Indian Ocean: ubunzulu Ocean. Emazantsi Indian Ocean. Iqondo lobushushu kunye isiqabu le Indian Ocean

iplanethi yethu Noluyolo ngandlela zonke: a iintlobo ezininzi zezinto uhlaza, ubutyebi inginginya zasendle kunye nentaphane engapheliyo ubomi emanzini. oku ngaphezulu onke uqulathwe kwilizwe lethu elihle.

Ngokuqinisekileyo wonke umntu uyazi ukuba lo mhlaba kukho ezine Ocean kakhulu. Bonke bephela likhulu ngendlela yabo. Pacific, umzekelo, komkhulu, i-Atlantic - anetyuwa Arctic - ukubanda Indian - kunayo yonke. Nantsi ke yokugqibela siya sinikele inqaku lethu.

Ubusazi na ukuba i-Indian Ocean ikwindawo yesithathu ngobukhulu? indawo yayo okanye ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwe million 76,17 km, nto leyo 20% ye liphela. Ngoko ke zintoni iimfihlelo hero obufihlakeleyo yeevenkile zethu? Siza kuqonda kamva.

ulwazi jikelele kwi indawo

Ngasentla, ukuba ageze ocean twisiseka Asia, empumalanga - ezintsha Australia, entshona - ilanga Afrika, nakwelasezantsi - i frosty Antarctica. 30 ^anenkululeko okuyi entla kwindawo liphezulu Indian Ocean. Sikhoyo kwi nePersian Gulf. 20 ^ngasempuma iifom wobude okuyi umda ne-Atlantic Ocean ZePasifiki - ^malunga 55 146 ka-owehlayo efanayo. Ubude i-Indian Ocean - 100,000 km.

A amagama ambalwa ngembali

Ezinye iindawo impucuko yamandulo zibekwe kanye kunxweme hero yethu. Abaphandi athi omnye yokukhangela yokuqala ndaqonda phezu kwamanzi Indian Ocean, 6 namawaka. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha oomatiloshe Arab Ocean indlela. Ulwazi lokuqala geographical ukuvela 90 kwinkulungwane ye-15, ngeli xesha lale Vasco de Gama, okokuqala kwimbali baboyisa indlela ukusuka eYurophu ukuya eIndiya. Yaba nguye owathi malunga ubuhle abaninzi emanzini, okuye i-Indian Ocean.

Ubunzulu Ocean kulinganiswa ixesha edumileyo esasihamba yokuqala uJames Cook, edume ngokuba uhambo lwakhe emhlabeni wonke kwaye amaninzi ezifunyaniswe kwinkalo lwesifundo. Phonononga ulwandle ngandlela zonke, yaqala ngenkulungwane XIX, elinye lamalungu zobuntlola odumileyo British emqeleni babeziindleko olungenasiphelo inqanawa odumileyo "Challenger".

Leliphi ilizwe kwesifo yi-Indian Ocean?

Eli uhlamba giant inani elikhulu ithi, kunye zombini nemisinga siqithi.

amazwe kweli lizwekazi le-Indian Ocean;

- India;

- Australia;

- Thailand;

- Saudi Arabia;

- Iran;

- Iraq;

- Indonesia;

- Egypt;

- Somalia;

- Kenya;

- South Africa;

- Pakistan;

- United Arab Emirates;

- Myanmar;

- Malaysia;

- Mozambique;

- Bangladesh;

- Oman.

Indian Ocean lizwe:

- Mauritius;

- Maldives;

- Sri Lanka;

- Madagascar;

- Seychelles.

Nantsi i Indian Ocean omkhulu kangaka.

Ubunzulu olwandle

Indian Ocean kumafa yayo kweelwandle ezintlanu. Bayeyona ubunzulu kunye ummandla hero yethu. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, uLwandle Inkolo yenye yezinto zinzulu kwi Indian Ocean. A ingongoma ebalulekileyo kukuba lwamawa yee-ulwandle, sesazulwini sayo, apho sibekwe khona eyintlambo. Ubunzulu ngaphezu kuyinto ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi, kwaye 3600 m. Ingongoma Owona i-Indian Ocean kubekwe kufutshane nesiqithi Java kwi Sunda Trench, kwaye 7455 m. Ngokwahlukileyo kwi-Pacific Ocean, akwanelanga, ngokuba ubunzulu bayo ubuninzi 11.022 m. ( Mariana Trench).

Indian Ocean Climate

Uninzi olwandle na imimandla afumileyo, ethandwa subequatorial, nje kumzantsi kwindawo yayo ise kwi ezinezinga eliphezulu.

Imozulu mvula aba yimimoya ngamaxesha athile, yaye inxalenye esemntla olwandle. Kule ndawo kukho amaxesha amabini: yafudumala, ubusika ezolileyo eshushu, kuyana, kukho amafu, ehlotyeni lusilwa. Esinga kwelasezantsi lokusindleka imimoya yorhwebo mpuma. Kwisibanzi sifudumele, rhoqo loyise umoya onamandla ntshonalanga. imvula obukhulu lwenzeka kwi kwizowuni sentshinyela (malunga 3000 mm ngonyaka ngamnye). Ubuncinane - elunxwemeni loLwandle oluBomvu, Arabhu Gulf.

ophelelwe

bexabiso lumtyuba yamanzi phezu Indian Ocean - kuLwandle oluBomvu kunye nePersian Gulf (41%). Kananjalo izinga lezikolo etyuwa waphawula kwintsimi emazantsi ekweleenjiko kwi kwinxalenye esempuma. Njengoko sisiya ukuya Bay of Bengal ayehla kakhulu - ukuya kwi-34%.

Kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekunyuseni izinga yokwanda imvula kunye ngumphunga.

Ubuncinane yokusebenza uphawu amanzi Antarctic. Njengomgaqo, enjalo into kule ndawo echaphazela ukunyibilika komkhenkce.

lobushushu

lobushushu Ocean Indian phezu kwamanzi ^imalunga 29 C. Eli lelona zinga liphezulu. Ngaphantsi iqatshelwe Afrika unxweme, apho elele ngaphakathi waseSomalia - + 22-23 ^C. Ngelo ikhweyitha, umphezulu ubushushu bamanzi imvula + 26-28 ^C. Ukuba intshukumo emzantsi, lufikelela -1 ^{° C} (e Antarctica elunxwemeni).

igalelo lalo utshintsho ubushushu kwenziwa kwaye kwazo ukuba kwiimeko ezinqabileyo kwintsimi ukuqubha ezinezinga esemazantsi.

Njengoko sibonile, ubushushu umndilili Indian Ocean iphela iphezulu, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba hero yethu wawongwa itayitile 'olwandle zikhuthazayo ehlabathini. "

zokupaka

Indian Ocean zokupaka-19 (3 kubo bangamalungu kuLwandle Olubomvu):

1. Gulf of Aden. Kubaluleke obaneleyo kuqoqosho. Isetyenziswa ukuthutha igesi neoli eYurophu. Bay liqhagamshelene Bab-el-Mandeb Strait kunye kuLwandle Olubomvu. Luyinto ebalulekileyo kuLwandle Inkolo. Ubude layo km ezingama 890. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ummandla Gulf of Aden, amatyala inkunzi Pirate.
2. Bight Great Australian. Ubude - 1335 amawaka ezikwere zeekhilomitha .. Ubunzulu - 5670 km. Bay osuka eNtshona Koloni eKapa, ibekwe Tasmania.
3. Carpentaria. Ubunzulu -. 69 m Le bay bobabo kuLwandle Arafura. It iphumela ezweni km 600.
4. Shark. Ifunyanwa km 650 ukusuka kwisixeko Perth. Zonke matheku ye-Indian Ocean ukuba imbali yabo kunye neempawu, Shark - enye kuphela zeLifa leMveli yayo hlobo. ngonyaka ngamnye, ubuhle bayo bendalo itsala abatyeleli 120,000 ngonyaka.
5. Spencer. It elise South Australia. ubude bayo - 322 km, ububanzi - 129 km. Uhlamba York Peninsula kunye Eyre.
6. Van Diemen. Wathi igama discoverer uAbheli Tasman imbeko iRhuluneli-General Anthony van Diemen. Bay Area ngu 14,000 macala onke. km.
7. Manza. Elise kunxweme eTanzania, 16 km ukusuka kwidolophu Tanga.
8. Gulf of Cambay. Ingaba neziko elibalulekileyo lorhwebo, inxibelelanisa le iindlela zorhwebo Indian Ocean eIndiya. UMaSukude km 130.
9. Gulf of Oman. Inxibelelanisa nePersian Gulf ukuya kuLwandle Inkolo. ubude bayo - 45 km, ububanzi - 330 km, ubunzulu - 3695 km.
10. Zhosef Bonaparte. Ogama lakhe behlonipha umzalwana omdala uNapoleon. esine eriya ezikwere zeekhilomitha 26780. Kule bay zezi zamabala ezininzi.
11. EMaputo. ubude bayo - 112 km, ubunzulu - 16 m, ububanzi - 40 km. Kule bay kakuhle okuloba aphuhlileyo, ingakumbi ukuloba Shrimp.
12. Saint Vincent. Omnye matheku ezinkulu emazantsi Australia.
13. NePersian Gulf. Zizityebi koovimba oyile. Yeyona iqumrhu ibalulekileyo neAfrika. Area - 233.000 ezikwere zeekhilomitha, ubunzulu - 75 m, ububanzi - 320 km, ubude - 925 km.
14. Tajura. Uhlamba Djibouti and Somalia. Xa liphulo kwilali NI Ashinova sakhiwa ummandla wayo phantsi kwegama "Entsha eMoscow".
15. Phang Nga. Kuyinto indawo yokhenketho ethandwayo. Area - 400 macala onke. km.
16. Gulf of Martaban. Ohlamba lwaseYurophu baseMyanmar. Ubude - km 150 ubude - 220 km, ubunzulu - 20 m.
17. Gulf of Mannar. Le flora acebe kunye nezilwanyana kwi-Indian Ocean. Ekhaya ukuba iintlobo ezingaphezu 3,500 iintlanzi. pearling eziphuhlileyo. National Park yasekwa kummandla we-Gulf, kamva ibhengeze Biosphere Reserve.

Matheku loLwandle oluBomvu of the Indian Ocean

1. Aqaba. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje iiholide iye yaduma. Ubude - 175 km, ububanzi - 29 km. West Bank ngowam eYiputa, East - Saudi Arabia, North - Jordan noSirayeli.
2. Makadi. Itsala abakhenkethi kanye nogu yayo coral emangalisayo. Ngaba bay Wasolula ngenxa km 30 kunxweme yoLwandle oluBomvu.
3. Gulf of Suez. Asian Sinaiysky esahlula usingasiqithi eAfrika. Ubude - 290 km, ububanzi - 55 km.

ukukhululeka

Isiqabu le Indian Ocean luphawulwa ubunzulu wawo kummango ekuthiwa Indian central ephakeme. Ibanga kunxweme olusentshona oweeneem Indiya. Ubunzulu-avareji ye-singasentla 3.5 km kude. Kwezinye iindawo sinciphile kwaye nama-2.4 km. Emva kwale ephakeme iyahlula. Isebe lokuqala uya ukuya ngasempuma kwaye ufikelela kummandla Pacific Ocean, phantse ukubamba Antarctica, kwaye luphele kwi-mpuma Indian Ridge, ubunzulu apho - 3.5 km.

Kwelinye isebe uya Antarctica ukuya ngasezantsi luze luphele nge xitsunga ekuthiwa Kargelen-Gausberg, ubunzulu ubuncinane ngasentla apho - 0.5 km, ubuninzi - 2.3 km.

Central Indian Ocean Ridge ihlukane iinxalenye ezimbini ezahlukeneyo-ubungakanani: empuma nasentshona. Elise kummandla wasempumalanga Indo-Australia kunye South Australian Basin, ubunzulu apho iyahluka ukusuka 500 ukuya 7455 m. Xa kumntla-mpuma yinxalenye Indo-Australian Basin yi ukuxinezeleka zinzulu, leyo i-Indian Ocean. Ubunzulu wolwandle, ngakumbi ngqo, indawo yayo ephezulu, ifumaneka kufuphi kwisiqithi Java (7455 m).

Emazantsi Indian Ocean kwinxalenye esentshona isiqabu yahluke kakhulu ukusuka empumalanga, kuba inzima kakhulu kwisakhiwo. Oku kungenxa yokuba le yokugqibela wathwala ukunyuka okubonakalayo emazantsi (ngeendleko ukuba kwiimeko ezininzi uvelisa ubungakanani omncinane siqithi) kunye nelungiselelo ngokungalinganiyo nezitya zokutshiza.

isitya To entla kwisiqithi saseMadagascar kubekwe ngokuba waseSomalia, ubunzulu leyo 5.2 km. Ukuya emazantsi siqithi kukho yehewu, igama Crozet, engqongwe macala onke nezitya zokutshiza. Ubunzulu ehamba kuyo 2.5 km kude. Ukuba udlulele ukuya emntla-mpuma, kukho Central Indian Basin. Ubunzulu ehamba kuyo 5.5 km kude. Phakathi Madagascar and Crozet Islands, kancinci ukuya emantla, oko yaphambana ebizwa Madagascar kunye nobunzulu km 5,78. To ngasezantsi - isitya besive i-Cape Agulhas, ubunzulu apho - 5.5 km. Uncedo Indian Ocean ukuya Antarctic luphawulwa kokushiywa ezantsi. Ubunzulu ndawo ifikelela km 5.8.

Biota

Nature Indian Ocean ezahlukeneyo umdla kakhulu. Ulikhaya izilwanyana kunye nezityalo ukuba owoyamaniswe ziimbalela rhoqo kunye nezikhukula.

Uninzi kunxweme lemvula i-Indian Ocean thaca imangrove okanye Rhizophora (mangroves). Lezilwanyana kummandla omiweyo ziintlobo emininzi oononkala. Fish ebizwa mudskipper ohlala phantse indawo imangrove yonke le Indian Ocean.

Kumanzi abanzi kwelekorale ashinyeneyo uthwaxwa kwi iintlanzi zabo ezingenamqolo ezininzi.

Kwimimandla sifudumele ikhula mdaka, nemisonto emsi-eluhlaza kunye nezithombo ebomvu, uninzi lwazo kelp kunye fucus mikrotsistisy. Phakathi zondla esilawulwa diatoms, nakwiindawo emvula - peridinians.

Le yenamvuna idumileyo, leyo nakolu ngakumbi kwi-Indian Ocean, ukuba copepods. Ke kaloku kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-20,000. Kwindawo yesibini phakathi izilwanyana eziphila elwandle, kukho jellyfish kunye squid. Phakathi kwezo ntlanzi eyaziwa tuna, sailfish, intlanzi eziphaphazelayo, Dorado kunye anchovies eliqaqambileyo.

indawo abanyuliweyo olwandle kunye neentlobo yingozi. Ookrebe, iingwenya kunye iinyoka ezinobuhlungu lenze rhoqo yokoyika bendawo.

Phakathi ezanyisayo kwi Indian Ocean esilawulwa dolphins, iminenga, dugongs namatywina. Iintaka - oonombombiya, iialbatross kunye neentaka awahlali.

swimming pool

Ukuqubha pool Indian Ocean kakhulu ezahlukahlukeneyo. Oku kuquka imilambo-Afrika - i Zambezi naseLimpopo; imilambo emikhulu Asian - i-Irrawaddy, Salween; Efrati, Tiger, leyo idibane nenye ngentla nje ekudibaneni kwe-Gulf; Indus uthululela kuLwandle Inkolo.

lokuloba Fishing and ndifuze

imisebenzi yezoqoqosho yabantu wonxweme ukwenza ixesha elide. Nanamhla oku, ukuloba kunye nentlanzi kubaluleke kakhulu kuqoqosho yamazwe amaninzi, ezo Sendizihlambile yi-Indian Ocean. Ubunzulu olwandle inikeza izipho zizityebi ebantwini, umzekelo, eSri Lanka, emantla-ntshona Australia kunye Bahrain Islands uhamba imveliso olumandla nacre nentsimbi.

Kufuphi Antarctica abantu bathathe inxaxheba ngokuzimisela whaling, kufutshane weikhweyitha wenziwe ukuloba tuna.

Kwi-Gulf, ibekwe imithombo emininzi neoli, yomibini le kummandla wonxweme, yaye ngaphantsi kwamanzi.

iingxaki zokusingqongileyo le Indian Ocean

imisebenzi yabantu iye yabangela ukuba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Amanzi Ocean ingcolisekile kakhulu, ngokuthe ngcembe ekhokelela ekutshabalaleni ezinye iintlobo eziphila elwandle. Umzekelo, iintlobo eziliqela unjengengwenya kwenkulungwane yama-20 zamva ziphantsi kwesoyikiso yokutshabalala. Kakhulu inciphise inani sei kunye amadlozi whales.

Kule 80 kwinkulungwane yama-20 yiKomishoni Whaling yaziswa umlomo iyonke kwi zokuzingela kubo. Ukophulwa unqunyanyiso ngqo kohlwaywa ngokomthetho. Kodwa ke ngo-2010, phantsi kwempembelelo namazwe afana neJapan, Denmark, Iceland, uvaliwe, ngelishwa, wokucinywa kwayo.

ingozi enkulu ebomini baselwandle ungcoliseko yeoli ulwandlekazi, zonke iintlobo zenkunkuma yenyukliya kunye nesinyithi enzima. Kwakhona, ngaphesheya kolwandle zezona zidlula ioli ngendlela nadlulisela oyile nePersian Gulf ukuya eYurophu. Ukuba yonke ingozi ngesiquphe kwenzeka kwizithuthi ezinjalo, oko kuya kukhokelela ekubeni intshabalalo abaninzi abemi kwamanzi.

Funda geography kakhulu umdla, ingakumbi xa kufikwa ubuhle kunye nabemi zaselwandle. Izifundo enenkcukacha i-Indian Ocean 7 iklasi kwisikolo ezibanzi. Abantwana ngehlombe ukuphulaphula yonke into athi utitshala malunga nale ngxilimbela ezintle yaye kungakholeleki, apho lubanzi iyantlukwano kwezityalo nezilwanyana zizityebi.