Indlela yokuhlawula amanzi kumitha. Amatyala ngamanzi (2014)

Isapho okanye uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali luhlala lubandakanya into enjalo njengendleko yemitha yamanzi. EMoscow, eSt. Petersburg, kwesinye isixeko sabantu abayizigidi okanye kwidolophu yephondo, akunandaba - uninzi lwabahlali abanokubala. Kukho inani elikhulu lezinto zokubala, kunye nezisombululo zethekhnoloji, phantsi kokusebenza kwezi zixhobo. Kukho imiba emininzi yokufaka kunye nokutshintsha iifowuni.

Umendo wembali wezo zidibeneyo unomdla, inyaniso malunga nendlela kunye neemitha zamanzi ezenziwe ngayo. Intlawulo nge-intanethi yeeirisithi zeenkonzo zezindlu kunye neenkonzo zomntu, ukusetyenziswa kweentlawulo zeemoto ngekhadi lesikweletu, izicelo ezihambayo eziphathekayo zokubalwa kweendleko kwiinkonzo zikawonkewonke ziyinkqubo yexesha esaziqhelana nathi. Kodwa akusiyo yonk 'umdla ukujonga kwiinkcukacha zokubonakala kweefowuni eziqhelekileyo ngokubhekiselele kumamitha kwi-retrospective yomlando.

Izinto zokubala zilula ukufaka. Ukususela kumbono womthetho, zinokumiselwa ngokuzimeleyo, kodwa kwimimandla eminingi enoxanduva lokubhalisa amacebo anqabile abanikazi bezindlu eziye zaphakamisa imitha ngokwabo. Ziziphi izizathu zokuziphatha kwezi zakhiwo? Kwaye ngokubanzi, ukuba luncedo kangakanani ukubeka amacandelo amanzi?

Counter: yintoni le sixhobo

Imitha ekhethekileyo inceda ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo umlinganiselo wamanzi aphethwe ngabemi bezindlu okanye indlu yamanzi. Kuyaziwa ukuba ukuhanjiswa kweenkonzo zoluntu kunokuhamba ngokwemimiselo okanye kwimeko yokubala umthamo wamanzi, ukukhanya okanye igesi efunyenwe ngumboleki. Iinqununu zinika abanikazi bezindlu ithuba lokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwaye ngaloo ndlela balondoloze imali: Kwiimeko ezininzi, izixhobo zokubala iifomula ezibophelelwe kumgangatho zenza ukusetyenziswa kombhobho wamanzi kungenakuncedo kunokuba kukhokisiwe ngokusekelwe kwimilinganiselo yemitha.

Ukufakwa kwamacandelo okumitha kwamanzi kunenzuzo ngokukhethekileyo ukuba igumbi linikezelwe abantu abaninzi. Umgangatho kweli phepha uya kwandiswa ngenani labo. Nangona umntu onobhaliso engahlali kwindawo yokuhlala, intlawulo yamanzi iya kuhlawulwa.

Ukongeza, umgangatho ungabandakanya inani lemisebenzi karhulumente, inkulu kunomhlali ohlalayo. Ukuhlawula amanzi ngamamitha, njengomgaqo, kukhululeka kakhulu kwezoqoqosho.

Ukusetyenziswa kweso sixhobo kubandakanya imiba emininzi. Okokuqala, ukuthabatha ubungqina kwibalarethi, kunye nokuwadlulisela kwizindlu kunye neenkonzo zomntu, abanikazi bezindlu kufuneka bafeze umsebenzi wabo. Okwesibini, akuvunyelwe ukwenza utshintsho olwenziweyo kwiimpawu. Okwesithathu, kubalulekile ukudlulisela amanani ukusuka kumamitha ngexesha: ukuba le nto ingenziwanga, inkampani yenkonzo inelungelo lokuhlawula imali ngokubhekiselele kumanzi ngokwemigaqo (kwaye oku kungenakuncedo). Izixhobo eziphendulayo kwiindawo zokuhlala zifakwa, njengommiselo, ezimbini: i-counter counter yamanzi ashushu kunye nesitya esifanayo. Ikhefu lingaba lukhetho xa ifulethi iyinkunkuma yokuhambisa amanzi. Kule meko, kuphela ukuhlawula kwamanzi abandayo kubangelwa kumitha okanye ngaphandle.

Imbali yokubonakala kwamanzi amitha

Kukho inkcazelo yomlando ukuba isalathisi sokuqala sophawu lwamanzi sibonakale seMinyaka ephakathi. Kwimithombo ye-encyclopedic kuthiwa iidonki zenye iindwendwe zaseLombardy zathengisa amanzi amaninzi asetyenziselwa ukunkcenkceshela kwezidlo. Ukulinganisa ubungakanani balo, imitha yamanzi yayisetyenziselwa uhlobo lwezakhiwo kunye nomngxube ambalwa amentimitha, apho kukho ixesha elithile kunye nentloko eqhubekayo yaphuma enye yamanzi aseMilanese.

Kwimifono engaphezulu okanye engaphantsi kwexesha, i-counter for water yabonakala ngekhulu le-19, ngenxa yemigudu yomqambi waseJalimane uKarl Wilmm Siemens. Esi sixhobo sasiyimishini. Wayesebenza njengetye lokuhambisa amanzi . Kwakukho umgxobhozo kuwo - into evumela amanzi ukuba agijime kumalayini aze adlulisele ukujikeleza kwendlela yokubala, kwaye udibanise. Kwiminyaka embalwa, ifowuni eyenzelwe yenzululwazi yafumana udumo eJamani, kwaye emva kwesikhashana ukuguqulwa kwakhe kwafika eRashiya.

Iimpawu zokuhlawula amanzi amanzi

Ukunikezelwa kwamanzi ashushu eRussia kunokwenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini. Iyokuqala ngukuthi kuthiwa "iinkqubo zamanzi ezivaliweyo". Iindleko zamanzi zinqunywe yinkampani yomthengisi, ngokusekelwe ekuhambeni komrhumo. Ngenye indlela, kukho iinkqubo "ezivulekileyo" kuzo: iindleko zeemitha zamatrikhi kumanzi umthengi unamalungu amabini: amaxabiso amanzi abandayo kunye neengcaphuno zezinto ezibizwa ngokuba ngumthunzi wokushisa.

Ngokumalunga nale nkqubo yokuhlawula kwiidolophu ezahlukeneyo zelizwe, imithetho iyahluka kakhulu. Kodwa kwimithombo emininzi uluvo lokuba ixabiso lamanzi ashushu kwiindlela ezivulekileyo ziphantsi kakhulu kunokuba zivaliwe. Ngoko ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zokubala kuzo kubaluleke ngakumbi kwaye kukuvumela ukuba ulondoloze.

Ukuhlawulelwa kwamanzi ashushu eMoscow

Makhe sibone ukuba yiyiphi imirhumo ekhoyo yoluhlobo oluthile kakhulu lwamanzi-ashushu - xa usebenzisa iibalithi zabahlali baseMoscow ngo-2014 (umzekelo, izicaphuno ezivunywe yi-MOEK). Thatha ukhetho kwiinqununu ezivaliweyo. Intlawulo yabemi belikhulu (ngabanye) - ii-ruble eziyi-126.93 nganye ngeyureyitha enye yokupholisa ngaphambi koJulayi 1, 2014 kunye neeyunithi eziyi-127.57 zemali yaseRussia-emva koko. Kukho iingxelo zokuthi amanani ukusuka ngoNovemba aya kufikelela kuma-ruble ayi-135.79 nganye ngamithayubhi yamitha. Ngelo xesha, kukho inkxaso - ukususela ngoJulayi 1 ukuya kuNovemba 1 kuya kuba ngu-21.05 ruble.

Imigaqo yokumisela intengo yamanzi abandayo

Ixabiso elincinci ngumthengi ukusebenzisa amanzi abandayo. Isetyenziselwa inani elikhulu leemfuno zendlu. Ngokwemeko yintoni iirhafu zamanzi abandayo eRashiya? Okokuqala, yile xabiso lexabiso lokufumana kwayo. Ngaphambi kokuba amanzi angene kumpompo, ugeleza kumbhobho wamanzi, kwaye nangaphambili uphelela izigaba zokuhlanjululwa kunzima emva kokufunyanwa kumlambo okanye kumanzi.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi abandayo, ngokuhambelana nemithetho yaseRussia, akusiyo ishishini (nangona kunjalo ukuba iinkampani zamanzi ngamanye amaxesha ziyimibutho yabucala), kwaye iirhafu zokugqibela zomthengi zenziwa kwinqanaba likamasipala (kwaye kwezinye iimeko Amaziko aseFransi axhunyiwe kule nto). Ixabiso lentengo, ngaphezu kweenkqubo zeteknoloji, kubandakanya iindleko zabasebenzi kubasebenzi be-hydro-canals, izindleko zokunciphisa, izindleko zombane kunye nezinye izinto ezinokusetyenziswa. I-akhawunti yokuhlawulwa kwamanzi abandayo athatyathwa rhoqo kwixabiso lokulahlwa kwamanzi.

Iindleko zamanzi abandayo eMoscow?

Makhe sibone oko kufakwe kwiirhafu zamanzi ebanda kwi-capital city yaseRussia kumzekelo werhafu ebekwe ngu-OAO Mosvodokanal. Ngo-2014, kukho amaxesha amabini apho iintlawulo ezahlukeneyo zisebenza-kude kube ngoJulayi 1 nangemva koko. Kwiqingatha yokuqala yamanzi abandayo ama-Muscovites ama-ruble angama-28 ama-kopecks ngamamitha ayi-cubic (kunye no-20.15 ukulahlwa kwamanzi). Ukususela ngoNovemba 1, amanani aya kukhula kakhulu. Ngomitha omnye weekhabrikhi zamanzi abandayo, abahlali belikhulu baya kuhlawula i-ruble ezingama-29 ze-kopecks (kunye ne-drainage - 20.69). Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba ezi ntlawulo azibandakanyi ikhomishini enokwenzeka, apho iibhanki zithatha xa ukufundwa kwemitha kuhlawulelwa ukulungiselela ababoneleli.

Iindleko zamanzi abandayo kumazwe angaphandle azibiza njani?

Uphando olutshishino olukhulu lwaseRussia lubonisa ukuba iintlawulo zamanzi ezibandayo zaseMoscow azizona ezibiza kakhulu, kodwa akuzona ezithengisa kakhulu kwihlabathi. Ukuthelekisa: abahlali bezinye izixeko zaseDenmark baphoqelelwe ukuba bahlawule i-cubic meter yamanzi malunga ne-10 (kunye nokulahlwa kwamanzi). Ngelo xesha, abemi baseTurkmenistan bangenza ngaphandle kwamanzi nonke, ngaphandle kokuba kuphelelwa ngaphezu kwama-lititha ezingama-250 ngosuku. Phakathi kwamazwe anamanzi abizayo kakhulu-eBelgium, eNorway, eJamani (kukho amaxabiso - malunga nee-6-7 zama dollar nganye ngeekhijitri nganye, kuquka ukucoceka kwendle). Amanzi aphantsi kakhulu e-Indonesia, eSaudi Arabia, eCuba. Iimitha zamatriki zifanelekile ambalwa amenti.

Ndingayihlawula njani amanzi

Ukuhlawulela amanzi kunye nezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo (njengomthetho, zonke iintlawulo ziya kwi-risithi enye kwi-HOA okanye kwinkampani yolawulo) ingaba ngeendlela ezininzi. Phakathi kwendabuko-uhambo oluya kwibhankini kunye nentlawulo "kwifestile" kwi-cashashi. Kukho ithuba lokwenza okufanayo, usebenzisa i-terminals terminals (ukuba kuyimfuneko, umcebisi weziko lemali-mali uya kunceda ukwenza oku). Enye indlela yokusebenzisa i-analog yalezi zixhobo ukusuka kwiinkqubo zokuhlawula ezikhethekileyo (QIWI, inkqubo "yesiXeko", njl.). Zombini ezi zikhetho zilungile ngenxa yokungahambi komgca. Nangona kunjalo, akuzona zonke iimeko kwiziko lababoneleli-ntlawulo abane-HOA okanye inkampani yolawulo-oku kubangela ukuba abaninzi baseRussia bahlawule ngale ndlela.

Abantu abaninzi baseRussia banelungelo lokubona indlela entsha evumela ukuba amanzi ahlawulwe ngamanani okubala, kunye nezinye izinto ezincedisayo-ebhanki kwi-intanethi. Enyanisweni, kufuneka idityaniswe kwinkqubo eyahlukileyo kwaye ikwazi ukusebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo le sixhobo. Enye yeenzuzo ezingabonakaliyo zale ndlela kukuba kwisiseko sebhanki kukho amathuba amaninzi ukuba nayiphi na i-HOA okanye iCC yesixeko iya kufumaneka. Ukufumaneka kwakhona kukuba zonke iirisithi zigcinwa ngekhompyutha. Ngaphandle kwebhanki ye-intanethi, iifowuni zekhompyutha zeenkqubo zokuhlawula (i-QIWI efanayo, "iYandex.Money", njl. Njl.) Isetyenziswa rhoqo. Kodwa zibonakaliswe yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwiimpazamo zokuhlawula. Kukho iinkonzo ezizodwa ze-intanethi ezivumela ukuba uhlawule amanzi ngamanani okubala, kunye nezinye iinkonzo nge-VISA okanye kwi-MasterCard.

Imiba yokufakwa

Ukufakwa kwe-counter kuyinto engathandeki ukuvelisa kubanikazi bezindlu. Oku kufuneka kulandelwe yiingcali. Unokuzifumana ngokuqhagamshelana nenkampani yokuncedisa izindlu okanye intlangano enomsebenzi oyintloko ofaka amamitha. Ikiti, eyimfuneko yokufakela okufanelekileyo imitha yamanzi, ngokuqhelekileyo iquka ezi zinto zilandelayo zixhobo zokupasa. Le mibini yamagqabi ebhola kunye nentambo (yangaphandle, yangaphakathi), iifayile ezimbini zamanzi zokucoca ngokucokisekileyo, empeleni imitha yamanzi ashushu kunye ne-analog yayo ebanda. Uyakufuna kwakhona ezimbini ezibizwa ngokuba yi-valve zecats (azivumeli ukuba iincwadi zokubala ziphinde zibuyele). Emva kokufaka iimitha kwiimibhobho kufuneka kufike iingcali ezivela kumjelo wamanzi kamasipala. Bafaka iifowuni zokubhalisa uphawu, ngaloo ndlela babhalisa ukusetyenziswa kwabo.

Isidingo sokufaka izicelo kwiingcali kubangelwa inxalenye enkulu ukuba xa ufaka iimitha, ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka ukhubaze okwethutyana ezinye iinkqubo zesevisi ezinxulumene namanye amafulethi. Ukuqala ngethuba lokulungisa ukuphazamiseka kwabamelwane nokuphelisa ukuchithwa okuchanekileyo kweenkqubo ezikulo mbuzo, ingcali onamava iza kuba ngcono ukufaka iimitha.

Imiba yokutshintshwa

Imitha yamanzi, njenganoma yiphina enye indlela, ingahluleka ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Kuya kufuneka ukuba utshintshwe. Akukhuthazwa ukuba wenze oku ngokwakho, njengoko kwimeko yokufakela. Kukho iimeko xa umnini wefestile enza zonke iinkqubo zobugcisa ngokungenasiphelo, kodwa eGorvodokanal wenqatshelwe ukutywinwa kwezixhobo, ngokubhekiselele ekufakweni kobuchwephesha.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umnini-mhlaba unomnqweno wokwenza indawo yokumisela imitha yedwa, ngoko kufuneka aqwalasele le miba elandelayo. Okokuqala, kukho umcibisholo kumitha nganye yamanzi - kufuneka ihambelane nesikhokelo sokuhamba kwamanzi. Okwesibini, i-counter kufuneka isetyenziswe ukuze umgama phakathi kwawo kunye nokuphakama awukho ngaphantsi kwama-30 cm. Okwesithathu, ukufowunelwa kwesixhobo kufuneka kumekwe ukuze ukufundwa kubonakale ngokucacileyo. Kuyaziwa ukuba ukuhlawula kwamanzi ashushu kumitha (njengemveliso ebiza kakhulu kwizindlu kunye neenkonzo zoluntu) kudinga ukudluliswa kwedatha echanekileyo kunabathengisi. Ukulungiswa kwakhona kwezibonakaliso ezingalunganga, ezinye zezindlu kunye nemibutho yoluntu ziyanqikaza.

Yintoni eya kwenzeka xa ungafaki i-counter

Ukuhlawulwa kwamanzi ngaphandle kwe-counter, eqinisweni, kunokwenzeka. Kuqhutyelwa ngabaqeshi abaninzi kakhulu ngokwemigangatho. Kodwa amaRashiya akhathazeke ngombuzo wento eya kwenzeka xa iibarari zingabekwa. Ngokwezinye iingcali, umthetho awukwazi ukuphendula ngokucacileyo kulo mbuzo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMthetho we-Federal No. 261 "On Energy Saving" unyanzelekile abanikazi bendlu ukuba baqale ukuhlawula amanzi ngamitha ngaphambi kweJulayi 1, 2012. Kodwa ngelo xesha, akukho ziphumo zempembelelo yolawulo kubanikazi beendawo zokuhlala, apho imitha engayifakelanga okwangoku, njengoko iingcali zithi, i-legislator ayigqibekanga.

Ngelo xesha, kukho imigaqo emininzi ekhoyo, ukususela ngoJanuwari 1, 2015, kulawo mafulo apho kunokwenzeka khona ukuba ufake imitha, kodwa oku akukwenziwanga, imigangatho yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi iya kwandiswa ngokulingana kokwanda. Oku kuthetha ukuba iirhafu zokuhlawula amanzi kumitha ziza kuba zinenzuzo ngakumbi kunezibalo zemigangatho.