Indlela yokuchonga amandla omelana nabaxhasi. Abaxhasi bamandla ukuxhuma okufanayo

Zonke izixhobo zecomputer ziqulethe i-resistors, eziyintloko zazo. Ngoncedo lwazo, tshintsha ixabiso lekhoyo kwesekethe zombane. Eli nqaku lichaza iipropati zezichasi kunye nezindlela zokubala amandla abo.

Isabelo somxhasi

Ukulungelelanisa okwangoku kwizicwangciso zombane ezisetyenziswayo. Eli propati ichazwe ngumthetho ka-Ohm:

I = U / R (1)

Kubonakala ngokucacileyo kwi-formula (1) ukuba umgangatho ongaphantsi, ukomelela okwandayo okwangoku, kwaye ngokuphambeneyo, incinci ixabiso le-R, eyona nto ikhoyo ngoku. Yiyo le propati yokuxhatshazwa kombane esetyenziswe ngunjineli kagesi. Ngokusekelwe kule fomyula, iisekethe ezikhoyo ngoku zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo zombane.

Kulo phaluka, okwangoku ukusuka kwimvelaphi ihlukaniswe kabini, ngokungafaniyo ukuxhatshazwa kwabaxhatshazi.

Ukongeza kwimimiselo yangoku, abaxhatshazwayo basebenziselwa kubahluli bemitha. Kule meko, umthetho ka-Ohm uphinde usetyenziswe, kodwa ngendlela ehlukileyo:

U = I ∙ R (2)

Ukususela kumhlathi (2) kulandelwa ukuba njengoko ukwanda kwamanyathelo, ukunyuka kombane kuyanda. Le propati isetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kweesekethe zombane.

Ukusuka kwesekethe kunye nomgaqo (2) kucacile ukuba imithwalo yokubambisana nayo isasazwa ngokumalunga nokuxhathisa.

Umfanekiso wesigxina kwiisekethe

Ngokwemigangatho, abaxhatshali bamelwa ngecangca kunye nobukhulu be-10 x 4 mm kwaye bachazwa yileta R. Amandla abachasi kwisiphaluka aboniswa rhoqo. Umfanekiso wale nqondiso uyenziwa ngu-oblique okanye imigca eqondekileyo. Ukuba amandla angaphezu kwama-2 watts, ukutyunjwa kwenziwa kwimibolo yamaRoma. Oku kuvame ukuqhutyelwa kubaxhasi bamacingo. Kwamanye amazwe, umzekelo kwi-USA, ezinye iindibano zisetyenzisiweyo. Ukwenza kube lula ukulungiswa nokuhlalutya kwesekethe, amandla amanqabana ahlala esinikwe , ukutyunjwa kwawo okwenziwa ngokuhambelana neGOST 2.728-74.

Impawu zobugcisa zezixhobo

Uphawu oluphambili lokumelana nalo luhlobo lokumelana no-R _n , eboniswa kwidrafti ecaleni komxhatshazo kunye nendlu yayo. Iyunithi yokumelana no-ohm, kilo kunye ne-mega. Abahlaseli abanokumelana namaqhezu ama-ohms kunye nama-megaohms amakhulu akhiqizwa. Kukho ubuchwepheshe obuninzi bokuvelisa abaxhatshazwayo, bonke baneenzuzo kunye neempembelelo. Ngokomgaqo-nkqubo, akukho teknoloji eya kwenza ukuba kwenzeke ukuvelisa ukuxhatshazwa ngokubaluleka okuchazwe ngokuchanekileyo.

Isibini sibonakaliso esibalulekileyo ukuphambuka koxhathiso. Ilinganiselwa kwi% ye-R. ekhethiweyo Kukho ulungelelaniso oluqhelekileyo lokuchasana: ± 20, ± 10, ± 5, ± 2, ± 1% kwaye uqhubeke u-± 0.001%.

Uphawu olulandelayo olubalulekileyo luyi-power resistors. Ngethuba lokusebenza, bavutha ngumoya okhoyo ngoku. Ukuba ukutshitshiswa kwamandla kudlula inani elivumelekileyo, isixhobo siya kuphelelwa.

Abaxhasi xa befudumala utshintsho lwabo, ukwenzela ukuba izixhobo zisebenze ngolu hlobo lweqondo lokushisa olubanzi, esinye isalathisi senziwa - ukulingana kwamaqondo okushisa. Ilinganiswa nge-ppm / ° C, oku-10 ^-6 R _n ° ° C (isiqingatha sesigidi seR _n kwi-1 ° C).

Uxhumano lwangaphakathi lwabaxhasi

Abaxhasi banganxibelelana ngezindlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo: ukulandelana, ukufana kunye nokudibanisa. Ngomnxeba wechungechunge, okwangoku ngokugqithiseleyo kudlulela kuzo zonke ukuchasana.

Ngokuxhamla okunjalo, okwangoku naluphi na umgangatho kwinqanawa iyafana, inokumiselwa ngumthetho ka-Ohm. Ukunganyangeki kwesekethe kwimeko elinganayo nesibalo sokuxhathisa:

R = 200 + 100 + 51 + 39 = 390 Ohm;

I = U / R = 100/390 = 0.256 A.

Ngoku kunokwenzeka ukugqiba amandla kunye noxilongo lwezinto ezixhamliweyo, ababalwe ngolu hlobo:

P = I ² ∙ R = 0.256 ² ∙ 390 = 25.55 W.

Ngokufanayo, amandla ase-resistors asele azimisele:

P ₁ = I ² ∙ R ₁ = 0.256 ² ∙ 200 = 13.11 W;

P ₂ = I ² ∙ R ₂ = 0.256 ² ∙ 100 = 6.55 W;

P ₃ = I ² ∙ R ₃ = 0.256 ² ∙ 51 = 3.34 W;

P ₄ = I ² ∙ R ₄ = 0.256 ² ∙ 39 = 2.55 W.

Ukuba udibanisa amandla abachasayo, ufumana iP epheleleyo:

P = 13.11 + 6.55 + 3.34 + 2.55 = 25.55 W.

Ukuqhagamshelana okufanayo kunye nabaxhatshazi

Ngoxubano olufanayo, zonke iziqalo zabaxhatshazi zixhunyekwe kumbolo enye yesiphaluka, kwaye iiphelo ziya kwelinye. Ngolu qhagamshelwano, amasebe angoku kunye nokuhamba ngefowuni nganye. Ubungakanani bokuba ngoku, ngokutsho komthetho we-Ohm, kulandelelana ngokungafaniyo nokuchasana, kwaye i-voltage kuwo onke ama-resistors afana.

Ngaphambi kokufumanisa okwangoku, kubalulekile ukubala i-conductivity iyonke yabaxhatshazi ngokwemimiselo eyaziwayo:

1 / R = 1 / R ₁ + 1 / R ₂ + 1 / R ₃ + 1 / R ₄ = 1/200 + 1/100 + 1/51 + 1/39 = 0.005 + 0.01 + 0.0196 + 0.0256 = 0.06024 1 / Ohm.

Ukuchasana kukuhambelana nokuqhuba:

R = 1 / 0.06024 = 16.6 Ohm.

Ukusebenzisa umthetho ka-Ohm, omnye ufumana ikhoyo ngoku ngokusebenzisa umthombo:

I = U / R = 100 ∙ 0.06024 = 6,024 A.

Ukwazi okwangoku ngokusebenzisa umthombo, fumana amandla ophikisanayo odibeneyo ngokuhambelana nomgaqo:

P = I ² ∙ R = 6,024 ² ∙ 16.6 = 602.3 W.

Ngokomthetho kaOmm, ngoku ibala kubalweli:

I ₁ = U / R ₁ = 100/200 = = 0.5 A;

I ₂ = U / R ₂ = 100/100 = 1 A;

I ₃ = U / R ₁ = 100/51 = 1.96 A;

I ₁ = U / R ₁ = 100/39 = 2.56 A.

Kancinci ngenye indlela, unako ukubala amandla abachasayo ngokuxhamla okufanayo:

P ₁ = U ² / R ₁ = 100 2/200 = 50 W;

P ₂ = U ² / R ₂ = 100 2/100 = 100 W;

P ₃ = U ² / R ₃ = 100 2/51 = 195.9 W;

P ₄ = U ² / R ₄ = 100 2/39 = 256.4 W.

Ukuba uzibeka ndawonye, ufumana amandla abo bonke abachasayo:

P = P ₁ + P ₂ + P ₃ + P ₄ = 50 + 100 + 195.9 + 256.4 = 602.3 W.

Idibeneyo

Iindibano ezinxibelelwano oluxubileyo lwabaxhatshazi ziqulethe ukudibanisa kunye nxu lumano olufanayo. Esi sesekethe kulula ukuguqula, ukutshintsha uxhumano olufanayo lwabaxhatshazi kwicandelo. Ukwenza oku, kuqala ubeke endaweni yokumelana no-R ₂ no-R ₆ ngo- _R6,6 , usebenzisa i-formula echazwe ngezantsi:

R _2.6 = R ₂ ∙ R ₆ / R ₂ + R _6.

Ngokufanayo, abaphikisi be-R ₄ , R ₅ bathatyathwa ngu-R _4.5:

R _4.5 = R ₄ ∙ R ₅ / R ₄ + R ₅ .

Isiphumo sisicwangciso esitsha, esilula. Zombini izicwangciso zinikezelwa ngezantsi.

Amandla abachasayo kwisiphaluka kunye noxubano oluxubileyo ligqitywa ngufomula:

P = U ∙ I.

Ukubala le fomyula, siqala ukufumana umbane kwintsebenzo nganye kunye nobukhulu bekhoyo ngoku. Ungasebenzisa enye indlela ukuze ugqibe amandla ochasayo. Ukwenza oku, sebenzisa ifom:

P = U ∙ I = (I ∙ R) ∙ I = I ² ∙ R.

Ukuba kuphela i-voltage kuwo onke ama-resistors ayaziwa, enye ifom ifumaneka:

P = U ∙ I = U ∙ (U / R) = U ² / R.

Zonke iifomula ezintathu zivame ukusetyenziswa ekusebenzeni.

Ukubalwa kweeramitha zeesekethe

Ukubalwa kweeramitha zesiphaluka kubandakanya ukufumana imitha engaziwayo kunye neminyango yazo onke amasebe kwicandelo lombane wesiphaluka. Ukuba nale datha, kunokwenzeka ukubala amandla omxhasi ngamnye kufakwe kwisiphaluka. Iindlela ezilula zokubala ziboniswe ngasentla, ngokwenza ukuba imeko iyanzima.

Kwii-circuits zangempela, kubakho ukudibanisa kwabaxhathisi beenkwenkwezi kunye nentantathu, okudala ubunzima obukhulu kubalo. Ukwenza lula izicwangciso ezinjalo, iindlela ziye zaphuhliswa ukuguqula inkwenkwezi zibe ngxantathu, kwaye ngokufanayo. Le ndlela iboniswe kumzobo ongezantsi:

Isikimu sokuqala sineenkwenkwezi ekubunjweni kwayo, sixhumeke kwii-0-1-3. Umxhasi R1 uxhunyiwe kwi-node 1, ukudibanisa 3 - R3, kunye ne-0-R5. Kwiqhinga lesibini, abaxhatshali benxantathu baxhunyiwe kwiisalathisi 1-3-0. Ukuncedisa i-1, abaxhatshazi R1-0 kunye ne-R1-3 baxhunyiwe, ukuba badibanise i-3 - R1-3 no-R3-0, kunye ne-0-R3-0 kunye ne-R1-0. Ezi zicwangciso ezimbini zilingana.

Ukuguqula ukusuka kwisikimu sokuqala ukuya kwesibini, ukuchasana kwabaxhatshali benxantathu kubalwa:

R1-0 = R1 + R5 + R1 ∙ R5 / R3;

R1-3 = R1 + R3 + R1 ∙ R3 / R5;

R3-0 = R3 + R5 + R3 ∙ R5 / R1.

Ukuguqulwa okuqhubekayo kuncitshiswe kuye kubalwa ukuxhatshazwa okulandelelanayo kunye nezicwangciso. Xa i-impedance yesiphaluka itholakala, umthetho we-Ohm ufumana ikhoyo ngoku. Ukusebenzisa lo myalelo, kulula ukufumana imirhumo kuwo onke amasebe.

Indlela yokumisela amandla abachasayo emva kokufumana onke amaguqu? Ukwenza oku, sebenzisa ifom eyaziwayo: P = I- ² ∙ R, ukuyisebenzisa ekumanyeni, siyafumana amandla abo.

Ukuzimisela kokuhlola iimpawu zesekethe

Ukuzimisela kokuhlola iimpawu ezifunekayo zezinto, kuyafuneka ukuba udibanise isiphaluli esinikezelweyo ukusuka kumacandelo okwenene. Emva koko, zonke iimilinganiselo ezifunekayo zenziwa ngoncedo lwezixhobo zokulinganisa zombane. Le ndlela ichitha ixesha kwaye ibiza. Abaphuhlisi bezixhobo zombane kunye nekhompyutheni kule njongo basebenzise iinkqubo zokumisela. Ngosizo lwabo, zonke izibalo ezifunekayo zenziwe, kwaye ukuziphatha kwezicwangciso zesiphaluka kuboniswa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Kuphela emva kwesi sibonakaliso sesixhobo sobugcisa esihlanganisiweyo. Enye yeprogram enjalo ixhaphakileyo yinkqubo enamandla ye-Multisim 14.0 kwi-National Instruments.

Indlela yokumisela amandla abachasene nale nkqubo? Oku kuya kwenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini. Indlela yokuqala ukulinganisa okwangoku kunye nombane usebenzisa i-ammeter kunye ne-voltmeter. Ukwandisa iziphumo zokulinganisa, sifumana amandla afunekayo.

Kule sikimu, sinquma amandla okumelana neR3:

P ₃ = U ∙ I = 1,032 ∙ 0,02 = 0,02064 I = 20,6 mW.

Indlela yesibini imilinganiselo echanekileyo yamandla nge-wattmeter.

Kule mzobo kubonakala ukuba amandla okumelana no-R3 alingana no-P3 = 20.8 mW. Ukungahambelani ngenxa yephutha kwindlela yokuqala kukhulu. Ngokufanayo, amagunya amacandelo asele azimisele.