Yoxinaniso Molal. Kuthetha ukuthini yoxinaniso izinyo kunye molal?

Izinyo kunye ingqondo molal, nangona amagama afanayo, amaxabiso zahlukile. Umahluko ephambili kukuba ekumiseleni xi ubalo molal wenziwa hayi kwi umthamo isisombululo njengoko molarity ubhaqo, ngoxa ubunzima sijike.

ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga izisombululo kunye ukunyibilika

isisombululo ntiyiso ebizwa inkqubo eyohlobo olulodwa, nto leyo equka kumafa yayo ezininzi, elizimeleyo enye kwenye. Enye yazo isinyibilikisi, kwaye ke ezinye izinto ichithwe kuyo. Isinyibilikisi ithathwa ukuba kweziyobisi isisombululo leyo kakhulu.

Ukunyibilika - into kunye nezinye izinto ukwenza inkqubo yohlobo olunye - nezisombululo apho oko ngohlobo athom ngamnye, ion, iimolekyuli okanye amasuntswana. A ndzo - umlinganiselo ukunyibilika.

Ngenxa yoko, ukunyibilika kwezinto na ubuchule ekufuneka ngokufanayo kusiwa ngohlobo amasuntswana nezakhiwo kulo umthamo isinyibilikisi.

izisombululo bokwenyaniso zihlelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• ngokohlobo wesinyibilikisi - non-zolwelo kunye namanzi;
• ngokohlobo bento enyibilikayo - izisombululo iigesi, ii-asidi, alkalis, iityuwa, njl.;
• ukuzamazamana umsinga wombane - electrolytes (izinto ube Unikezelo lombane) kunye non-electrolytes (izinto akakwazi Unikezelo lombane);
• ukuzikisa ingqondo - bungxengwe kwaye bagxila.

Ukufumaneka kunye neendlela yokuvakalisa yayo

isiqulatho xi umnxeba (ubunzima) kwento ixutywe mali ethile (ubunzima okanye umqulu) loMthetho sijike, okanye umqulu echazwe yezisombululo iyonke. Yenzeka kwezi ndidi zilandelayo:

1. Loko ndzo lomdla (ochazwa%) - isixelela indlela iigram ezininzi bonyibiliko equlethwe 100 grams ye isisombululo.

2. izinyo xiyimiso - linani abamenzelayo gram ilitha 1 isisombululo nganye. Ibonisa ukuba zingaphi gram-iimolekyuli equlethwe ngelitha 1 isisombululo ukwimo.

3. Loko ndzo yesiqhelo - linani gram-equivalents ilitha 1 isisombululo nganye. Ibonisa ukuba zingaphi eziqulethwe equivalents gram ye enyibilikayo buziilitha 1 isisombululo.

4. xi molal ibonisa abamenzelayo ezininzi njani kwesinyibilikisi isixa-1 ikhilogramu sijike nganye.

5. Titer umisela isiqulatho (in grams) bonyibiliko iqhawulwa 1 milliliter of isisombululo.

Izinyo kunye molal boxinzelelo ezahlukeneyo enye kwenye. Cinga iimpawu zabo ngabanye.

Le xi izinyo

Le indlela yokuqingqa ngayo:

CV = (v / V), apho

v - inani izinto ezinyibilikisiweyo Mol;

V - nomthamo welitha isisombululo okanye ^m3.

Umzekelo, "0.1 M nesisombululo H ₂ SO _4" libonisa ukuba ilitha 1 Isisombululo enjalo ekhoyo 0.1 Mol (9.8 g) kwe-sulphuric acid .

yoxinaniso molal

Kufuneka uwave ingqalelo into yokuba boxinzelelo molal kwaye izinyo ineentsingiselo ezahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo.

Yintoni molal xi isicombululo? Le indlela yokuqingqa ngayo:

Cm = (v / m), apho

v - inani izinto ezinyibilikisiweyo Mol;

m - ubunzima sijike, kg.

Umzekelo, ukurekhoda 0,2 M NaOH isisombululo kuthetha ukuba ngo-1 ikhilogram yamanzi (kulo mzekelo, oko isinyibilikisi) dutywa 0.2 Mol NaOH.

iifomyula eyongezelelweyo ezidingekayo izibalo

ulwazi abaninzi abangabancedani ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuze yoxinaniso molal yabalelwa. Formula, oluno kubaluncedo ukuxazulula iingxaki eziphambili zezi zilandelayo.

imali yale kweziyobisi ν xiya inani elithile athom, elektroni, iimolekyuli, ion okanye ezinye amasuntswana kuyo.

v = m / M = N / N A = V / V m, apho:

• m - ubunzima compound, g okanye kg;
• M - mass izinyo, g (okanye kg) / Mol;
• N - Inani leeyunithi zolwakhiwo;
• N _A - inani leeyunithi zolwakhiwo 1 adla kwento, Avogadro rhoqo nganye: ^6,02. October ²³ Mol ^{- 1;}
• V - umthamo lilonke l okanye m ^3;
• V _m - umthamo izinyo, litha / nolovane okanye ^m3 / Mol.

Last kubalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

V _m = RT / P, apho

• R - rhoqo 8,314 J / (Mol ^K.);
• ubushushu negesi, K - T;
• P - uxinzelelo igesi Pa.

Imizekelo kweenjongo ze molarity kunye molality. umsebenzi №1

Ukuze ubone xi izinyo of sisombululo potassium hayidroksayidi xa kukho umthamo ml 500. Isisombululo weight Koh ilingana no-20 grams.

definition

mass izinyo potassium hayidroksayidi ngu:

_Koh M = 39 + 16 + 1 = 56 g / Mol.

Thina silindele lukhulu potassium hayidroksayidi uqulathwe ku isisombululo:

ν (Koh) = m / M = 20/56 = 0,36 nolovane.

ukuthatha ingqalelo yokuba umthamo yesisombululo ukuba kuboniswe ngeelitha We:

500 ml = 500/1000 = 0.5 iilitha.

Ukumisela xi izinyo potassium hayidroksayidi:

CV (Koh) = v (Koh) / V (Koh) = 0,36 / 0,5 = 0,72 Mol / ilitha.

umsebenzi №2

Yintoni sulphur oxide (IV) phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo (ngamanye amazwi, xa P = 101325 Pa, kunye T = 273 K) kufuneka athathe ukuze ukulungiselela isisombululo acid kabi kunye xi 2.5 Mol / ilitha umthamo seelitha ezi-5?

definition

Siya ukuchaza njengokuba kabi acid equlethwe isisombululo:

ν (H ₂ SO ₃₎ = CV (H ₂ SO ₃₎ ∙ V (isisombululo) = 2,5 ∙ 5 = 12.5 Mol.

Equation kufunyenwe kabi acid na le fomu ilandelayo:

SO ₂ + H ₂ O = H ₂ SO ₃

Ngokwale:

ν (SO ₂₎ = ν (H ₂ SO _3);

ν (SO ₂₎ = 12.5 Mol.

Nikhumbula ukuba phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo 1 adla igesi umntu umthamo seelitha 22.4, umthamo phambili ye oxide ngayo sulphur:

V (SO ₂₎ = ν (SO ₂₎ ∙ 22,4 = 12,5 ∙ 22,4 = 280 iilitha.

umsebenzi №3

Ukuze ubone xi izinyo ka NaOH kwi isisombululo xa yayo iqhekeza ubunzima, lingana 25,5%, kunye ukuxinana 1.25 g / ml.

definition

Kwamkelwa sisombululo isampulu kwindawo nomthamo welitha 1 nokujonga ubunzima baso;

m (isisombululo) = V (isisombululo) ∙ P (isisombululo) = 1000 ∙ 1,25 = 1,250 gram.

Silindele kakhulu kwisampula ngu kwealkali ubunzima:

m (NaOH) = (w ∙ m (isisombululo)) / 100% = (25,5 ∙ 1250) / 100 = 319 grams.

mass izinyo of sodium hayidroksayidi elilingana:

M _NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g / Mol.

Silindele njengoko sodium hayidroksayidi iqulethwe kwisampulu:

v (NaOH) = m / M = 319/40 = 8 Mol.

Ukumisela xi izinyo le kwealkali:

CV (NaOH) = V / V = 8/1 = 8 Mol / ilitha.

umsebenzi №4

Emanzini (100 grams) ithe yachithwa-10 iigrem ityuwa NaCl. Beka abasuka isisombululo (molality).

definition

Ubunzima izinyo ye NaCl silingana:

M _NaCl = 23 + 35 = 58 g / Mol.

Inani NaCl, eziqulethwe isisombululo:

ν (NaCl) = m / M = 10/58 = 0,17 nolovane.

Kulo mzekelo, isinyibilikisi amanzi:

100 grams yamanzi = 100/1000 = 0.1 kg H ₂ Owu kwi isisombululo.

xi Molal yezisombululo iya kulingana:

Cm (NaCl) = v (NaCl) / m (amanzi) = 0.17 / 0.1 = 1.7 Mol / kg.

umsebenzi №5

Ukumisela xi molal yokuba i-15% NaOH isisombululo kwealkali.

definition

15% solution kwealkali kuthetha ukuba 100 grams sisombululo iqulethe 15 iigrem NaOH ne-85 grams amanzi. Okanye ukuba 100 zonke iikhilogram isinyibiliko 15 kg NaOH kunye 85 kg amanzi. Ukwenzela ukulungiselela oko, kuyimfuneko ngo-85 grams (kilograms) H ₂ O zichithakala grams-15 (kg) of kwealkali na.

mass izinyo sodium hayidroksayidi:

M _NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g / Mol.

Ngoku sifumana ubungakanani sodium hayidroksayidi in isisombululo:

ν = m / M = 15/40 = 0.375 Mol.

Weight sijike (amanzi) ku kg:

85 iigrem H ₂ O = 85/1000 = 0.085 kg H ₂ Owu kwi isisombululo.

Emva koko sizimisele yoxinaniso molal:

Cm = (ν / m) = 0.375 / 0.085 = 4,41 Mol / kg.

Ngokuhambelana kunye nale ngxaki eqhelekileyo ingasombululwa, kwaye uninzi omnye ukufumanisa molality kunye molarity.