Imithombo Material - yintoni na le nto? Le mithombo yokwenene yembali. Imithombo Material: imizekelo

Abantu kangangamawaka eminyaka. Lonke eli xesha ookhokho bethu wayiqokelela ulwazi esebenzayo kunye namava, ukwenza izinto zemihla ngemihla kunye yobuciko zobugcisa. Benza iimpazamo yaye wenza ezifunyaniswe enkulu. Sazi njani malunga nobomi babo? Ngaba ukuthatha into luncedo ngokwam, ukuphepha iimpazamo kwixesha langoku?

Kakade ke, oku kunokwenzeka. Namhlanje kukho Sciences ezininzi ukufunda imithombo eziphathekayo. Makhe siqonde ngokweenkcukacha.

Inkcazo kunye nokubekwa

Ngoko ke, imithombo real - zonke izinto eziphathekayo, nto leyo ibonisa amacandelo ahlukeneyo obomi kunye nemisebenzi yabantu. Yonke into ephawula zembali inkqubo kusenzeka ngoku okanye kwixesha elidlulileyo, ingaba loo nto ukubhala, iintsalela izinto zemihla ngemihla okanye isidumbu, ngaba ukwenza ulwazi gqitha ukuba abaphandi.

Ngaloo ndlela, siye sabona imihlaba elikhulu kolu luvo. Ngoku makhe ukujongana nale zokuhlela i-odolo.

Umfanekiso wokuqala silula ngokwaneleyo: ilixa ubuqaba, lowo indawo ngexesha bakhona, yaye emva - ukuvela yempucuko. Noko ke, kucalulo ecacileyo enjalo uyaphule imithombo yokwenene zamaXesha Aphakathi. Abasakwazi ngokungafanelekanga exineke emva zebhola lexi hlamarisaka States yamandulo.

Namhlanje, abaphandi bayiqonda ngakumbi ukuya kwicandelo elilandelayo ezikhumbuzo zenkcubeko. Kukho amaqela amathathu aphambili (ngamnye kubo linamacandelwana) zezi:

- imithombo Material, imizekelo apho inikwe apha ngasezantsi.

- zesikhumbuzo angumqondiso - imifanekiso, iifoto, iisimboli phezu iinkozo zemali kunye nezinto.

- ngamazwi. Zahlula-hlulwe yomlomo nebhalwe phantsi. I ezizwe kuqala ukufunda.

Iimpawu ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo

imithombo Material - ezininzi iziza, efumana kukhankanywa, iingoma kunye namabali. Njani ukujongana nabo bangenelele?

Loo msebenzi ngaphaya nayiphi nenzululwazi okanye iqela labantu. Ukuvelisa intsingiselo ebanzi kuphuhliso loluntu udale iinkalo eziliqela apho sidibana kwenu.

Ziziphi iindlela ezisetyenziswa xa befunda imithombo wokwenene? Ukuqala ukukhankanywa into zabantu. Nayiphi yoko isoloko uphiwa bemilo urhulumente ngumphandi okanye umbhali loxwebhu ebhaliweyo. Ngoko ke, izazinzulu abadli singenakufumana inkcazelo njongo, kodwa ukuqinisekisa kuphela okanye ukuphikisa conjectures zabo.

Eyona ndlela iphambili kumsebenzi kunye emithonjeni kulandelayo: zonke izigqibo kwenziwa kuphela emva kokufunda lonke isakhiwo ifumana, ubungqina izibakala. Akangekhe into ngaphandle mxholweni. Lo mfanekiso jikelele ifana puzzle. Makhe sibone ukuba yintoni izintlu bekwi phando.

Archaeology and uLungiselelo

Ezi iinkalo ezimbini zisebenza kakhulu ngokusondeleyo yimithombo yokwenene. Eyokuqala ijolise ukuqonda yokuzivelela womntu kunye noluntu, ukuze bafunde inkqubo lokusekwa iinkalo eziphambili zobomi ukususela ekuqaleni kwexesha ukuya namhlanje.

Ukufundwa iphanda le ndoda ngokwayo (uhlanga, izithethe, inkcubeko kunye nendlela yokuphila). Nangona kunjalo, indima ebanzi loo msebenzi enikwa inzululwazi ikhona ikakhulu kumazwe zehlabathi Koloni. Kule ico olu lwazi kweminwe mveliso eziliqela. Ngaphandle kwamathambo ubandakanyekile ezizwe kunye zakudala.

Ngokukhethekileyo, le inzululwazi ekuqondeni kwethu yendaleko kunye lizibandakanya nangakumbi umahluko ixesha lomhlaba kwi uhlobo ngokwasemzimbeni umntu. Ngoko ke, masikhe ukufumana ukuze.

Ugrumbo - isayensi lifunda imithombo yokwenene yembali. iindawo zakhe umdla ziquka amaqela ezininzi zokufunda:

- ngamazwe (apha ukungena kunye nezindlu). Zahlula-hlulwe le anqatyisiweyo (idla ngokuba zokungqinga) kunye unfortified (nemizana). Lo isenokuba umzi kunye inqaba, eminqubeni, kunye nemizi zolimo okanye yezandla, imikhosi inkampu ukunyuka intaba kunye ezinde enqatyisiweyo.

Uninzi kwezi sayithi engatshintshiyo, bahlale (kwaye) kwindawo enye. Nangona kunjalo, indawo yokupaka kunye nezinye iindawo zokuhlala zexeshana amaxesha azinazo indawo efanayo. Ngoko ke, ozibonayo kakhulu wazivelela.

- emimangweni eziqhele ukufunyanwa phezu iintsalela kwenqaba kunye neendonga. Ngokuqhelekileyo, inkoliso yomsebenzi eyenzeka zakudala yokugcina. Kukho ulwazi kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zemithombo ezibhaliweyo - evela iintsomi epics ukuba iingxelo ezenzululwazi zobuntlola. Tales, ngasendleleni, kudlala indima ebalulekileyo. Troy Heinrich Schliemann yafunyanwa kubulela ukubambelela ngokungqongqo kubo: "Iliad" kaHomer.

- Indawo elandelayo apho kakuhle walondoloza imithombo yokwenene yembali, ingaqhelekanga, okanye ke yokungcwaba. Phantsi umaleko womhlaba kwiindawo ezomileyo zehlabathi ezinye izinto zihlale kangangamawaka eminyaka kwaye ugcine imilo zabo. indawo manzi, Kakade ke, uya kutshabalalisa izinto ezininzi. Noko ke, umzekelo, ezinye iindidi iinkuni emanzini iifosili.

Ngoko, kwi emangcwabeni, abembi Andizifumananga izinto kuphela kubomi bemihla abantu bamandulo, kodwa izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuba bathethe malunga iinkolelo, izithethe, yokuma koluntu njalo njalo.

- Kwakhona, le ezikhumbuzo namaziko lwesithethe (nooAshera, iitempile) kunye neendibano. Ukuba uyazi ukuba ukutolika iziphumo, unako ukufumana ulwazi oluninzi umdla nebalulekileyo.

- complex Okokugqibela kodwa okunga kuncinananga kuphando engalindelekanga. Yonke - ebuncwaneni ukuba amaqhosha ezilahlekileyo ngempazamo - atshele abaphandi nobungcali elidlulileyo.

Njengoko sele sibonile, uninzi ulwazi malunga imibutho yamandulo - yokwenene. Imithombo ulwazi malunga kwimbali yoluntu kufikelela ixesha lethu akusoloko ekhuselekileyo kunye nesandi, ngoko ke abembi kunye zesayensi rhoqo kufuneka ufune uncedo restorers esiza ukubuyisela imbonakalo lokuqala izinto.

ezizwe

Kwi leSoviet, kwaba isayensi eyahlukileyo, kodwa namhlanje kudla ibhekiswe amacandelo yokufundwa. It Uphanda (ngakumbi ngqo uchaza) izizwe zehlabathi. Le misebenzi kunye yokufundwa - nje kuphela umthombo lokwenene. Imizekelo ezikhumbuzo ezingenakuchukunyiswa - iingoma namabali ngomlomo. Izizwe ezininzi akukho nje akukho ulwimi olubhaliweyo, yaye olu lwazi sivela kubazali ukuze abantwana ngomlomo.

Ngoko ke, ethnographers badla musa ukusebenza abaphandi, kwakunye abaqokeleli kunye nabagcini izithethe ezahlukeneyo ngabantu behlabathi. Ukuba ukhangela iirekhodi baseSpeyin kunye Portuguese XV - XVI eminyaka, uya kumangaliswa. Izinto ezininzi ngezimanga ezichazwe ayisekho.

Izizwe zitshatyalalisiwe, yayingeyonxalenye (yaye ngaloo ndlela kulahleke enye iinkcubeko original). Jikelele blurs umahluko phakathi kwezizwe. Nkqu iilwimi shwaka. Ke ukuba bathe zabhalelwa phantsi, into ngazo kwaye akukho mntu wumbi uza kuyazi.

Oko sikunikezayo ezizwe? Zeziphi imithombo wokwenene? Amafoto, iingoma-odiyo, ividiyo izithethe, nenkanuko ebhaliweyo kwiinkalo ezahlukileyo zobomi babantu - bonke bafunda kunye kuthelekiswa.

iinkcazelo ezifana baqala ukwenza ixesha elide, kodwa ehlabathini mandulo, baba ngakumbi njenge sentsomi ngesixa okukhulu intelekelelo. Kwaba kuphela kumaXesha Aphakathi emva kwexesha kukho abaphandi ukuba mephu ubomi babantu bamandulo kunye nobomi izizwe ezikude, ezifana amaNdiya, aBemi Australian, i ngabaThwa kunye nezinye ngokuzingela.

Kubonakala, ebukele ubomi lweentlanga, emi phezu "predtsivilizatsii" weqonga ngengqiqo mihla ilizwi, sinokufunda ngolwalamano kwi ilitye, nobhedu, ubhedu nentsimbi ubudala.

Ingongoma ebalulekileyo ukuba isikolo abantwana ukuncothula imithombo zokwenene (imizekelo). IBanga 5 - ukuba ixesha lokuphicotha i izithethe zabantu bakhe kunye utshintsho ngokuthe ngcembe ukuba ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga ukuyilwa lwabantu.

epigraphy

Izinto yesibini ngobukhulu ukusuka apho siya kusebenzisa ulwazi abantu bamandulo - kubhaliwe yaye luzotywe imithombo eziphathekayo - imifanekiso, yemicimbi yemihla, memoirs, amacwecwe odongwe, petroglyphs, eyayimela, ezinde ixolo.

Ukudwelisa iindlela apho abantu ndadlelana okugcina ulwazi kunokuba elide. Ngaphandle kwabo ke ngeke sibe nofifi malunga neziganeko elidlulileyo. Siyakwazi ukuthetha ngokuzithemba, njengoko ezafunyanwa ngabembi nje awukwazi ukunika ulwazi kangangoko uqulathwe mnye, nkqu inqaku imfutshane.

Omnye izifundo zokuqala, nto leyo kufikelelwe thina, kwaziwa ngokubanzi ukuba i "Imbali" of nguHerodotus. Sasikho malunga ukususela BC kwinkulungwane yesihlanu. Omnye memoirs yokuqala babhala uJulius Caesar. igama labo - "Amanqaku kwi mbobo War."
Kodwa ngokubanzi, iibhayografi kunye memoirs ezenziwa ngakumbi le Renaissance.

Kakade ke, iingxelo ezibhaliweyo bazizityebi kakhulu ziyafundisa, ke, uye kuneengxaki zako.

Okokuqala, nedatha zinxulumene ukuya kumawaka amahlanu eminyaka embali yabantu kakhulu. Yini eyayibhalwe ngaphambili okanye hayi, okanye hayi neyayingekaziwa.

Okwesibini - bias kunye ingqalelo ekhethekileyo iyaxela ephakamileyo ukungananzi phantse epheleleyo abantu abaqhelekileyo.

Eyesithathu - isambuku imibhalo yamandulo eyaziwa kuthi ngohlobo yokutshintshelwa kunye iikopi kwakhona ebhaliweyo. Kweyunithi yokuqala. Ukongeza, ukuzuza ezintsha abalindelekanga. Kodwa imithombo izinto zakudala abantu ukufumana rhoqo.

Zakhiwo of Sciences ukufunda iirekhodi ezibhaliweyo, iquka iintlobo lwamacandelo. Eyokuqala apho kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye - wemibhalo. Yena uye ukuqokelela kwaye yonke ezama zeempendulo yamandulo, iifonti, iindlela yokubhala. Ngokubanzi, ngaphandle imigudu izazinzulu yayo kuba nako ukusebenza kakuhle kunye amazwi aya.

Science Okulandelayo - numismatics. Isebenza ne imibhalo iinkozo kunye yamaphepha (sub - Bonistics). Papyrology ukufunda ulwazi ezikhoyo kuloo misongo yeengcongolo.

Noko ke, eziphawuleka kakhulu zijongwa iilebhile zasekhaya. Bona zimfutshane kwaye musa ziqulathe ukuqhayisa kunye ubaxo.

Ngoko ke, siye saxubusha nani Sciences ukufunda kwimithombo yokwenene, oko kukuthi, yintoni iindidi kweendawo ezikhoyo, basebenza nabo. Okulandelayo, makhe sithethe izinto ezinxulumene amaxesha amathathu kakhulu zaqaqamba kwimbali yoluntu - Greece yamandulo, iRoma kunye Ages Aphakathi.

imithombo ebhaliweyo Ancient Greece

Njengokuba besesitshilo ngasentla, ulwazi edlulileyo inokufumaneka ezininzi izinto ezenziwe ngesandla. Noko ke, umbhalo kakhulu ulwazi okanye urekhoda.

lidala ngokubanzi kunye yaMandulo Greece ingakumbi kuphawulwa ukuvela oosonzululwazi kunye nabaphandi. Zakuqala Sciences ezininzi, abaphuhlisa ngempumelelo namhlanje zisekelwe kanye kweli xesha.

Ngoko ke yintoni na imithombo yokwenene yembali Greece zaziwa kuthi? nje ngezinto zemihla ngemihla siza sithethe kamva, kodwa ngoku siya gxwa ehlabathini iincwadi zamandulo zamaGrike.

Iirekhodi amadala Hecataeus of eMileto. Yena logograph, wachaza imbali nenkcubeko yesixeko ezimelene nkqubo, nto leyo bahamba. Le ngumphandi yesibini wayesaziwa kuthi Hellanicus Mitilensky. imibhalo yakhe bahlile beza kuthi kwiirekhodi zale kunye nexabiso elikhulu zembali akuthethi ukuthwala. In imisebenzi logograph rhoqo iintsomi fiction iyahlangana nenyani, yaye kunzima ukuba sahlukane.

Le mbali yokuqala ethembekileyo uHerodotus waba. Xa BC ngenkulungwane V, wabhala multi-volume umsebenzi "History". Baye wazama ukucacisa, ngenxa yokuba oko kwaqala imfazwe phakathi kwamaGrike namaPeshiya. Ukuze wenze oku, ubhekisela kwimbali bonke abantu ababenaye yinxalenye idatha bukhosi.

Owesibini ngokulandelana kwazo kwaba Thucydides. Xa imisebenzi yakhe wazama nokuzikhanyisa izinto, ikhondo kunye neziphumo ze-Peloponnesian War. Ngokwemfanelo yemeko lesiGrike akayi wayebhekisela "ngolwalathiso lobuthixo", ukuchaza oonobangela iziganeko, nguHerodotus. Waya endingasokuze iindawo, imigaqo-nkqubo, ukuthetha nxaxheba kunye namangqina, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukubhala umsebenzi lokwenyaniso yesayensi.

Ngoko ke, imithombo izinto ezibhaliweyo - yinto hypothesis kuphela, maqhinga yembono okanye bubuxoki kwezopolitiko. azikho phakathi kwabo umsebenzi ivamile futhi ngokucokisekileyo.

Okulandelayo sijonga kwiziza zakudala eli xesha.

Inkcubeko olubonakalayo Hellas

Namhlanje, ukufunda ithi yamandulo yenye yeenkalo eziphambili zophando kwezakha. iiyunivesithi abaninzi baye baqala ukuba ukuhlola Greece ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, kwaye ngoku umsebenzi wesikolo wonke kwiiBalkans inxaxheba kuphuhliso ubuchule kunye olunzulu zophando.

Ngeli ikhulu nolwazi kunye nezinto eziyinyaniso ngembali-nkqubo Balkan, ezifana Ugcino, Athens, Sparta, esi siqithi kunye nonxweme Malaysian (ePergamo, Troy, eMileto).

izazinzulu Russian ukususela amaxesha yoBukhosi baseRashiya zabamba izixeko amathanga wasentla Sea Black. Imigaqo-nkqubo efana kakhulu ngokuthi Olvia, Panticapaeum, Chersonese, Tanais kunye nabanye.

Ukutyhubela iminyaka yophando iye efunde emininzi - iinkozo, izacholo, izixhobo, imibhalo phezu kwezinto eziqinileyo (ilitye, udongwe, amatye), iintsalela izakhiwo njalo-njalo.

Zonke ezi mithombo benene kwimbali yamandulo eGrisi, makhe cinga indlela yobomi, yokuphila, umsebenzi yamaGrike. Siyazi malunga ngokuzingela nezidlo, njengoko leKrismesi rhoqo kuboniswe iimpahla. Le ngqekembe kungabonwa banele ababusi abathile, lezinga umzi, phakathi nkqubo.

Zamanzi imibhalo ezityeni, izindlu, izinto nazo kakhulu intetho malunga kwexesha.
Ufumana ukusuka ihlabathi lamandulo (eYiputa, chaza yamandulo eMesopotamiya) - omnye kakhulu ezintle. Emva kokuwa eRoma nguva ukuhla yaqala xa ubuhle kwaphela kakhulu, ngoko ekuqaleni of the Ages Aphakathi iphawulwe izinto coarser.

Okulandelayo siza kuthetha enye ithi zinamandla yehlabathi lamandulo - uBukhosi baseRoma.

imithombo ebhaliweyo eRoma Ancient

Ukuba amaGrike babetyekele ngakumbi bulumko, ukucamngca, ukufunda, amaRoma wazama ngamagorha emfazwe, oyise nangeeholide. Azi esithi "isonka zize zonwabise" (oko kukuthi, Bafune plebs ukusuka noMlawuli) asinda kule mini.

Ngoko ke, lo zangasemva nengoophuma wasishiya ungasondeli kwimithombo eziphathekayo. Esi sixeko kunye indlela, izinto zasekhaya kunye nezixhobo, iinkozo zemali kunye nezacholo. Kodwa konke oku singazendiseli inxalenye wamakhulu ngoko sikwaziyo eRoma, ukuba oko amangcwaba nenkcubeko azibhalwanga.

Yiba esinayo ezahlukeneyo izinto, ngoko abaphandi ungakwazi kakuhle iinkalo ezininzi zobomi yamaRoma.

Iirekhodi yokuqala lokusinda ndithi malunga iimeko zemozulu, izityalo. Baya nayo neengoma zababingeleli. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izinto ezinxulumene kwimbali kwangethuba esekhona, thaca ngohlobo lwemibongo.

LinguPubliyo Stsivolla wabhala "The Great Annals" umthamo iincwadi asibhozo. Polybius and Diodor Sitsiliysky kwaqwalaselwa isebenza imiqulu mane. Kodwa bonke zagqitha Tit Livy. Wabhala imbali eRoma ukusuka kwisiseko ukuya modernity yayo. Lo msebenzi neziphumo iincwadi 142.

Zazikwazi kunye iimbongi, iinjengele neengcamango - bonke bazama ukuba ushiye memory yena zenzalo.

Namhlanje uya kuba nako phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo ukufumana ifuthe waba imithombo yokwenene baseRoma. Imizekelo zinxulumene entsimini yomthetho, amayeza, imicimbi zomkhosi njalo njalo.

Ezikhumbuzo zokuphila ngokwenyama waseRoma Ancient

Akukho ngaphantsi umdla eziphathekayo izinto ezafunyanwa ngabembi bezinto zakudala ezenziwe kuzo zonke iindawo ubukhosi kanye omkhulu. Isithuba nakuLwandle lweAtlantiki esempuma kuMbindi Asia, eYurophu nakuMntla Afrika - konke oku kanye yaba imida karhulumente omnye.

imithombo eziphathekayo imbali eRoma yamandulo, siya ibonisa ixesha lemisebenzi emikhulu, yokoyisa kunye akukho ukuziphatha ngaphantsi, ingakumbi kwizixeko ezikhulu.
Ngenxa iziphumo, oko kwazeka ukuba Italy iye umiwe ukususela Paleolithic. zokuhlala imfumba kunye amaqashiso zokupaka kunye nezixhobo ngamatye musa ashiye ithontsi elinye yale kwamathandabuzo.

Akukho kangako umdla inwebu xesha pre-namaRoma - ixesha le Etruscans. Ngokwaneleyo kakhulu kuphuhliswa inkcubeko, media kamva yoyiswa yaye yayingeyonxalenye ngamaRoma.

iipleyiti Golden ngeetekisi zisixelela ukuba Etruscans ukuba sihlale ngoxolo polis isiGrike Carthage.

Roman Forum, iindlela imisele yamanzi kunye namhlanje ndijonge, ukuba sithethe ixesha xa ke ezibe ziqhekekile?!

Le yinxalenye kuphela oko imithombo yokwenene asivulele malunga elidlulileyo.
Le lesikhumbuzo idumileyo, Kakade ke, ngaba sePompeii. City ngesiquphe waza wafa ngenxa kuqhambuko ntshava, nto leyo ekufuphi nalapho. Enkosi kwi iitoni ezininzi nothuthu, oosonzululwazi baye bafumanisa iintsalela kakuhle abalondolozwa nabemi kunye ngaphakathi lexi hlamarisaka ngamafa baseRoma. Bathi kuphela imibala buphelile kancinane! Namhlanje, uyakwazi ukuhamba ecaleni ezitratweni zomzi yamandulo, ukuba gxwa emoyeni ixesha.

imithombo ephakathi

Oku "mnyama" senkulungwane ngexesha apho abantu ukuze ubomi ukuhla emva kokuwa ithi yamandulo.

Le mithombo ngokwenene kumaXesha Aphakathi lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ngamaqela eziliqela.
Iqela lokuqala luquka, Kakade, esi sikhulu kakhulu langutana - umzi, iinqaba, inqaba.

Okulandelayo kuza ezikhumbuzo nadlulisela ulwazi oluninzi - oko kukuthi, ixesha ubungqina ebhaliweyo. Ezi ziquka zemihla ngemihla, yemicimbi yemihla, neengoma, nomculo orekhodiweyo, abalawuli nemimiselo kunye namaxwebhu zomsebenzi amagcisa, abarhwebi, njalo njalo.

Nangona kunjalo, le mithombo yokwenene kumaXesha Aphakathi ayikho wamninzi esingathanda. Ngomhla wesihlanu - ngenkulungwane yesithoba, phantse akukho iimbekiselo ebhaliweyo. Uninzi ulwazi malunga ngexesha Siphuma amavo, amabali.

sezulu ulophu, inqanaba elisezantsi kwimveliso, ingeniso ncam kwibutho abangekaphuhli benze umsebenzi wabo. Ufumana khangela kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa zesikhumbuzo yamandulo kunye nemithombo yokwenene zamaXesha Aphakathi. imiboniso museum Photo ukuqinisekisa le nto.

era osemqoka ukuba abantu abahlala ngaphandle uBukhosi baseRoma, baba ukufunda nokubhala. zidlulela amasiko babo nootatomkhulu abazukulwana ngomlomo. Records ngeli xesha kakhulu kwinzala patricians amanene okanye iimonki, kaninzi in Latin okanye isiGrike. iilwimi National adlabhuke kwi incwadi, kude kube sekupheleni kwexesha.

Thina asinawo lonke ulwazi malunga nemeko bentlalo ekuqaleni zezizwe Middle Ages. Nam iteknoloji nabomi ekuhlaleni, akukho isakhiwo iklasi, okanye ihlabathi - nto kubuyiswa ngokupheleleyo.

Ikakhulu ngeziphumo ezifunyenweyo ukujongana kuphela kwimimandla neenkolelo, emkhosini kunye nokuyenza. ezintathu ndawo ezikhanyisayo kuphela wafumana imithombo yokwenene zamaXesha Aphakathi. Imizekelo yasendle kungakhokelela amabali, iintsomi, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo kunye namagama kunye nokungcwatywa.

Kweli nqaku siza ezibekwe ngayo ingqiqo nzima enjalo, njengoko imizobo, ndaze baqhelane nesayensi ukufunda ezi ziphumo kwaye ingqalelo eminye imizekelo iiphiriyodi ezimbini zembali.