indian Ocean kumzantsi-ntshona. Apha kwakhona, esisiphambuka kathathu - umArabhi-Indian Ridge kufuneka ibe ithe cwaka, kunye mpuma Indian Ocean uqhebeke Australasia Antarctic.

Lo asinguye ekupheleni komgca. Ukuqhubeka kuMzantsi wePasifiki Vuka, ukuziqengqa eMpuma Pacific Vuka, nto leyo iya ngasemntla, eCalifornia, e San Andreas Icala. Oku kulandelwa xitsunga eliphakathi Juan de Fuca - eKhanada.

iplanethi Belted ngaphezulu nakanye, umgca wabeka isalathisi, kubonisa ngokucacileyo apho uhlobo nasentshonalanga yoo-olwandle. Bahlale kuyo yonke indawo.

ukukhululeka

lwamawa Mid-Ocean kwakheka Emhlabeni njenge yomqala omkhulu kwaye iwaka ezinesiqingatha kweekhilomitha ububanzi, ukuphakama izitya igqithile abathathu, kwaye ingande ngeekhilomitha ezili ezine. Ngamanye amaxesha vreshiny ezivelileyo enzonzobileni yolwandle, ukwakha iziqithi, ubukhulu becala mlilo.

Nkqu Crest, le kummango ayafika ububanzi ikhulu leekhilomitha. ubuhle Special ukunika ruggedness nangokubandezela ngengingqi kunye nesakhiwo kakhulu amancinci-block. Apha axis kummango oluya ngokubanzi Rift Valley ezingamashumi amathathu iikhilomitha ngobubanzi kunye komsantsa yezihlunu (abane-ezintlanu-sekhilomitha noqhoqhoqho ngokubanzi height amakhulu ezininzi meters).

Emazantsi komsantsa mlilo abaselula langoku, ingqongwe hydrotherms - imithombo eshushu ukuba cell sulfides yesinyithi (zesilivere, ilothe, isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, intsimbi, ubhedu, zinc). Kukho iinyikima rhoqo amancinci.

Phantsi bano yezihlunu amagumbi daka oxhulumene kilometre, oko kukuthi ndinyana ngokwaneleyo imxinwa kunye iqhuma esembindini kwi ezantsi noqhoqhoqho. Isandla Umfuno banzi kakhulu isiqhova - amakhulu kunye amakhulu leekhilomitha. aba bahamba ngeengcamba yesibambiso mlilo.

Ayizizo zonke iinxalenye nkqubo ayafana: amanye nasentshonalanga yee-Ocean obanzi baqhathe, endaweni Rift Valley abe ezayo uqweqwe yolwandle. Umzekelo, i-East Pacific Rise kunye kuMzantsi wePasifiki kunye nabanye.

Wonke ephakeme medial dissected kunye ukuguqula (oko kukuthi, enqamlezileyo) kwiimpazamo kwiindawo ezininzi. Kuba ezi iziphene, esqwini kummango lwaye ngomgama kwamakhulu yeekhilomitha. iindawo yokuwela imfiliba emkhumbini, oko kukuthi, misinga, ezinye zazo dostinayut ayi ezisibhozo ngokunzulu.

I lide kwamanzi chain entabeni

Lide eli kummango yee-Ocean ukwakweli emazantsi Atlantic Ocean. Uyavumelana North American neepleyiti eYurophu ziitectonic plates. Kuthatha iikhilomitha Mid-Atlantic Ridge 18 000. Le yinxalenye yenkqubo nasentshonalanga yolwandle kwi ophosa mane.

It iqulathe ephakeme median-Atlantic linani elincinane kancinci: nasentshonalanga Knipovich kunye Mona, Iceland-Yanmayetsky kunye Reykjanes, kwakunye enkulu kakhulu - ubude ngaphezu kwesibhozo amawaka eekhilomitha iNorth Atlantic Ridge kunye neshumi kunye nekhilomitha enesiqingatha iwaka - i-South Atlantic.

Apha ezintabeni eziphakamileyo kakhulu, ukuba zenza chain iziqithi: yiyo Azores kunye Bermuda, kwaye nkqu Iceland, Saint Helena, kwisiqithi Ascension, Bouvet, Gough, Tristan da Cunha, neentsatshana ezininzi ezincinane.

izibalo yokwakheka bathi kummango ophakathi eqalisiweyo kwisithuba Triassic. Ukophuka ezinqamlezayo na indawo axis ayi ezintandathu. Phezulu kwisakhiwo kummango iqulathe basalts tholeiitic, umzantsi - kuba amphibolites kunye ophiolites.

inkqubo Global Positioning

Isakhiwo kakhulu abadumileyo olwandle - isithabazi ukuba amawaka amathandathu leekhilomitha nasentshonalanga yoo-olwandle. Baye wahlulwa ube ziziqingatha ezibini phantse ngokulinganayo Atlantic Ocean kunye Indian - ube zahlulo zithathu. In the Pacific middleness olova ngomtshini up: Umgexo nasentshonalanga bafudukela ngaphantsi, esinga, eMzantsi Merika yaye emva koko zirhuqwe phakathi amazwekazi ukubaleka phantsi bavela North America.

Naxa a Arctic Ocean encinane na Gakkel Ridge, nto leyo ibonakala ngokucacileyo isakhiwo ziitectonic plates le kummango yee-olwandle, nto leyo kuyalingana ekunyuseni yee-olwandle.

Ukudumba Huge ye emgangathweni wolwandle - imida amacwecwe lithospheric. kumphezulu womhlaba igutyungelwe macwecwe la macwecwe, ezo musa lezhitsya kwi ndawo: basoloko ukukhasa enye kwenye, waphula emiphethweni, ikhuphe iziqina kunye nokwakha ngoncedo yomzimba wakhe omtsha. Umzekelo, Plate North American ligqunywe udini lwalo abamelwane ezimbini, ukwakha nasentshonalanga Strait of uJuan de Fuca kunye Gorda. Ukwandisa, ipleyiti lithospheric ngokuqhelekileyo inyhashe kwaye ithathe kwintsimi amacwecwe elele macala. Amazwekazi bahlupheke kuyo inkoliso yabo bonke. Ba kulo mdlalo khangela ngathi emile: ilizwekazi kude uqweqwe yolwandle, ephakamisa kuye, ityumza yaye baphule.

kudaleka

Phantsi iziko kwecandelo ngalinye Umfuno imijelo daka wokunyuka, kukunaba kuqweqwe lomhlaba ngokwaphula imiphetho yayo. Egalela emazantsi, lo Udaka lwentaba-, ngokwandisa uluhlu abaninzi. Emva koko isiziba esitsha lengubo zinyibilike ekhefu kunye undintlitha isiseko esitsha, yaye yonke into iphindiwe. Ngoko olwandle buyanda kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba ekusasazeni.

ekusasazeni ngesantya (of emazantsi olwandle) simisela utshintsho nakummango kwesama kwicandelo elinye ukuya kwelinye. Kwaye kwisakhiwo efanayo. Apho isantya ezahlukeneyo uhla ku isiqabu kwakhona ukutshintsha ngokupheleleyo.

Apho izinga onabileyo esezantsi (umz. Rift Tajura) langena iintlambo ezinkulu inkwili kunye mlilo kwi emazantsi. Bona ukuntywila ngezantsi Crest, malunga neemitha ezine, apho kukho emcela ngokuthe ngcembe ngezinyuko masimu i elinamanci - inye iziimitha ikhulu elinamanci mahlanu. Le kudaleka yi kuLwandle oluBomvu, kwaye kwiindawo ezininzi Mid-Atlantic Ridge. iintaba ezinjalo lothuli ekhula kancinci, cm eziliqela nyaka ngamnye.

Ngesantya esiphezulu ekusasazeni amabanga (ingakumbi cross-kwicandelo) imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: zokuphatha engundoqo isiqingatha sekhilomitha kwaye ngaphezu yoncedo engundoqo zinokuhonjiswa chain mlilo. Ezinjalo, umzekelo, i-East Pacific Rise. Apha intlambo akanalo nexesha ukwenza, kwaye isantya sokukhula kwe kuqweqwe lomhlaba kulwandle liphezulu kakhulu - 18-20 cm ngonyaka ngamnye. Ngaloo ndlela ke unako ukugqiba iminyaka kummango udibaniso.

A phenomenon ekhethekileyo - "abatshayayo black"

isakhiwo ziitectonic plates median kummango avunyelwe avele senzeko umdla ezifana uhlobo njenge "ixhwele black". udaka Hot kumo amanzi olwandle ukuya kumanqanaba amathathu anamakhulu mahlanu. Amanzi waya phenyane, ukuba bekukho into efana uxinzelelo ulwandle okukhulu kwiikhilomitha ezininzi zamafu.

Lava sihambisana imichiza into eyahlukileyo, ehamba emanzini, ngokuhlanganisa ukwakha sulphuric acid. Sulphuric acid, yena, iyachithakala izimbiwa abaninzi mngcelele mlilo, lisebenzisana kunye nabo kwaye yenza nesalfure kunye nemixube yentsimbi (sulfides).

Le kwenze kubo yeyela kubude cone malunga asixhenxe eemitha, ngaphakathi apho kuqhubeka zonke abasabela ngasentla. cone ukunyuka izisombululo eewathi sulphide Top kunye nentando ebona amafu amnyama.

emangalisa kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, le ngozi izayo. Eyona umdla kukuba Esitheni kwaye esebenzayo cone ngamnye amakhulu ezininzi kweemitha eziphakamileyo. Yaye kude layongamela inqaba ende Ostankino umzekelo. Xa cone baninzi, kubonakala ukuba kukho umsebenzi phantsi komhlaba (kwaye kwamanzi) plant mfihlakalo. Amaninzi zifumaneka kumaqela.

Central Range of eKamchatka

Kubume losingasiqithi wahlukile. Uluhlu ntaba, nto leyo kummango sokwahlukanisa izehlo on the ena Peninsula - Central Range. Ubude bayo ngu-1200 km, ubaleka ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi, kwaye oqhuba inani enkulu mlilo - uninzi ndlala kunye stratovolcanoes. Kukho yaye ithafa mlilo, kunye nezinye iintaba kunye iincopho ekwanti wayifulela ezihambayo engunaphakade. Imela ngaphandle kakhulu ngokucacileyo Bystrinsky, Kozyrevsky Malkinskiy emikhulu.

Eliphezulu indawo - 3621 m - Ichinsky. Phantse kuzilungelelanisa nalo mlilo ezininzi: Alna, Khuvkhoitun, Shishelov, Acute Sopka. The Ridge ubunjwe ezingamashumi amabini anesibhozo wokupasa elinanye kunye neencopho, uninzi lwazo kwicandelo emantla. Inxalenye engundoqo uba umgama omkhulu phakathi phezulu, emazantsi - ruggedness ophezulu amaqoqo yezi zinto.

NamaMedi, isakhiwo ziitectonic plates ena Ridge kuyilwa ngexesha elide intsebenziswano enkulu iipleyiti lithospheric - Pacific, Kula, eYurophu nakuMntla Melika.