Iimpawu zenyama? Amalungu omzimba: imizekelo, iipropati

Kwinqaku lemihla, sixubusha ukuba yintoni umzimba wenyama. Ngokuqinisekileyo, eli gama sele lidibene nani ngamaxesha amaninzi esikolweni. Ngemiqondo "yomzimba," "into," "into," siqala ukuhlangabezana nezifundo zembali yendalo. Ziyintloko yezifundo zecandelo elithile lezesayensi ekhethekileyo-physics.

Ngcaciso, igama elithi "umzimba womzimba" lithetha into ethile yento enefomu kunye nomda ocacileyo ongaphandle owuhlula kummandla nakwamanye amabhunga. Ukongeza, umzimba womzimba ubonakala ngeempawu ezifana nobukhulu kunye nomthamo. Ezi parameters ziyisiseko. Kodwa ngaphandle kwabo kukho abanye. Sithetha ngokungafihli, ubuninzi, ukunyaniseka, ubunzima, njalo njalo.

Imizimba yomzimba: imizekelo

Ukuthetha ngokulula, sinokubiza nayiphi na into ejikeleze umzimba. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo yincwadi, itafile, imoto, ibhola, indebe. Umzimba olula ubizwa ngokuba yi-physicist ifom yejometri elula. Imizimba yomzimba eyakhiweyo yilezo ezikhoyo ngendlela yokuhlanganiswa kwemizimba elula ehlanganiswe ndawonye. Ngokomzekelo, umntu wesintu oqhelekileyo unokumelwa njengomqoqo weesilinda kunye neebhola.

Izinto eziphathekayo ezivela kuyo nayiphi na imizimba ebizwa ngokuba ngumcimbi. Kule meko, zinokuthi ziqulethe ukubunjwa kwazo zombini kunye nenani lezinto. Makhe sinike imizekelo. Imizimba yomzimba - ukusika (iifoloko, iipuni). Zenziwe zentsimbi ngokuqhelekileyo. Igazi linokusebenza njengomzekelo womzimba oqulethwe ngeentlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zezinto - insimbi yentsimbi kunye nesibamba somthi. Yaye loo mveliso enzima, njengefowuni, yenziwe kwinani elikhulu kakhulu "lezithako."

Ziziphi izinto

Ziyakwazi ukuba zendalo kwaye zenziwe ngokufanelekileyo. Ngexesha elidlulileyo, abantu benza zonke izinto eziyimfuneko kwizinto eziphathekayo (iifolothi - ukusuka kumatye, iimpahla ezifudumele - ezikhumbeni zezilwanyana). Ngokuphuhliswa kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, izinto ezidalwe ngumntu zivele. Kwaye kwangoko kuninzi. Umzekelo weklasi womzimba womzimba wemvelaphi yobugcisa iplastiki. Ngalunye uhlobo lwayo lwadalwa ngumntu ngenjongo yokugcinwa kweempawu eziyimfuneko zale ndawo okanye eso sifundo. Umzekelo, ipulasitiki ebonakalayo - iilensi zegesi, ukutya okungeyona inetyhefu - izitya, ezizinzileyo-kwimoto yebhodi.

Nayiphi na into (ukusuka kwinqanaba lelitye ukuya kwisixhobo esiphakeme) luneempawu ezithile. Enye yeempawu zemizimba yomzimba kukuba banako ukukhanga omnye nomnye ngenxa yesiphumo sokusebenzisana. Kulinganiswa ngeendlela zobuninzi obubizwa ngokuba bunzima. Ngokutsho kwenkcazo ye-physicists, ubunzima bemizimba ngumlinganiselo wobukhulu bawo. Ichazwe ngophawu m.

Ukulinganisa ubunzima

Ubuninzi bomzimba, njengawo nawuphi na, lunokulinganiswa. Ukuze ufumane ukuba bunjani na into nayiphi na into, kufuneka uyiqhathele kunye nomgangatho. Oko kukuthi, ngomzimba obunokuthi uthathwa ngobuninzi. Inkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe (ii) i-kilogram. Iyunithi ethi "efanelekileyo" inomsila ikhona ngendlela ye-silinda, eyilloythi ye iridium kunye neplatinum. Lo mzekelo wamazwe ngamazwe ugcinwa eFransi, kwaye ikopi zayo zifumaneka phantse kwilizwe ngalinye.

Ukongeza kwiikhilogram, sebenzisa ingcamango yethani, igramu okanye i-milligram. Ukulinganisa ubunzima bomzimba obufanayo ngokulinganisa. Le ndlela yeklasi yokubala kwansuku zonke. Kodwa kwi-physics yanamhlanje kukho ezinye iindlela zokulinganisa, ezona zininzi kwaye zichaneke kakhulu. Ngoxa uncedo lwabo lubona ubuninzi be-microparticles, kunye nezinto ezinkulu.

Ezinye iipropati zomzimba

Ifomu, ubunzima kunye nomthamo zizinto ezibalulekileyo. Kodwa zikhona ezinye iimpawu zemizimba yomzimba, elowo lubaluleke kwiimeko ezithile. Ngokomzekelo, izinto ezilinganayo zikwazi ukuhlukana ngokubanzi ngokukhululeka kwazo, oko kukuthi, zinobuninzi obuhlukeneyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iimpawu ezinjenge-fragility, ubunzima, ukunyaniseka okanye iimpawu ezinamandla zibalulekile. Musa ukulibala malunga nokuqhuba i-thermal, ukukhanya, u-homogeneity, ukuqhuba umbane kunye nezinye izinto eziphathekayo zomzimba kunye nezinto.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, zonke iimpawu zixhomekeke kwizinto okanye izinto ezivela kuyo izinto. Ngokomzekelo, iirubha, iirazi kunye neebhola zensimbi ziya kuba neefayili ezahlukeneyo zomzimba. Oku kubalulekile kwiimeko zokusebenzisana kwamalungu kunye nomnye, umzekelo, ufunda isantya sokuchithwa kwabo ngexesha lokudibana.

Kwiingqinisiso ezamkelweyo

Amagatsha athile e-physics athatyathwa njengoluhlobo lwezinto eziphambili. Ngokomzekelo, kumatshini, imizimba imelwa ngendlela yezinto eziphathekayo ezingenayo ubuninzi okanye ezinye iipropati. Eli candelo lefilosofi lijongene nokuhamba kweengongoma ezinjalo, kunye nokuxazulula iingxaki ezikhoyo apha, ubuninzi bezinto ezingabalulekanga.

Kwizibalo zenzululwazi, umbandela womzimba oqinileyo udla ukusetyenziswa. Loo mqathango uthathwa njengangaphantsi kweso siphene, ngokungabikho kokufuduka kweziko lobunzima bomzimba. Lo mzekelo olula uvumela ukuba uphinde uvelise inani leenkqubo ezithile.

Icandelo le-thermodynamics lisebenzisa umbandela womzimba omnyama ngokupheleleyo kwiinjongo zawo. Yaye yintoni le? Umzimba wenyama (into engabonakaliyo), onokukwazi ukutshatyalaliswa nasiphi na isiganeko somlilo phezu komhlaba. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukuba ingxaki ifuna, amaza okuvelisa i-electromagnetic angafakwa kuyo. Ukuba, ngokwemiqathango yokubala kwemibono, ukuma kwemizimba yomzimba ayiyinto eyimfuneko, ngokungagqibekanga kuthathwa njengento eqingqiweyo.

Kutheni iipropati zomzimba zibaluleke kangaka

I-physics ngokwaloo nto iphakanyisiwe ukusuka kwimfuno yokuqonda imigaqo apho imizimba yenyama iziphatha ngayo, kunye neendlela zokuba khona kwezinto ezahlukeneyo zangaphandle. Kwimiba yemvelo kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho nayiphi na inguqu kwimimandla yethu, engahambelani nemiphumo yomsebenzi wabantu. Abaninzi babo basebenzisa abantu ukuba bazuze, kodwa abanye bangabungozi kwaye banobungozi.

Ukufunda ngokuziphatha kunye neendawo ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo zemizimba yomzimba kuyimfuneko kubantu ukuze baqikelele izinto ezichasayo kunye nokuthintela okanye ukunciphisa umonakalo obangela. Ngokomzekelo, ukwakhiwa kwamanzi okuphuza abantu asetyenziswa ukulwa nemibonakalo engafanelekanga yezinto zaselwandle. Ukuxhathisa izityikima, uluntu luye lwafunda indlela yokuphuhlisa izakhiwo ezizodwa zezakhiwo. Ukubeka iingxenye zeemoto zenziwe ngendlela ekhethekileyo, eqinisekisiweyo ngokunyanisekileyo ukunciphisa umonakalo ngexesha leengozi.

Kwisakhiwo semibutho

Ngokweminye inkcazo, igama elithi "umzimba womzimba" lithetha yonke into engabonwa njengenene. Naliphi na elo lihlala liyingxenye yendawo, kwaye izinto ezisuka kuzo zidibeneyo ziqokelela iimolyuli zesakhiwo esithile. Eminye, iincinci ezincinci zazo zi-atom, kodwa elowo alukho into engabonakaliyo kwaye elula. Isakhiwo se-athomu kunzima. Ngokwakheko, kunokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa ngokuchanekileyo nokuchasisa kakubi iinqununu-ions.

Isakhiwo ngokubhekiselele kuyo iindidi ezinjalo zihambelana kwinkqubo ethile, ngokuba umzimba oqinileyo ubizwa ngokuba yi-crystalline. Naluphi na i-crystal inefom ecacileyo, eqinileyo, ebonisa ukunyakaza kunye nokusebenzisana kwama-molecule kunye nama-athomu. Xa isakhiwo se-crystals sitshintsha, izakhiwo zomzimba ziphazamiseka. Iqondo lokuhamba kwamalungu aseprayimari kuxhomekeke kwilizwe lilonke, elinokuthi lube luqinile, lukhuni okanye lusegesi.

Ukubonisa ezi zinto ziyinkimbinkimbi, ingcamango yokunciphisa i-coefficients okanye i-bulk elasticity, enokubaluleka ngokulandelanayo, isetyenziswa.

Ukunyuka kwama-molecule

Umbuso wokuphumla awunabo kwiim atom okanye kwiimelelekyuli zezinto ezinamandla. Zihlala zihamba ngokunyuka, uhlobo lwalo luxhomekeke kwimeko yomzimba womzimba kunye nemiphumo ekhoyo ngoku. Ingxenye yeengqungquthela ezisisiseko - ions ihlawuliswe (ibizwa ngokuba yii-electrons) ihamba ngesivinini esiphezulu kunezo ezinexabiso elihle.

Ukusuka kwinqanaba lelizwe lonke, imizimba yomzimba yinto eqinile, utywala okanye i-gesi, exhomekeke kwimeko yesimo se-molecular. Iqoqo elipheleleyo lezinto ezinobisi lingabelana nge-crystalline kunye ne-amorphous. Isiphakamiso seengqungquthela kwi-crystal siyalwe ngokupheleleyo. Ngama-liquids, i-molecule ihamba ngomgaqo ohluke ngokupheleleyo. Bahamba besuka kwelinye iqela baya kwelinye, elingabonakaliswa ngokomfuziselo njengengqungquthela ejikelezayo esuka kwinkqubo enye yasezulwini ukuya kwenye.

Kuyo nayiphi na imizimba enobungozi, iimlekyuli zinobungozi obuthakathaka ngakumbi kunokuba luninzi okanye luqinile. Iimbumba zikhona kuthiwa zihlaziyeke komnye nomnye. Ukunyaniseka kwemizimba yomzimba kuqinisekiswe ngokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo - isilinganisi seheyari kunye ne-coefficient of bulk elasticity.

Ubuncwane bomzimba

Kuzo zonke iintlukwano ezibalulekileyo phakathi kwamalungu omzimba aqinile kunye namanzi, kukho ukufana okuninzi kwiipropati zabo. Ezinye zazo, ezibhekiselele njengezithambileyo, zihlala zikarhulumente ophakathi phakathi kweyokuqala neyesibini kunye nezo zakhiwo zombini. Le mgangatho, njengobuncwane, inokufumaneka kwisigxina esisigxina (umzekelo - iqhwa okanye i-shoemaker var). Yinto ehambelana nezitye, kuquka ezikhuni. Ngaphantsi kwengcinezelo, ininzi yabo ingahamba njengombane. Ngokudibanisa kunye nokufudumeza ezimbini izinto ezinqinileyo zentsimbi, kunokwenzeka ukuba uzidibanise kunye kunye. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo yokuqhaqhafaza iqhubela kwiqondo lokushisa elincinane kunomlinganiselo wokuqhafaza ngamnye wabo.

Le nkqubo inokwenzeka ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba zombini iindawo zidibeneyo. Ngale ndlela, ii-alloys zetsimbi ezahlukeneyo ziveliswa. Ipropati ehambelana nayo ibizwa ngokuba yi-diffusion.

Ngokuphathelele utywala kunye negesi

Ngokweziphumo zemizamo emininzi, izazinzulu ziye zafika kwisigqibo esilandelayo: Imizimba ebonakalayo eqinileyo ayiyiqela elithile. Ukwahlukana phakathi kwabo kunye nombane kubandakanya kuphela ukungqubana kwangaphakathi. Ukutshintshwa kwezinto kwiindawo ezihlukeneyo kwenzeka phantsi kweemeko zokushisa ezithile.

AmaGesi ahluke kwi-liquids kunye neziqili kangangokuba ukunyuka kwamandla okusanqa akwenzeki nokuba kukho utshintsho olomeleleyo kwimiqulu. Ukwahlula phakathi kobutywala kunye neziqhumane kubonakala kwimizi enamandla e-soards ngaphansi kwe-shear, oko kukuthi, utshintsho kwimoko. Le ngxaki ayibonakali kwiimveliso ezinokuthi zithathe nayiphi na ifom.

I-Crystalline ne-amorphous

Njengoko sele kuthethwe ngazo, amazwe amabini angabonakaliyo angama-amorphous kunye ne-crystalline. Ama-Amorphous afaka amabhunga aneendawo ezifanayo zomzimba kuzo zonke iinkalo. Lo mgangatho ubizwa ngokuba yi-isotropy. Njengomzekelo, unokuphilisa i-resin enzima, iimveliso ezivela kwi-amber, iglasi. I-isotropy yabo yiphumo lokungahambi kakuhle kweamolekyu kunye nama-athomu ekubunjweni kombandela.

Kwimeko ye-crystalline, iinqununu zeplastiyali zicwangciswe ngendlela echanekileyo kwaye zikhona njengento yangaphakathi ephindaphinda ngezihlandlo ezahlukeneyo ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Izakhiwo zomzimba zale mizimba ziyahluka, kodwa zikhokelo ezifanayo zihambelana. Le propati ehambelana neekristal ibizwa ngokuba yi-anisotropy. Isizathu salo singamandla angalinganiyo okusebenzisana phakathi kwama-molecule kunye nama-athomu ngendlela eyahlukileyo.

I-Mono ne- polycrystals

Ngekristal elilodwa, isakhiwo sangaphakathi sihambelana kwaye siphindaphindiwe kuwo wonke umthamo. Iipolycrystals zibukeka ngathi zininzi zeekristal ezincinci zidibanisa kunye. Amagqabantshintshi amacandelo atholakala kumgama ochazwe ngokuthe ngqo phakathi komnye kunye nomyalelo ofunwayo. I-crystal lattice iyaqondwa ukuba ithetha iisethi ze-nodes, oko kukuthi, amaphuzu asebenza njengamaziko omolekyuli okanye i-athomu. Izitishi ezinokwakhiwa kwe-crystal zisebenza njengezinto eziphathekayo zamathambo amabhriji, izakhiwo kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezinokuhlala. Yingakho iipropati zee-crystalline zifundwa ngokucophelela ngenjongo.

Iimpawu zomeleleyo zamandla zichaphazeleka kakubi ngeziphene kwi-crystal lattice, zombini kunye naphakathi. Icandelo elihlukeneyo le-physics, elibizwa ngokuba yi-mechanics-state mechanics, linikezelwe kwiipropati ezifanayo zesibisi.