Acid: ezinto yokuhlela

Kuba umsebenzi epheleleyo umzimba womntu, ukwenza yonke imisebenzi kufuneka ukuba utye ukutya zizityebi iiproteni, amafutha, carbohydrate. Iiproteni, kunye neeproteni amacandelo esiseleni, ngoko umntu ufuna ukutya protein. Yintoni acid? Le eziphilayo ezi zihlanganisi - umba obalulekileyo ifanelwe ingqalelo nesifundo eneenkcukacha.

asidi ingakumbi acid

Ezi zihlanganisi eziyimfuneko ukuze Yindibanisela iimolekyuli protein. Kwindalo, kukho angaphezu kwekhulu elinamanci mahlanu acid ezahlukeneyo, kodwa hayi bonke bephela zibalulekileyo emzimbeni womntu. Yintoni ekufuneka ukuba i-asidi acid? Eziphilayo 20 ezi zihlanganisi wahlolwa ngokweenkcukacha zizazinzulu basekhaya angaphandle. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba elinambini kubo abakwaziyo kuhlanganiswa emzimbeni womntu, kwaye umntu kufuneka abasibhozo kuphela acid ukufumana ukutya.

ngezigaba

Cinga ezinye acid. Eziphilayo, kuhlelwe ezi -oganikhi khompawundi kubandakanya ukwahlulwa iintlobo eziphambili ezintathu:

• kubalulekile zivela ukutya. izinto ezinjalo abayi kuhlanganiswa ngaphakathi emzimbeni womntu;
• Interchangeable eqalisiweyo emzimbeni, Esiwa phantsi, kulo, kunye nokutya protein;
• Interchangeable ngokuqhelekileyo akhutshwa iikhompawundi kubalulekile.

iipropati key

Ziziphi iimpawu zomzimba yamachiza acid? Le eziphilayo ezi zihlanganisi kunika uluvo iimpawu zabo ezisisiseko. acid kufuneka lokunybilika eliphezulu, ngokugqibeleleyo enyibilikayo emanzini, babe ifomu crystalline.

Yintoni enye luphawulwa acid? Eziphilayo ifomula kuzo kubonisa ubukho iimolekyuli carbon ukuba umsebenzi optical.

iimpawu chemical

inzala yabo ngamachiza ezinto eziphilayo. Aminoacids - Isakhiwo ephambili peptides. Kuyinto ngokuhlanganisa eziliqela iintsalela asidi acid kubume enye kumgama owazisayo Yindibanisela molecule protein. Xa kusetyenziswa umntu glycine umgubo okanye tablets, i umthondo ngokukhawuleza kwaye kulula lwento ephilayo egazini. inzala yabo ngamachiza ezinto eziphilayo. Amino acids, iiprotheni, isitatshi, amafutha - izinto eziyimfuneko ukuze isikolo sisebenze kakuhle eziphilayo ophilayo. Xa kuvela izifo eliphezulu intswelo.

acid ukuba iikhompawundi amphoteric bembonisa iipropati yemichiza ezimbini.

Ukubaluleka begazi

Olu udidi lwe initrogen aqulethe linoxanduva Yindibanisela iimolekyuli iiprothini emzimbeni womntu. Kwimeko intsilelo, kukho iingxaki ezinkulu luvo. Yiyiphi enye into ebalulekileyo ukuze acid umzimba? Eziphilayo ezi zihlanganisi amphoteric ucacisa ukubaluleka kwabo ngenxa biosynthesis of glycogen esibindini. imali yayo zaneleyo kukhokelela isifo esimandundu. Esinye sezizathu eziphambili ngenxa yokungabikho 20 asidi kubalulekile acid, oogqirha ekuthiwa ukuphazamiseka yokudla, gwenxa utywala, iimeko uxinezeleko ngendlela. Ukwenzela ukuphepha zokuncipha emzimbeni (ukuba iiprotini imibala), kufuneka ibandakanye i zobisi ukutya, inyama, iimveliso soy.

iipropati mbini

Ziziphi iimpawu zibe asidi acid? Eziphilayo ezi zihlanganisi ngenxa yobukho kwi molecule maqela mabini ezisebenzayo. Ezi anemichiza abe carboxyl (acid) Iqela COOH, kwakunye njengoko amine. iimpawu ezinjalo lwezakhiwo uchaze iimpawu zazo imichiza.

Ukufana nee-asidi eziphilayo nezimbiwa eboniswe ngayo kunye nesinyithi esebenzayo, oxides esisiseko, iziseko, iityuwa ye asidi ibuthathaka. asidi Ezinye acid bayakwazi lokungena yokusabela imichiza kunye alkoholi ukwenza esters. Ubukho qela acid i lichaza intsebenziswano yabo kunye asidi womatshini donor-acceptor zonxibelelwano.

Ukuhlelwa kunye nokuhlelwa

Kuxhomekeka indawo lamaqela carboxyl bangohlula ezi zihlanganisi eziphilayo ukuze alpha, beta, acid. Inani carbon athom apho carbon iqala emva iqela asidi.

Xa chemistry eziphilayo bodwa acid acid ngokwenani amaqela nabasebenzayo: basic, cala, asidi.

Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo radicals ezizizembiwa ngokuqhelekileyo zihlelwa zonke acid kwi ezinamanqatha (aliphatic) heterocyclic, iikhompawundi ibhedolaki nesalfure-equlethe. Ngokomzekelo, i-acid acid enuka angamelwa 2 aminobenzoic acid.

Ngu nokuhlelwa ngendlela phantsi kwesihloko yale yeklasi iikhompawundi mzobo ephilayo zibonisa indawo kwiqela acid le, ongeze igama ikhonkco carbon, nto leyo ibandakanya iqela carboxyl. Oonobumba lesiGrike lisetyenziswa xa iasidi acid kuya kuthiwa yi-nokuhlelwa engenamsebenzi.

Xa molecule iqulethe ezimbini ezisebenzayo (acid), egameni ecacisa isimaphambili kusetyenziswa: diamino-, triamino-. Kuba asidi polybasic acid kwi isihloko isongeza esiti triol okanye diol.

Iimpawu isomers kunye nokuveliswa asidi acid

Ngenxa ingakumbi isakhiwo eekhemikhali abameli kule klasi kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuchonga eziliqela iindidi isomerism. Ngokufanayo, le asidi carboxylic kwezi khompawundi amphoteric, kukho isomers yokuba amathambo carbon.

Unako kwakhona wenze isomers nge ilungiselelo eyahlukileyo usebenziso acid. Of umdla na isomer woqondo eklasini, nto leyo evumela ukucacisa ukubaluleka ababazalayo ukuba izinto eziphilayo.

Ngenxa ekrwada ukuba Yindibanisela wenayiloni eziphathekayo kubabalwa aminocaproic acid. Ngu haydrolisis zingafumaneka 25 asidi kubalulekile acid. Kukho iingxaki ezithile ezinxulumene ukwahlulwa kwisiphumo umxube iikhompawundi amphoteric. Ukongeza haydrolisis zeprotheyini neemolekyuli nga kuhlanganiswa ngokuhlanganisa acid ukusabela galogenhzameschennyh Gel-Volhard-Zelinsky.

acid wabumba ngexesha iinkqubo haydrolisis kweziyi akwi ukudla. Ezi zinto ke iibhloko zokwakha, olwenzeka ngenxa ulungelelaniso womfuno kunye nezilwanyana iiprothini, Ukwanda yezixhobo ezidingekayo umzimba ubomi ngokupheleleyo.

Ngokomzekelo, xa kukho ukudinwa kakhulu, okubangelwa ngokusebenza nzima, isigulane wabelwa ukuya kwiqondo ezizodwa asidi acid. Nge glutamic acid lwenziwa unyango lwezifo luvo, izilonda esiswini kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa histidine. Kwezolimo, acid acid isetyenziswe njengento yokugquma phezulu izilwanyana ukukhuthaza ukukhula nophuhliso zabo.

isiphelo

acid ezi khompawundi amphoteric organic zidlala indima ebalulekileyo inkunkuma abantu kunye nezilwanyana. Ukuba imithamo elingonelanga enye asidi kubalulekile acid, kukho iingxaki zempilo ezinzulu. A epheleleyo protein Ukudla kubaluleke ngokukodwa ngexesha lokufikisa, kwakunye abo babandezeleka umsebenzi osisigxina emzimbeni, bamatasa kwezemidlalo.