Utyala motion. Yintoni eyahlula intshukumo yezityalo yi neentshukumo izilwanyana? ukukhula kwezityalo

Xa uqala kuqala, ihlabathi izityalo, kubonakala elukhuni. Kodwa xa ebona Sinokuqiniseka ukuba oku kuyinyaniso. utyala motion lwenzeka kancinci kakhulu. Zikhula, yaye oku kungqina ukuba benze ukukhula kwezithuthi ethile. Ukuba ufake i imbewu iimbotyi yomhlaba, phantsi kweemeko kakuhle, uqala ukuqalisa ekukhuleni kumhlaba proburavlivaya, uza ukukhanyisa cotyledons ezimbini. Phantsi kwimpembelelo ubushushu nokukhanya aqala luhlaza ukuya phezulu. Kwiinyanga ezimbini kamva ivele kwi-iziqhamo izityalo.

Izinga lokukhula Plant

Ukuze ugcine intshukumo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba babambe ividiyo okhethekileyo. Ngenxa isiganeko ngamnye ngosuku inokubonakalisa imizuzwana embalwa. Ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwintshukumo lwezityalo amakhulu izihlandlo phambi iintsholongwane ezenza babeyihamba umhlaba, entlahleni kwi amathupha umthi adumbe emithi atyatyambe intyatyambo. Enyanisweni, uqalo likhula ngokukhawuleza kakhulu - ngu-0.6 mm ngomzuzu. Nkqu izinga elikhulu lokukhula abe ezinye imizimba iziqhamo zomngundo. ukhula Diktiofor ngobukhulu 5 mm ngomzuzu nje omnye. Babe ukuhamba enkulu yezityalo ephantsi - na ulele, nomngundo. Umzekelo, chlamydomonas (nobulembu) ungenza ngokukhawuleza ukuhambisa usebenzisa misila kwi akwariyam kwicala ukukhanya. Kwakhona wafudukela zoospores ezininzi, ezisetyenziswa ukuzalisa (ezimdaka kunye nomngundo). Kodwa ukubuyela zezityalo ngakumbi. Kweentyatyambo enze iintshukumo eyahlukeneyo enxulumene ne inkqubo yokukhula. Bona kweentlobo ezimbini - enye tropism kunye ukutyibilika.

tropism

Tropism kuthiwa uhlobo ndlela-yokuhamba, leyo kusabela kuyo nayiphi na imiba ukubacaphukisa: ukukhanya, imichiza, amandla womxhuzulane. Ukuba obekwe kwi efestileni izithole okuziinkozo nerhasi okanye oats, emva kwexesha elithile, bonke bajike esitratweni. ulolo hlobo kwezityalo ekukhanyeni kuthiwa phototropism. Zityalo ukusebenzisa ngcono amandla elanga.

Kuba baninzi umbuzo othi: Ngaba kutheni likhaba uza kuncothulwa, kwaye ingcambu ikhula phantsi? Imizekelo ezinjalo intshukumo sisityalo ekuthiwa geotropism. Kulo mzekelo, isiqu kunye neengcambu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukuphendula nomkhosi womxhuzulane. Movement sibhekiswe kumacala ahlukeneyo. Stem oluya phezulu kwicala elijongene nalo amandla womxhuzulane - na geotropism negative. Ngokwahlukileyo uziphatha ingcambu, oko ikhula ngendlela iintshukumo womxhuzulane - olu geotropism positive. Zonke tropisms zahlulwe akhabayo kunye navumelanayo.

Umzekelo, kwi njengentlabathi umungu intshula umungu ityhubhu. Kwisityalo imila ububele ngqo yaye ifikelela Ovule, oko kuthiwa hemotropizm entle. Ukuba ukhozo umungu ezikhuphile intyatyambo hlobo, umbhobho uSathana uzimisele kwi ukukhula, akukho kukhula ngqo, le nkqubo kuthintela aqhamise eqandeni. Kuyacaca ukuba ezingasese kwisingqusho izinto kwizityalo eziletha hemotropizm yayo uhlobo emihle kwezityalo nezilwanyana ezingeyonzalelwane yalapha - negative.

Ivula Darwin

Ngoku ke kucacile ukuba tropisms zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwintshukumo kwezityalo. Owokuqala ukufunda izizathu ezibangela tropism, waqalisa omkhulu eliNgesi Charles Darwin. Kubo, kwafunyaniswa ukuba eku- ibonwa yingongoma ukukhula, ngoxa begoba - esezantsi kwiindawo cell zobude. Scientific wacebisa ukuba ukukhula kwenzeka into aqukuqela kwindawo ukuzolula, kukho kwenzeka begoba. bexesha zikaDarwin akazange aqonde kwaye abazange ukwamkela ukuba ingcamango yakhe ezintsha. Kuphela kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, izazinzulu ziye ngokomfuniselo kwaba ukuchaneka lokuvula. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba cone ukukhula (apha esikhondweni kwaye ingcambu) yenza yincindi IAA, ngenye indlela - beta-indoleacetic organic acid. Ukukhanyisa kuchaphazela ukusasazwa kwale nto. Kwicala kwemitholo ye-IAA ngaphantsi elanga - ngakumbi. Hormone ikhawulezisa ukutya uze ke ngoko icala isithunzi ithande ukuba kuphambuka siye ukukhanya.

nokubandakanywa

Simazi nezinye iinkalo intshukumo yezityalo, ebizwa ukumnika. Ezi iintshukumo zinxulunyaniswa kwentamo impembelelo iimeko zokusingqongileyo. Omata, ke, kunokuba elidibanisayo okanye elithabathayo.

Edandelion yokudubula (engobozini) ziyachazwa ukukhanya okukhulu, lakutshona ilanga, ekukhanyeni embi - ivaliwe. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba fotonastiey. Xa icuba anuka sisichasi: iintyatyambo kunye ukuncipha ukukhanya uqale isombuluka. Apha kubonakala imbono fotonastii elibi.

Ngokunciphisa ubushushu emoyeni iintyatyambo nesafron ivalwa - yinto termonastii nokubonakaliswa. Nokubandakanywa kusenze nazo kolwabelo olungalinganiyo. Xa ukukhula okumandla kumacala esisemantla ezinamagqabi Uyasivula, yaye ukuba amandla enkulu ephantsi - flower ukuvalwa.

movement contractile

Olunye uhlobo, ukuhamba kwiindawo zezityalo ngokukhawuleza ekukhuleni. Umzekelo, oxalis okanye iMimosa yokuba neentloni kuvela contractile motion.

iMimosa shy likhula in India. It kweso kongeza amagqabi xa bemchukumisa. Xa amahlathi zethu olukhulayo oxalis, nabo bakubiza orpin. Emva ngo-1871, uNjingalwazi Batalin waphawula ukuba iimpawu ezimangalisayo le sityalo. Ngenye imini, ebuya ehlathini walks, izazinzulu ziye zaqokelelwa isipha oxalis. Xa komnquma (yena wayekhwele sekabhe) phezu cobblestones, izityalo ziye amagqabi. Ngoko ke profesa waba nomdla kulo mba kwaye wafumana indawo omtsha, phantsi kweempembelelo zizinto ushiya isityalo wongeza.

amagqabi oxalis ngokuhlwa kwakhona dibanisa gqo, yaye ngemini enamafu ukuba msinyane. Xa kwelanga onamandla kukho indlela enye, kodwa ukubhengezwa amagqabi ke kwabuyiselwa malunga 40-50 imizuzu.

mechanism movement

Ingaba amagqabi oxalis kunye iMimosa ndiyakuphepha njani ukwenza intshukumo contractile? Le ndlela unxulunyaniswa iiproteni contractile, leyo uqala ukusebenza ubuhlungu. Ekunciphiseni of energy protein wayichitha eyenziwe kwinkqubo nokuphefumla. It oluhlala kwisityalo ngohlobo ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Ngexesha nqgo ATP ubola, iyachithakala unxibelelwano kunye iiproteni contractile yakhululwa amandla equlathwe ATP. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo walamba longeziwe. Kuphela emva kwexesha kwakhona ATP ibunjiwe, okuhlanganiswe inkqubo uphefumlayo. Kwaye ngoko kuphela amagqabi kwakhona ivuliwe.

Siye safumanisa into iintshukumo yenza isityalo (iMimosa neenkuni nangwevu), ukuphendula etyabulayo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ukwehla lwenzeka kuphela malunga notshintsho kokusingqongileyo, yaye oku kubangelwe kwiimeko zangaphakathi (inkqubo kunokuphefumla). Oxalis igqabi libe zizibaya zempahla emva ebumnyameni, kodwa uqala lokuzityhila hayi Empumalanga ebusuku, xa iiseli bandisa imali eyaneleyo ATP kwaye adibanise ngokutsha kwiiproteni contractile.

iimpawu

Le ngasentla Umzekelo izityalo intshukumo uneempawu zawo. Ukuqwalasela oxalis kwindalo izise ezinye izimanga. Xa evulekile esinobunzima lwezityalo ezi zilwanyana, xa onke amagqabi zezityalo ziyachazwa, weza ngaphaya nakwiimeko amagqabi ezivaliweyo. Kwathi kanti, ezi zityalo okwentyatyambo ngeli xesha (nangona iintyatyambo zasehlotyeni uhlobo ugly). Xa kweentyatyambo oxalis ichitha ixesha elininzi izinto ukuze kwakhiwe iintyatyambo, kuba ukubhengezwa amagqabi nje akazange abe namandla ngokwaneleyo.

Xa sithelekisa izilwanyana kunye nezityalo, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba i-intshukumo contractile kunempembelelo ngayo yezizathu ezifanayo. Kukho indlela efanayo kwizivuseleli, kule meko kukho ixesha abagxothwa ubuhlungu. Maxa oxalis oko imizuzwana 0.1. E iMimosa ngexesha zovuselelo elide ukuba imizuzwana 0,14.

Asabela ngayo ukuchukumisa

Ukuqwalasela intshukumo yezityalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho iimeko ukuba ekwaziyo ukutshintsha ombane izicwili xa angawachukumisi. Zonke eyaziwa cucumber ebephuma ukwimeko oqolileyo ngexesha kushukunyiswa uyakwazi ngokukhafula imbewu. Ukungakhululeki izixwexwe pericarp engaphakathi ngokufanayo kwandisa kulahleka ngamanzi okanye uxinzelelo, kunye neziqhamo ngokukhawuleza kutyhilwa. A umfanekiso efanayo kuvela, yaye touch izityalo Impatiens. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba eli langoku ubukhulu becala alawulwa hayi ukukhula, kunye nentshukumo contractile, kodwa nangoku ufundwa zizazinzulu.

kudidi ngokubanzi iintshukumo zezityalo

Movement of izazinzulu zezityalo ngokubanzi zihlelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Movement of kukho icytoplasm kunye organelles - intshukumo intracellular.
• Weentshukumo movement zeeseli ngokusebenzisa misila okhethekileyo.
• Ukukhula ngokusekelwe ekusoluleni ukukhula kwiseli - oku kuquka zobude lweengcambu, Namagatya, amalungu yezihlunu, ukukhula amagqabi.
• Ukukhula lunwele ingcambu, iityhubhu umungu, protonema moss, okt ukukhula apical.
• iintshukumo Stomatal - iintshukumo turgid yangoku.

zokuhamba kunye nentshukumo cytoplasmic ezendeleyo zombini iiseli izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Ezinye iintlobo kuphela yini izityalo.

movement animal

iintshukumo Basic izityalo sihlole. Njengokuba izilwanyana ukuwusa kwaye yintoni umahluko sibonakalalisiwe ezi nkqubo izilwanyana kunye nezityalo?

Naziphi na iintlobo zezilwanyana bayakwazi ukubonisana ngoxolo ukuba ihamba isithuba, ngokuchaseneyo kwizityalo. Oku kuxhomekeke kakhulu kokusingqongileyo. Eziphilayo bayakwazi ukuya phantsi kumphezulu komhlaba, emanzini, emoyeni njalo-njalo. Uninzi nako ukuqhubela efana kakhulu ngabantu. Konke kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezahlukeneyo: isakhiwo skeletal, ubukho imilenze, iimilo zabo, yaye ngaphezulu. Ukuhanjiswa izilwanyana yahlulwe iindidi eziliqela, ezi zezi zilandelayo:

• Amebic. Loo uphawu intshukumo ye amoeba - zezinto eziphilayo efanayo. Iqumrhu kwiseli enye, oko iqhutywa prolegs - outgrowths ezizodwa.
• I elula. intshukumo Ngokufanayo amoebic. Protists beqhutywa yinto ejikelezayo, vibrational, undulations ngeenxa umntla wabo.
• Lovukelo. Olu hlobo intshukumo linophawu eziphilayo elula. Kulo mzekelo, intshukumo phambili kungenxa kukhululwe yencindi eyodwa utyhala umzimba.
• Eqatha. Uhlobo kakhulu ogqibeleleyo intshukumo, nto leyo eziziimpawu bonke multicellular. Oku kuquka umntu - indalo iphezulu wendalo.

Yintoni eyahlula intshukumo yezityalo yintshukumo ezilwanyana

silwanyana ngamnye nentshukumo yayo iphila injongo - uphendlo ukutya, ukutshintsha indawo, okunqanda ukuhlaselwa, ukuzala, kwaye ngaphezulu. Eyona impahla nayiphi na intshukumo - intshukumo umzimba wonke ngokubanzi. Ngamanye amazwi, esi silwanyana lujika ngokupheleleyo ehlabathini umzimba. Le impendulo engundoqo umbuzo malunga yintoni na iintshukumo ezahlukileyo zezityalo yintshukumo yezilwanyana.

Uninzi izityalo ukuba ukhona apha. Inkqubo iingcambu - kuyimfuneko ukuba le nxalenye, oko busisigxina kwindawo ethile. Ukuba isityalo sakhe siyahlukana ingcambu, kuya nje kulahleka. Yiya ngokuzimeleyo space, izityalo abakwazi.

izityalo ezininzi uyakwazi ukwenza nayiphi na intshukumo contractile, njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili. Bona bayakwazi ukuvula i ezinamagqabi, amagqabi ulisonge ngexesha uvuselelo, nkqu ukubamba nezinambuzane (Flycatcher). Ke zonke ezi iintshukumo kuqhutywa kwindawo ethile, apho ikhula le sityalo.

iziphumo

Movement kwezityalo ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ukusuka iintshukumo ezilwanyana, kodwa ke zikhona. ukukhula Plant - ingqinisekiso olubonakalayo yalo. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwabo oku kulandelayo:

• Isityalo kwindawo enye, kwiimeko ezininzi ingcambu. Naluphi na uhlobo izilwanyana bayakwazi ukuya emajukujukwini ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.
• Xa iintshukumo zabo izilwanyana njalo injongo ethile.
• Animal ihamba phakathi umzimba uphela. Isityalo uyakwazi ukususa iinxalenye zayo ngamnye.

Intshukumo - oku ubomi, sonke siyazi eli lizwi. Zonke izinto eziphilayo kulo mhlaba bayakwazi ukuhamba, wuyeke Ude naziphi na umahluko.