Impucuko yokuqala on Earth

Ekuqaleni uluntu emazantsi kweMilambo, oko kukuthi ngexesha lakudala elibizwa eBhabhiloni, uhlale ukuba impucuko yokuqala on Earth. Ngoku ke kummandla Iraq namhlanje, obususela Baghdad ukusa kwiPersian Gulf, indawo yabo bebonke malunga 26 amawaka macala onke. M. km.

Le ndawo a kwimozulu eyomileyo kakhulu kwaye eshushu kwimihlaba atshiswayo, badlula, nizkoplodorodnymi. River lehewu, lube amatye kunye neeminerali, umgxobhozo, zagutyungelwa asengcongolweni, ukungabikho ngokupheleleyo iinkuni ne - enjalo ilizwe iminyaka engaphezu kwama namawaka amathathu eyadlulayo. Kodwa ke abantu abahlala kulo mmandla kunye eyaziwa emhlabeni njengoko Sumerians, ubusaziwa kunye nesimo esithatha izama, nangengqondo engaqhelekanga. Wazijika neArabha ongaphiliyo ibe umyezo eqhubela phambili yaye wenza kamva wayeza kubizwa ngokuba nje kuphela ngokuthi "impucuko yokuqala Emhlabeni."

Imvelaphi Sumerians

ulwazi oluthembekileyo malunga nemvelaphi Sumerians apho. De kube ngoku, oosonzululwazi-mbali kunye archeologists kunzima ukuba bathi enoba abemi yokuqala ka-Aram phakathi kwemiLambo, okanye weza kweli lizwe evela ngaphandle. Lwalo yesibini ithathwa njengokuba kungenzeka kakhulu. kusolwa of the impucuko yamandulo weza evela zeZagros, ihewu Iranian , okanye India. Sumerians ngokwabo ngemvelaphi yabo akazange abhale nto. Ngowe-1964 yena kuqala kwacetyiswa kokuqwalasela lo mba evela imiba eyahlukeneyo: yeelwimi, ngokobuhlanga, uhlanga. Emva koko, lo ukufuna inyaniso ekugqibeleni yayihlasela Ezolimi ekufumaneni amakhonkco yemfuza yaseSamariya, ngokutsho ezingasese okwangoku.

I Sumerians, leyo yasekwa ngayo impucuko yokuqala ehlabathini, ngokwabo ngoko zange ngokuba. Enyanisweni, eli gama libhekisela kummandla, kumzantsi-Aram phakathi kwemiLambo, ngolwimi lwesiAkkad. I Sumerians bazibize ngokuba "blackheads".

Ulwimi le Sumerians

Iingcali zeelwimi ukuchaza ulwimi yaseSamariya njengoko agglutinative. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukuyilwa iifom nezakhi kukuba ngokongeza affixes ezicacile. ulwimi yaseSamariya kwa- amagama monosyllabic, kunzima ukucinga ukuba zingaphi kwakukho - isandi efanayo, kodwa zahluke kwintsingiselo. Xa imithombo yamandulo, ngokutsho izazinzulu, kukho malunga namawaka amathathu. Kulo mzekelo amagama ngaphezulu kwe-100 lisetyenziswa kumaxesha 1-2 kuphela, kwaye amaxesha amaninzi asetyenziswa-23.

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, omnye iimpawu eziphambili ulwimi - ngobuninzi Izikweko. Kungenzeka, kwabakho inkqubo osisityebi abanzi kunye izandi laryngeal, apho kunzima ukufunda itshati amacwecwe odongwe. Ukongeza, le impucuko yokuqala Umhlaba waba neziyelelane ezimbini. ulwimi zoncwadi (buntov-gir) iye yasetyenziswa kakhulu ngokubanzi, kunye nababingeleli wathi lwesigodi ngasese (buntov-sal), ilifa izinyanya zabo kwaye kusenokwenzeka hayi ithoni.

Nesi waba angenelele kwaye iye yasetyenziswa emideni yonke akumazantsi eMesopotamiya. Ngoko ke, akukho mfuneko ophethe ukuba kuhlale emele aba bantu bamandulo.

yokubhala

Ukusekwa yokubhala yaseSamariya kuhlala zinokuphikiswa. Noko ke, inyaniso kukuba banakho ufezekile uguqulwe ngoonobumba. Bona ngempela ubuchule bokubhala kwaye ziquka imbonakalo yakhe ekuqaleni kwendalo impucuko babo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ekuqaleni kwembali wokubhala uthi hayi udongwe kusetyenziswa, kunye nezinye izinto eziphathekayo, ngokulula kakhulu kutshatyalaliswa. Ngoko ke, ingcaciso eninzi iyalahleka.

Impucuko yokuqala emhlabeni phambi kukaKristu, ukuba ingakhethi cala, uye wadala inkqubo yaso yokubhala. Le nkqubo inde kwaye inzima. Amagcisa yamandulo ezisemfanekisweni njengebhadi - yinto ubugcisa okanye umyalezo? Ukuba uthe wakwenza oku phezu kwelitye, kwiindawo apho kukho ezininzi izilwanyana, kuya kuba umyalezo opheleleyo namaqabane akhe. Ithi: "Kukho abaninzi namabhadi", yaye ke ngoko kuya kuba lokuzingela elungileyo. Umyalezo kunokuquka kakuhle ezinye imizobo. Umzekelo, kubalulekile ukudibanisa nengonyama, kwaye sele ulumkisa ngelithi: ". Kukho iweb namabhadi, kodwa kukho ingozi" Esi sigaba imbali ithathwa inyathelo lokuqala malunga nokudala yokubhala. Kancane manani, kube lula yaye baqalisa ukunxiba umlinganiswa udandalaziso. Kulo mfanekiso ungabona njani yenzekile le nguqu. Abantu baye baqaphela ukuba kulula ukuba wenze udongwe stick okuvelayo nekalamo, ukuba ukuzoba. Zazingekho konke elirhangqiweyo.

The Sumerians yamandulo - le mpucuko yokuqala emhlabeni, nto leyo wazuza yokubhala kwabo. Ngoonobumba yayiquka abalinganiswa ezilikhulu ambalwa, ibisetyenziswa kakhulu 300. Uninzi kubo namagugu into efanayo. Ngoonobumba esetyenziswa eMesopotamiya phantse 3000 kwiminyaka.

kwezenkolo

Umsebenzi yonk 'oothixo bamaSumeri onokufaniswa kwiNdibano, intloko apho i "ngukumkani" olukhulu. Loo intlanganiso yahlukana ngakumbi ngokwamaqela. Eyona kubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi "ooThixo Enkulu", yaye ibe oothixo 50. Oko kukuthi, ngokutsho iziphakamiso ze-Sumerians, ukuze alawule isiphelo zabantu.

Ngokutsho neentsomi abantu bamandulo, umntu wadalwa ngodongwe, ugalelwe ngegazi woothixo. Yonke component siyibambe amabini (ephezulu nesezantsi) ezahlulwe sisithuba ilizwe. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba ngaloo mihla kwakukho intsomi yaseSamariya ye bukaNogumbe. Ukongeza, phambi kokuba beva umbongo ibalisa ngokudalwa kwehlabathi, ngamnye iziqephu ezo ngokusondeleyo kakhulu yendlela yokwenza imigca iwela kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo ephambili zamaKristu - iBhayibhile. Umzekelo, ukulandelelana kweziganeko, ngokukodwa, ukudalwa umntu ngosuku lwesithandathu. Kwenziwa bekukho impikiswano eshushu malunga enjalo unqulo link lobuhedeni yaye ubuKristu.

isiko

Inkcubeko yaseSamariya yenye yezona umdla kunye oludlamkileyo phakathi kwezinye abantu abahlala eMesopotamiya. Yi ngenkulungwane yesithathu BC , aya kufika. Abantu babehlala ngexesha Copper Age, kuba uxakeke ezinkomeni ukuzala nezolimo, okuloba. Ngokuthe ngcembe indawo kwezolimo kuphela yezandla: kuphuhliswa zomdongwe, bephosa, ukwenza kunye noshishino ahlabayo ngamatye.

Yeempawu lwemithombo zezi: ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwi esidulini ngumntu, ukwabiwa ngeenxa amagumbi entendelezweni yendlu, ezahlulwe kodonga yayigcinwa nkqo kunye nokwaziswa umbala. Ababini ezikhumbuzo ezininzi ngokumangalisayo lokwakha omkhulu ka-4 amawaka. BC. e. - tempile Uruk.

Abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumana eninzi imisebenzi yobugcisa: eqingqiweyo, imifanekiso iintsalela beendonga amatye, neempahla, iimveliso zesinyithi. Bonke bephela benziwa ikhono elikhulu. Ukuba kukho ntloko esikhulu segolide (jonga umfanekiso)! Enye izinto ezininzi ezinomdla ze-Sumerians - yoshicilelo. Bathi ebonisa abantu, izilwanyana, izicaphulo kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Early ixesha Dynastic: Isigaba 1

Oku xa ngoonobumba lenene sele lusekiwe, - kwiminyaka 2750-2600 BC. e. Eli xesha luphawulwa ubukho kukho inani elikhulu isixeko-amazwe, iziko apho kukho ulawulo itempile enkulu. Ngaphandle kukho bolshesemeynye ekuhlaleni. Umsebenzi main onemveliso ukubeka babizwa ngokuba abaxumi itempile abaye kuvinjwa ilungelo lobunini. Kwakukho sele kukho iinkokheli yokomoya nopolitiko loluntu - iinkokeli zomkhosi kunye nababingeleli, ngokufanelekileyo, ukulandelwa kwabo.

abantu yamandulo kwakukho engqondweni engaqhelekanga kunye netalente ethile kunawo. Ngaloo mihla, abantu baye kufika ukunkcenkceshela ingcamango ngokuhlola ithuba ukuqokelela nokukhokela umkhondo amanzi anodaka omEfrati iTigris. Ekwandiseni umhlaba emasimini kunye neegadi eziphilayo, baye banda nemveliso. Kodwa umsebenzi omkhulu iyaziwa ukuba kufuneka abasebenzi elikhulu. Impucuko yokuqala emhlabeni wayeqhelene ebukhobokeni, kaloku ke, oko ngokomthetho.

Kwakusazeka ukuba ubukho izixeko 14 bamaSumeri ngeli thuba. Ngaphezu koko, kwakhiwa kakhulu kwaye nempumelelo, kwaye nqulo yaba Nippur, apho kwakukho indlu yothixo oyintloko - Enlil.

Early ixesha Dynastic: Stage 2

Eli xesha (2600-2500 gg. BC. E.) luphawulwa iingxabano zomkhosi. Century waqalisa ngokoyiswa umlawuli isixeko kaKishe, leyo yezizathu kwakhokelela ukuhlaselwa namaElam - abemi imo yamandulo kummandla Iran-yanamhlanje. Emzantsi, i umfelandawonye wamajoni waqokelela, wadibanisa inani lemizi-nomes. Kukho umkhwa ndawonye namandla.

Early ixesha Dynastic: Ibanga 3

Xa Isigaba sesithathu kwexesha Early Dynastic, kwiminyaka 500 emva kwexesha xa impucuko yokuqala ehlabathini (njengoko uqikelelo bezinto zakudala), ukukhula kunye nophuhliso umzi-lithi, kwaye wofika kukho kuluntu, ekukhuleni ephikisanayo zentlalo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kubaxa umzabalazo amandla abalawuli polynomials. Impixano emkhosini indawo kwenye ekufuneni kubungangamsha phezu kwazo zonke umzi. Kwenye epics drevneshumerskih, imvelaphi yayo elandwa-2600 BC. E., wathi ukudityaniswa yiSumere phantsi kwegunya kaGilgamesh - ukumkani Uruk. inkoliso karhulumente yoyiswa ukumkani waseAkkad Emva elinye ikhulu amabini eminyaka.

Ukuzuza amandla uMbuso waseBhabhiloni wendele yiSumere ukuya embindini BC nkulungwane yesibini. e., njengokuba ulwimi yaseSamariya uphelelwe ubume ngaphambili uthethile. Noko ke, kangangeminyaka eliwaka embalwa wahlala njengoko umsebenzi wokubhala. Eli lixesha uqikelelo xa Impucuko yaphela njenge ukusekwa ecacileyo yezopolitiko.

rhoqo ungafumana ulwazi malunga ukuba Atlantis wasentsomini - lo impucuko yokuqala emhlabeni. Atlanta, ohlala kuyo, yiminyanya zabantu mihla. Noko ke, inkoliso lesayensi ibiza le nto into ngaphezu kokuba eyinyani, ibali omhle. Eneneni, nyaka ngamnye ulwazi malunga kwilizwekazi twisiseka izuza iinkcukacha ezintsha, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba naziphi ukusekelwa amanqaku ngembali okanye ngabembi bezinto.

Kulo mba, uluvo ngakumbi kunye nesandi ngakumbi ukuba impucuko yokuqala emhlabeni yavela ngenkulungwane yesine BC, yaye yaba Sumerians.