Phylogeny - yinkqubo entsonkothileyo

Kukho ikho into phylogeny. Siza kuzama ukuqonda ukuba ukunika ingcaciso ngqo kule meko.

umqondo engayazi

kangakanani na ukuva phylogeny? Ndiqinisekile abaninzi sizakucinga ukuba phylogeny - na ibhayoloji, okanye, ukuba ngqo ngakumbi - inkcazelo asetyenziswe eziphilayo. Kodwa ke, mhlawumbi, asinguye wonke umntu ofundileyo uyazi kakuhle into eza kuxoxwa. Uphando ekhawulezayo abantu kweshumi wabonisa ukuba:

- phylogeny - "yinto efanayo photosynthesis" (njengoko kuboniswe nesine kwishumi);

- phylogeny - lo guquko aphilayo (ezimbini kwishumi);

- phylogeny - definition esetyenziswa izakhi kunye ebonisa inkqubo 'indalo labantu abatsha "(omnye ezilishumi);

- abanye abantu abathathu xa umbuzo, yintoni na phylogeny, kunye amagxa zididekile.

Noko ke, nangona ebonakala ulwazi ngalo mba, akukho namnye sabaphenduli abazange diki. Ngamnye kubo wayefuna ukwazi: yintoni na phylogeny?

Phylogeny (biology)

Phylogeny - uphuhliso yendaleko nayiphi na inkqubo eziphilayo. Lo gama yaziswa ejikeleza lwenzululwazi German Isazinzulu yendalo sobulumko Ernstom Genrihom Haeckel ngo-1866. Le nkcazo ibonisa utshintsho ezenzeka ngexesha ngendaleko yeendidi ezahlukeneyo izinto eziphilayo. Isiseko ukuvela kwi endle biology ajongene ukufunda phylogeny, yaba 'imfundiso yokuzivelela "le semvelo British kunye mhambi uCharles Robert Darwin.

Xa umba phylogeny, inzululwazi kwavela kunye nabanye ezahlukileyo nkcazelo yokuqala. Ngoko ke, Shmalgauzen Ivan Ivanovich, sebhayoloji eSoviet, eziqondwa yi phylogeny uthotho yimbali of Nations ontogeneses amaqhina oqhagamshelwano njenge "umzali nomntwana".

Phylogeny - yinkqubo ende kakhulu, it ihlala izigidi ezininzi zeminyaka. Kungenxa yoko akufanelekanga ukuba ibe nako na into lokuqaphela ngqo kwaye befunda udala kwaye simulating sele iziganeko kunye nesenzeko. Xa oku ngendaleko iqondwa njengoko inkqubo apho umgca yemfuza (izinyanya) yenza isebe (inzala) kunye notshintsho zendalo eziye zenzeka ngexesha kwale nkqubo, okanye kwaphela kwakhokelela yokuduka eziphilayo.

Umlinganiselo phylogeny kunye ontogeny

Ontogenesis - ingqiqo ethetha into eye wangena ukusetyenziswa lwenzululwazi phambi kokufika imfundiso phylogeny kwaye ibonisa ukuyilwa ingqokelela yabucala lomzimba banyamezela ngabo ngethuba lobomi zinguquko ezilandelelanayo. Emva kokuvula phakathi kwenkulungwane XIX Fridrihom Myullerom iErnst Haeckel biogenetic umthetho phylogeny ifundwa nobudlelwane ontogeny.

Phantsi kwalo mthetho, nawuphi ontogenesis, enyanisweni, uphindaphindo lifutshane olukhawulezileyo malunga phylogeny ezi zilwanyana. Ngelo xesha linye ontogeny kunye phylogeny zingathathwa njenge "labucala kunye jikelele." Uxhulumaniso phakathi kwala magama mabini kwaye iye kwakhona kuqinisekiswe Charles Darwin emfundisweni yakhe recapitulation, unishumayeza ukuphindaphindwa imibungu kwinkqubo ontogenesis iimpawu ookhokho babo phezu phylogeny. UCharles Darwin wakhetha eziphambili iintlobo recapitulations ezimbini: atavism kunye rudiment.

Ukusebenzisa phylogeny Sciences ezahlukeneyo

Phylogeny - imfundiso leyo ibaluleke kakhulu kuba inani Sciences, kuquka embryology, kwesayensi, anatomy lokuthelekisa, nkqu bengqondo. Kwangaxeshanye, phylogenetics, leyo ufunda ngembali uphuhliso iintlobo ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo ukufunda nasekusungulweni kakhulu ngempumelelo kweli nqanaba kubhekisela impumelelo Sciences ezifana ezinto amalungu, imfuza, ethology, ezinto eziphilayo, kunye nabanye.

Phylogeny ngo kwengqondo

Xa bengqondo, phylogeny ibonisa uphuhliso imbali into kule nkqubo zazivelela. Phylogeny in bengqondo - zibonisa uphuhliso ngokusebenzisa isimo sengqondo ngabantu. Animal uphawu ubukho ezenzekelayo ehlabathini, ngokusekelwe ingqondo. izilwanyana Higher, phakathi kwezinye izinto, nazo azalwe nokubonakalaliswa ingqondo. Kwelinye icala, abantu ukongezelela kwiimpawu ngasentla, naye abe sezingqondweni kunye nokucinga. Kungenxa kwingcingane phylogeny iyakwazi ukwenza izifundo ezinjalo, ukufumana isiseko kunye zinto bazilungise psyche kwabantu kuhlobo apho ikhona ngalo mzuzu.

phylogeny intsingiselo

Phylogeny - le yenye yezona amakhonkco ibalulekileyo kuphuhliso zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ukususela kwintshayelelo yayo entsimini lwezenzululwazi, wathabatha indawo ebalulekileyo ekuqondeni nasekusungulweni kunye nophuhliso kuphela uhlanga lwabantu, kodwa zonke izinto eziphilayo. Studies Lo msindo ayimfuneko ukwenzela uphuhliso ingcamango jikelele yendaleko kunye nokwakhiwa inkqubo zendalo eziphilayo. Yesiseko apho indawo imfundiso ka phylogeny yakhiwe, ilele kwithiyori ngokukhethwa zendalo. Okwangoku, sifanele sithethe ngayo loo phylogeny zamaqela ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo bafunda bengaphuhlanga ngokulinganayo, nto leyo ixhomekeke iintsalela ezahlukeneyo zamatye anqabileyo, ngokusekelwe kwayo ngokuthembekileyo ukwakha phylogenetic (wokuzalwa) emthini. Okwangoku, okufundwa ke phylogeny yamaqela ezinomqolo ngaphezulu. Ukuba sithethe ezingenamqolo, abanye babo kakhulu ngaye ziquka izilwanyana, arthropods, brachiopods, kunye nabanye.

Kakade ke, ingakumbi xa kujongwa ubukho umdla omkhulu ngemvelaphi zehlabathi, amacandelo yawo kwaye, ingakumbi, obuntu yinkolelo lwezenzululwazi phylogeny, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ulwazi loluntu ngokwalo kunye nehlabathi ezingqongileyo.