Ziziphi izixhobo zokugcina amandla

Ubume bunike abantu ngemithombo eyahlukeneyo yamandla: ilanga, umoya, imilambo nabanye. Ukungahambi kakuhle kwezi zixhobo ze-free energy ukungabikho kozinzo. Ngako oko, ngamaxesha obunamandla obuninzi, kugcinwa kwiitanki zokugcina kwaye ziqhutywe ngexesha lokuncipha kwexeshana. Abagcini bamandla babonisa ezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Isixa samandla agciniweyo;
• Izinga lokuqokelela kunye nokubuyisela;
• Ubukhulu becala;
• Ixesha lokugcina amandla;
• Ukuthembeka;
• Iindleko zokuvelisa nokugcinwa kunye nabanye.

Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuhlela ii-drive. Enye yezona zinto zilungele ukulungiswa kohlobo lwamandla asetyenziswayo kwi-drive, kwaye indlela eqokelelwa ngayo iphinde iphindwe kwakhona. Abaqokeleli bamandla bahlula kwiiindidi ezilandelayo:

• I zixhobo;
• Utywala;
• Umbane;
• Amachiza.

Ukuqokelela amandla angako

Ingundoqo yezi zixhobo ayizinzima. Xa uphakamisa umthwalo, kukho ukuqokelela amandla, xa ukuwinciphisa ukwenza umsebenzi onobuchule. Impawu zoyilo zixhomekeke kuhlobo lwempahla. Ingaba yinto eqinile, eyomileyo okanye ephosakeleyo. Njengomgaqo, ukuyila kwezixhobo zolu hlobo kulula kakhulu, ngoko ke ukuthembeka okuphezulu kunye nobomi besikhathi eside. Ixesha lokugcinwa kwamandla agciniweyo lixhomekeke kwixesha elide lempahla kwaye linokufikelela kwiminyaka eyiwaka. Ngelishwa, ezi zixhobo zinombane ophantsi.

Ukugcinwa kwamatshini kwamandla ekinetic

Kulezi zixhobo, amandla agcinwe kwishukumo somzimba. Ngokuqhelekileyo oku kuyisistim yokunyusa okanye ukuguqulela.

Amandla ekhenkethi kwiinkqubo ezitshintshileyo zigxininiswe ekuhambeni kwesigxina somzimba. Amandla anikezelwa kwaye adliwe kwiingxenye, ngexesha kunye nokuhamba komzimba. Inkqubo inzima kakhulu kwaye ingenangqondo ekulungiseni. Kusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiiwashi zokugada. Isixa samandla esilondoloziweyo sihlala sisincinci kwaye sifanelekile kuphela ukusebenza kweso sixhobo.

Iimoto ezisebenzisa amandla e-gyro

I-kinetic energy reserve igxininise kwi-flywheel ejikelezayo. Amandla athile e-flywheel kakhulu adlula amandla e-static load. Kunokwenzeka ngethuba elifutshane ukwenza ukwamkelwa okanye ukubuyela kwamandla amakhulu. Ixesha lokulondoloza amandla lifutshane, kwaye iindawo ezininzi zokucwangciswa zikhawulelwe kwiiyure eziliqela. Itheknoloji yamanje ikuvumela ukuba usebenzise ixesha lokugcina amandla kwiinyanga eziliqela. I-Flywheels inomdla kakhulu kumxube. Amandla esi sixhobo axhomekeke ngokukhawuleza kwisantya sokujikeleza kwawo. Ngoko ke, ngexesha lokuqokelela kunye nokukhululwa kwamandla, isantya sokujikeleza se-flywheel sitshintsha. Kwaye umthwalo, njengommiselo, rhoqo, isivinini sokujikeleza siyafuneka.

Iifowuni ezithembisayo zininzi ezinkulu ze-flywheels. Zenziwe nge-tape yensimbi, i-fiber yokwenziwa okanye i-wire. Uyilo lube lukhulu okanye lube nebala elingenanto. Ekubeni kwendawo yokukhulula, ukujika kwetape kuhamba kwipheriphery of the rotation, umzuzwana we-inertia yeenguqu ze-flywheel, inxalenye yamandla igcinwa entwasahlobo ephosakeleyo. Kwizixhobo ezinjalo, isantya sokujikeleza sisisigxina ngakumbi kunokuba kudibeneyo, kwaye amandla abo aphezulu kakhulu. Ukongeza, zikhuselekile.

Ii-flywheels zanamhlanje zenziwe kwi-Kevlar fiber. Bajikeleza kwigumbi lokucoca ngokumiswa kwamagnetic. Unako ukugcina amandla kwiinyanga eziliqela.

Izixhobo zokugcina izithuthi usebenzisa i-force elastic

Olu hlobo lwedivayisi lunokugcina ubuninzi bamandla athile. Ukususela kwisitoreji somatshini unamandla amakhulu kunamacandelo anokulingana kwamangenti ambalwa. Iindiza ezinkulu ezijikelezayo ezinamandla kakhulu zokujikeleza zinamandla amakhulu kakhulu, kodwa zisengozini kwizinto zangaphandle kwaye zinexesha elincinci lokugcina amandla.

Ukugcinwa kwamatshini kusetyenziswe amandla asetshizi

Unako ukunika amandla amakhulu kunamacandelo onke okugcina amanzi. Ilinganiselwe kuphela ngumda wamandla entwasahlobo. Amandla entwasahlobo ecindezelweyo angagcinwa iminyaka emininzi. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuguquka rhoqo kweso sinyithi, ukukhathala kuqokelela, kwaye amandla okunyuka kwentwasahlobo ahla. Ngelo xesha, iimithombo zensimbi ephezulu phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza zingasebenza amakhulu eminyaka ngaphandle kokulahleka okubonakalayo kwamandla.

Imisebenzi yasentwasahlobo inokuthi iyenziwe nayiphi na i-elastic elements. Umjelo werubha, umzekelo, unamaxesha amaninzi ngaphezu kweemveliso zensimbi ngokwemandla egcinwe nganye yunithi. Kodwa ubomi benkonzo yeerubha ngenxa yokuguga kweekhemikhali yiminyaka embalwa nje.

Ukugcinwa kwamatshini usebenzisa amandla egesi anexinzelelo

Kule hlobo lwedivayisi, amandla agcinwa ngokucwangcisa igesi. Ukuba kukho amandla angaphezu kwegesi, igesi igxothwa nge-compressor phantsi koxinzelelo kwisilinda. Xa kuyimfuneko, igesi egxininisiweyo isetyenziselwa ukujikeleza i-turbine okanye i-generator generator. Kwizinto ezincinci, kunokuba i-turbine, kucetyiswa ukuba isebenzise i-piston motor. Igesi kwisitya esinxinzelelekileyo samakhulu emimandla sezulu sinobunzima obukhulu obukhulu kwiminyaka emininzi, kwaye phambi kobuninzi obuphezulu-kunye neminyaka emashumi.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla ashushu

Ininzi yintsimi yelizwe lethu ifumaneka kwimimandla ekumntla, ngoko ke inxalenye enkulu yamandla idliwe ukutshisa. Kule nxu lumene, kuyimfuneko ukusombulula rhoqo ingxaki yokugcina ubushushu kwidivaysi yokugcina kwaye uyifumene ukusuka apho ukuba kuyimfuneko.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, akunakwenzeka ukufezekisa ubuninzi obuphezulu bokugcina amandla ombane kunye naliphi na ixesha elifanelekileyo lokongiwa kwalo. Izixhobo ezikhoyo ezifanelekileyo ngenxa yempawu yazo kunye namaxabiso aphezulu azifanelekanga kwisicelo esibanzi.

Ukuqokelela ngenxa yobungakanani bokushisa

Le yindlela yeyona ndlela yamandulo. Isekelwe kumgaqo wokuqokelela kwamandla ashushu xa ixabiso litshiswa kwaye ukushisa kukhishwe xa selehlile. Uyilo lwale mishini lulula kakhulu. Ziyakwazi ukuba yiqhekeza nayiphi na into eqinile okanye isitya esivaliweyo esinokupholisa amanzi. Ukugcinwa kwamandla kagesi kunobomi obude kakhulu, ubuninzi benani elingenamkhawulo lokujikeleza kwamandla kunye neziphumo. Kodwa ixesha lokugcina alidluli iintsuku eziliqela.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla kagesi

Amandla kagesi yindlela efanelekileyo kakhulu kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Kungenxa yoko izixhobo zokugcina zombane ziye zasasazeka kwaye zininzi ziphuhlisiwe. Ngelishwa, isakhono esithile sezixhobo ezincinci liphantsi, kwaye izixhobo ezinamandla amakhulu athile zibiza kakhulu kwaye zihlala zifutshane. Abaxhamli bamandla kagesi ngamagunya, ionistors, i-accumulators.

Abaphathi

Olu luhlobo olukhulu kakhulu lokugcinwa kwamandla. I-Condensers iyakwazi ukusebenza kumaqondo okushisa ukusuka kwi -50 ukuya kwi-150 degrees. Inani leendlela zokuqokelela amandla kunye nokukhululwa kwamashumi amabini ngeesibini. Ngokudibanisa ama-capacitors amaninzi ngokufanayo, unokufumana lula ukufumana amandla okufunwa. Ukongezelela, kukho ama-capacitor ahlukeneyo. Ikhono lala ma-capacitor linokuhlukahluka ngamanzi okanye ngombane okanye ngokubhekiselele ekushiseni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ama-capacitor ahlukeneyo anokufumaneka kwiisekethe ezingekho.

Abaxhobi bahlukeneyo baba ngamaqela amabini - aphezulu kunye nabangaphantsi. Ubomi benkonzo ye-polar (i-electrolytic) ingaphantsi kwe-non-polar, ixhomekeka ngakumbi kwiimeko zangaphandle, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo linamandla amakhulu.

Njengezixhobo zokuqokelela amandla, ama-capacitors awona mafoni aphumelele kakhulu. Unomthamo omncinci kunye nobunzima obungabalulekanga bokugcina amandla, kwaye ixesha lokugcinwa kwalo libalwe ngemizuzwana, imizuzu, ayifumaneki iiyure. Abaqhubi be-Condensers bafumene isicelo ikakhulu kwi-electronics kunye negunya lobunjineli bamandla kagesi.

Ukubalwa kwe-capacitor, njengomthetho, akubangele ubunzima. Zonke iinkcukacha eziyimfuneko kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-capacitors zinikezwa kwiincwadi zeencwadi zobugcisa.

Ionistory

Ezi zixhobo zihlala kwindawo ephakathi phakathi kwama-capacitor polar and batteries. Ngamanye amaxesha babizwa ngokuba "abaphezulu". Ngako oko, banenani elikhulu lenqanaba-lokukhutshwa kwamanqanaba, i-capacitance inkulu kunokuba i-capacitors, kodwa encinci kuneyona mabhethri amancinci. Ixesha lokugcina amandla lifikelela kwiiveki ezimbalwa. Ionistors zibuhlungu kakhulu kwiqondo lokushisa.

Amandla eBhetri

Iibhetri ze-Electrochemical zisetyenziswe ukuba ufuna ukugcina amandla aneleyo. Iinqununu ze-Acid-acid zifanelekile kule njongo. Baqulunqwe malunga ne-150 leminyaka edlulileyo. Kwaye, ukususela ngaloo nto, akukho nto imiselweyo entsha esele isetyenziswe kwisixhobo sebhetri. Iimodeli ezininzi ezikhethekileyo ziye zavela, umgangatho wezakhi uye wanda kakhulu, ukuthembeka kwebhethri kuye kwanda. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ibhetri yefowuni, eyenziwe ngabavelisi abahlukeneyo, ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo ihlukile kwiinkcukacha ezincinci kuphela.

Iibhetri ze-Electrochemical zihlukaniswe zibe yi-traction kwaye ziqala ibhetri. Ietrektare zentambo zisetyenziselwa ukuthutha ngombane, ukunikezelwa kwamandla okungaphendulwanga, izixhobo zamandla. Iibhetri ezinjalo zibonakaliswa ngokukhawuleza, ukukhutshwa komfaniswano kunye nobunzulu obukhulu. Ukuqala amabhetri kunokuvelisa i-current enkulu ngexesha elincinci, kodwa ukukhutshwa kancinci kubo akuvunyelwanga.

Iibhetri ze-Electrochemical zinenani elincinci lokujikeleza, ukusukela ukusuka kuma-250 ukuya ku-2000. Ngaphandle kokungasebenzi emva kweminyaka embalwa abahlulekayo. Iibhetri ze-Electrochemical zijongene nokushisa, zifuna ixesha elide lokuhlawula kunye nokugcinwa ngokuthe ngqo kwemithetho yokusebenza.

Esi sixhobo kufuneka sihlawulwe ngokukhawuleza. Ukuhlawulwa kwebhetri ephakanyisiwe kwisithuthi kwenziwa ngokunyuka kwi-generator. Ebusika, oku akwanele, ibhetri ebandayo ibangela ukuhlawulwa kakubi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kombane ukuqala injini iyanda. Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukongeza ukuhlawula ibhetri kwindlu egudumele kunye nejaja ekhethekileyo. Esinye seziphazamiso ezibalulekileyo zezixhobo ze-acid-lead isisindo esinzima.

Abaxhamli bee-power-power devices

Ukuba amadivayisi eselula anesisindo esiphantsi ayadingeka, ezi zikhethiweyo zeebhetri zikhethiweyo: i-nickel-cadmium, i-lithium-ion, i-metal-hybrid, i-polym-ionic. Banegunya eliphezulu, kodwa ixabiso liphezulu kakhulu. Ziyasetyenziswa kwiifowuni, ii-laptops, iikhamera, iikhamera zevidiyo kunye nezinye izixhobo ezincinci. Iindidi ezahlukileyo zeibhetri ziyahluka kwiiparitha zabo: inani leendlela zokuhlawula, ixesha lokugcina, amandla, ubukhulu, njl.

Iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zamandla aphezulu zisetyenzisiweyo kwiimoto zombane kunye nezithuthi ze-hybrid. Unomzimba ophantsi, amandla aphezulu kunye nokuthembeka okuphezulu. Ngexesha elifanayo, iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zinomlilo omkhulu. Ukutshatyalaliswa kunokuvela kwisekethe esifutshane, ukuchithwa kwemishini okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kwimeko, ukuphulwa kokutshaja okanye ukukhutshwa kwebhetri. Ukukhupha umlilo kunzima ngenxa yomsebenzi ophezulu we-lithium.

Iibhetri ziyisiseko sezixhobo ezininzi. Ngokomzekelo, ukugcinwa kwamandla kwifowuni ibhetri yangaphandle ehambelanayo , ibekwe kwizindlu ezinogxobhozo, ezingenamanzi. Ikuvumela ukuba uhlawule okanye usebenzise ifowuni. Amandla okugcina amagesi ombane angakwazi ukuhlawula nayiphi na idijithali, kunye nee-laptops. Kwizixhobo ezinje, njengomthetho, iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zogunyaziso olukhulu zifakwe. Ukugcinwa kwamandla ekhaya Akunjalo Yenza ngaphandle kwebhetri. Kodwa esi sixhobo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ukongeza kwibhetri, ziquka ishaja, inkqubo yolawulo, inverter. Izixhobo zingasebenza okanye zisuka kwinethiwekhi ethe ngqo okanye kwezinye iindawo. Amandla okuphuma kumyinge i-5 kW.

Ukugcinwa kwamandla amachiza

Kukho "amafutha" kunye "neengxaki" zokuqhuba. Zifuna ubuchwepheshe obukhethekileyo kwaye zihlala zikhuni zixhobo eziphezulu. Iinkqubo ezisetyenziswayo zenza kube lula ukufumana amandla kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Izimpendulo ze-thermochemical zenzeka kwiimeko eziphantsi kunye namaqondo aphezulu. Izixhobo zokuphendula ngokushisa okuphezulu ziqaliswa kuphela xa kuyimfuneko ukufumana amandla. Ngaphambi koko, zigcinwa ngokwahlukileyo, kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Izixhobo zokuphendula ngokushushu kwexesha eliqhelekileyo zihlala zihlala kwitanki enye.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla ngemveliso yombane

Le ndlela ibandakanya izigaba ezimbini ezizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo: ukuqokelela amandla ("ukuhlawula") kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo ("ukukhutshwa"). Uhlobo lwezendalo, njengomthetho, lunamandla amakhulu, amandla okugcina ixesha elide, ukusetyenziswa ngokulula. Kodwa ubomi abahlali bemi. Ukuqaliswa kobuchwepheshe obutsha kubangela iimfuno zokwanda kwee-fuel. Lo msebenzi uphendululwa ngokuphucula i-existing and energy-high-energy fuels.

Ukwethulwa ngokubanzi kweesampulu ezintsha kuphethwe yinkqubo engaphelelekiyo yeenkqubo zobuchwepheshe, ingozi enkulu yomlilo kunye nokuqhuma komsebenzi, imfuneko yabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo, izindleko eziphezulu zeetheknoloji.

Ukugcinwa kwamandla amachiza okungekho mafutha

Kulo hlobo lokugcina, amandla agcinwe ngokuguqula ezinye iikhemikhali kwabanye. Ngokomzekelo, i-lime e-slaked iyajika ibe yindawo ephilisayo xa ishushu. "Ukukhutshwa kwamanzi" kugcinwe amandla ngendlela yokushisa kunye negesi. Yiyo imeko xa i-lime isitshiweyo ngamanzi. Ukuze iphendulelo iqale, kudla ngokwaneleyo ukudibanisa izixhobo. Ngokwenene, lo luhlobo lwe-thermochemical response, luphela kuphela luya kumaqondo obushushu bamakhulu kunye namawaka ee-degrees. Ngoko ke, izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo zinzima kakhulu kwaye zibiza.