Imfundiso, imigaqo, inkqubo, amanqanaba, iintlobo zolwabambiswano loluntu kwimisebenzi yomhlaba. Iifom zentsebenziswano yentlalo zi ...

Intsebenziswano yentlalontle, imbono, imigaqo, iindlela zokuphunyezwa kwayo ziqwalaselwa njengezigaba ezintsha kwiRashiya. Nangona kunjalo, nangona kunjalo, amanyathelo okwakha asele athatyathwe ekujoliseni ukudala amaziko afanelekileyo. Masiqhubeke siqwalasela ukuba imigaqo, ifom kunye nenkqubo yentsebenziswano yoluntu imele.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo

Intsebenziswano yentlalontle, ingcamango, inkqubo, iifom ezithe zafumana ukuhlanganiswa okuqhelekileyo, isebenza njengendlela echanekileyo yokuxazulula iingxabano ezikhulayo ezivela kwiinjongo zabasebenzi nabaqeshi. Ithetha indlela yokubambisana ngokukhawuleza ngesiseko seenkontileka kunye nezivumelwano phakathi kwabaphathi bamashishini kunye neemanyano zabasebenzi. Ingqiqo, amanqanaba, iintlobo zentsebenziswano yoluntu zakha isiseko somsebenzi we-ILO. Le ntlangano ngokwemigangatho yokulingana idibanisa abameli baqeshi, abasebenzi kunye nelizwe kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini. Ukuhlanganiswa, ubumbano kunye nobunye bezenzo zabo zonke iimanyano zabasebenzi, imizimba yabo namalungu, ukwandiswa kobubanzi bokusabalalisa izivumelwano ezihlangeneyo, ukuqiniswa koxanduva lwawo onke amaqela ekusebenzisaneni nokuphunyezwa kweembopheleleko zabo, kwaye ukuphuculwa kweenkxaso zolawulo kubalulekile ekuphuculeni ukuphumelela kwesi sakhiwo.

Ingqiqo kunye neendlela zokusebenzisana nentlalontle

Iinkcazo eziliqela zeziko eliphantsi kokuqwalaselwa linikezelwa kwincwadi. Nangona kunjalo, enye yezona zichanekileyo kwaye zichanekileyo yi ngcaciso elandelayo. Intsebenziswano yentlalontle yindlela ephucukileyo yobudlelwane bezenhlalakahle kwilizwe lomsebenzi apho ulungelelaniso nokukhuselwa kweminqweno yabaqeshi (abaqeshi), abasebenzi, imizimba karhulumente, izakhiwo zorhulumente wengingqi ziqinisekisiwe. Oku kuphunyezwe kwizivumelwano ezigqityiweyo, iikontraka, ukubonisa umnqweno wokufikelela kwiinkcazo kwiinkalo ezibalulekileyo zophuhliso lwezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko kweli lizwe. Iifom zentsebenziswano yentlalo yindlela ekusebenzisaneni ngayo noluntu noluntu. Bakha isakhiwo sobudlelwane phakathi kwamaziko kunye nezifundo kwisimo, umxholo, iintlobo kunye neemeko zomsebenzi wamaqela ahlukeneyo olwazi, amacebo kunye noluntu.

Izinto

Ukugxininisa iifom kunye nemigangatho yentsebenziswano yentlalontle, iingcali ziphonononga imeko yezoqoqosho nentlalo yezohlukeneyo zengcali, uluntu kunye namaqela, umgangatho wobomi babo, iindlela ezinokuthi zenzeke kunye neendlela eziqinisekileyo zokukhipha inzuzo. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhanjiswa kobutyebi besizwe ngokuhambelana nomkhiqizo womsebenzi - kwaye kwenziwe ngexesha langoku, kwaye kwenziwe ngaphambili. Zonke ezi zigaba zizinto zentsebenziswano yoluntu. Idibaniswe nokubunjwa kunye nokuveliswa kweenkqubo ezivumelekileyo zentlalo nokungavunyelwanga. Ubukho balo bunqunywe nguhlulo lwabasebenzi, ukwahlukana kwendima kunye nendawo yeqela ngalinye kwimveliso jikelele.

I zifundo

Imigaqo-siseko kunye neentlobo zentsebenziswano yentlalontle zikhoyo ngokuxhomekeke ngokusondeleyo nabathathi-nxaxheba kulwalamano. Izifundo malunga nabasebenzi mazibandakanye:

1. Imanyano yabasebenzi, ephulukana nentsholongwane yabo kwaye ayizange ibe nendawo entsha kwindawo yezoqoqosho.
2. Imibutho yoluntu. Zivela kwinkqubela ezizimeleyo zabasebenzi kwaye azixhunyiwe kwiimanyano zabasebenzi zangaphambili, akukho masiko okanye imvelaphi.
3. Amaziko eParastatal. Bakhonza njengamasebe karhulumente olawulo kumanqanaba athile.
4. Ukunyuka kwamaqela amaninzi, kuquka nabasebenzi abaqeshiweyo, i-market-democracy orientation.

Kwingxenye yabaqeshi kubambiswano loluntu inxaxheba:

1. Amaqumrhu alawulayo amashishini karhulumente. Kwinkqubo yobuncwane, ukuthengiswa, urhwebo, bafumana ukuzimela okukhulu nokuzimela.
2. Abaphathi kunye nabanikazi beenkampani ezizimeleyo. Baye basebenza ngokuzimela kwiinkalo zesebe ukususela ekuqaleni kwemfundo.
3. Intlalo yoluntu kunye nezopolitiko zabashishini, abaphathi, abashishini.

Kwinqanaba likarhulumente, izifundo zobambiswano loluntu zi:

1. Abaphathi bezopolitiko kunye noluntu. Azingabandakanyekanga ngokukodwa kwimveliso kwaye abanakho ukuqhagamshelana ngqo nabaqeshwa okanye abaqeshi. Ngako oko, abanalo impembelelo enkulu kwiintsebenziswano kummandla wokuvelisa.
2. Amasebe kunye neenkonzo zoqoqosho. Abawuthwali uxanduva ngqo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, kodwa banolwazi malunga nemeko ekhoyo kumashishini.
3. Amaziko karhulumente alawula i-market market .

Iingxaki zeMfundo zeZiko

Ingcamango, amanqanaba, iintlobo zobambiswano zentlalo, njengoko kukhankanywe ngasentla, zichaneke ngezenzo zomthetho. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukubunjwa kweziko lonke liyinkqubo enzima kwaye ininzi. Amazwe amaninzi kwiminyaka emininzi adlulele ekuqulunqweni kwenkqubo yoqhagamshelwano loluntu njengenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo zomthetho wezabasebenzi. Ngokuphathelele iRashiya, inkqubo yokwakhiwa kweZiko yayinzima ngeemeko ezimbini. Okokuqala, ilizwe alizange libe nolwazi ekusebenziseni inkqubo kwinkqubo yentlalo yoluntu. Ngako oko, kwakungekho nto yokulungelelanisa kwi-TC, kuba iingcamango zengqungquthela zaphika imfuneko yokuyisebenzisa ekulawuleni. Okungabalulekanga kubungakanani amazinga aphezulu okutshatyalaliswa kweparadigm esele ikhona, ubunzima bokukhulula ubudlelwane bezentlalo kunye nemveliso. Ezi zinto zikhokelela ekunciphiseni kwendima yombuso kwilizwe lomsebenzi kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, ukubuthathaka kokukhuselwa kwabemi. Okwangoku, kunzima ukufumana iqumrhu elingathandabuzeki ukubaluleka kobambiswano loluntu njengendlela efanelekileyo kakhulu yokuphumeza uxolo loluntu, ukugcina imilinganiselo yabasebenzi nabaqeshi, ukuqinisekisa ukuphuhliswa okuzinzile kwelizwe lonke.

Indima yombuso

Kwizenzo zehlabathi zokuphuhlisa iintlobo zentsebenziswano yentlalontle indawo ekhethekileyo inikwe abaphathi. Okokuqala kwaye ngowona nto, likarhulumente enegunya lokumkela imithetho kunye neminye imisebenzi evamile yokulungisa imiqathango kunye neenkqubo eziza kubeka imeko yezomthetho yamashishini. Ngethuba elifanayo, amagunya kufuneka asebenze njengomlambeli kunye nomgcini-mgangatho ekuxazululeni iimfazwe ezahlukeneyo phakathi kwamaqela kulwalamano. I-arhente karhulumente, ngaphezu koko, ithatha umsebenzi wokusasaza iifom ezisebenzayo zentsebenziswano yentlalontle. Okwangoku, ukubaluleka kwamagunya aseburhulumenteni nakwimimandla akufuneki ukuba kubekelwe kuphela ukugwetywa kwabaqeshi ukuba bathathe uxanduva lokwenene olunxulumene nomhlaba wepropati ehambelana neenjongo zentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho kunye neenjongo zenkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo kwaye angaphulaphuli iimfuno zelizwe. Amandla kule meko ayinakuguquka ukusuka ekuphunyezweni kwemisebenzi yokulawula. Ukujongana nokuphunyezwa kwentsebenziswano yentlalontle kwintando yesininzi kufuneka kuqhutywe ngamagunya karhulumente.

Amalungiselelo abalulekileyo enkqubo

Urhulumente uthatha ngokwakhe uxanduva lokuphuhlisa imithetho. Ngokukodwa, i-TC ilungisa imigaqo ephambili yentsebenziswano yentlalontle, inquma ulawulo oluqhelekileyo kunye nesimo somthetho osemthethweni wezobudlelwane ezakhiweyo kwicandelo lezoqoqosho kunye nemveliso. Iziko elijongene nalo lisekelwe kwi:

1. Ukulingana kwamaqela.
2. Ukuphendula kunye nokuhlonipha iimfuno zabathathi-nxaxheba.
3. Uncedo kwilizwe ekuqiniseni nasekuphuculeni inkqubo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.
4. Inomdla ekwakheni ubudlelwane bezivumelwano.
5. Ukuthotyelwa komthetho ekuqhubeni imisebenzi.
6. Igunya labameli bebathathi-nxaxheba kulwalamano.
7. Inkululeko yokuzikhethela kwingxoxo yeengxaki ezinxulumene nemisebenzi yabasebenzi.
8. Ukuzibophezela ngokuzithandela.
9. Ukunyaniseka kwemimiselo yezivumelwano kunye nezivumelwano.
10. Imbopheleleko yokuphunyezwa kwemithetho esisiseko.
11. Ukulawula ukuthotyelwa kwezivumelwano, izivumelwano.
12. Uxanduva lwabathathi-nxaxheba kunye nabameli babo ngenxa yokungaphumeleli ukuthobela imimiselo ecacisiweyo yephulo labo.

Iziseko ezisisiseko zobambiswano loluntu

Ukukhankanywa kwabo kukhoyo kwi-Art. 27 TC. Ngokuhambelana nesiqhelo, iintlobo zentsebenziswano yentlalontle zi:

1. Iingxoxo ezihlangeneyo malunga nokuqulunqwa kwezivumelwano / izivumelwano kunye nezigqibo zabo.
2. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabameli bebaqeshi kunye nabasebenzi ekuhlaleni kweengxaki zeengxabano.
3. Ukubonisana ngokubambisana kwiingxaki zokulawula imveliso kunye nolunye ulwalamano oluhambelana ngqo nabo, ukuqinisekisa amalungelo abasebenzi kunye nokuphucula umthetho wecandelo.
4. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabasebenzi kunye nabameli babo ekulawuleni ishishini.

Kufanelekile ukuthetha ukuba ngaphambi kokumkelwa kwe-TC, i-Concept of the form and development of the institution under consideration is in effect. Yavunywe yikhomishini ekhethekileyo yokuhamba kwemveliso kunye noqoqosho lwezoqoqosho (RTK). Ngokuhambelana nayo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabasebenzi (abameli bebasebenzi) ekulawuleni ibhizinisi benza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yentsebenziswano yentlalontle kwihlabathi lomsebenzi.

Ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kwesilingo semibango

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kubasebenzi kunye nabasebenzi bamele banamanani amanqaku. Ukugunyazwa kwangaphambili kweetyala kubhekisela kwimibango yodwa, kuba iingxabano ezihlangeneyo aziqwalaselwe kwiinkundla. Xa uzalisekisa le fomu yentsebenziswano yentlalo kwilizwe lomsebenzi, imithetho ye-Art. 382-388 TC. Le mi miselo ichaza inkqubo yokudala ulwabiwo lwabathathi-nxaxheba kulwalamano. Imithetho yokulawulwa kweengxabano ezihlangeneyo, ngaphandle kwecandelo lesiteleka, isekelwe kwimigaqo yentsebenziswano yentlalontle. Iingcali, ukuhlalutya ubugcisa. 27, fi kelela kwisigqibo sokuthi isiqhelo sinokungacaciswanga kokutolika. Ngokukodwa, iingcali zincamela ukutshintsha inkcazo yendlela yentsebenziswano yentlalontle enikezela ukulungiswa kweengxabano ukuya kwelinye elilandelayo-ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabameli bebaqeshi kunye nabasebenzi kwiinkqubo ezingenakucala kunye neenkqubo zokuqala. Kule meko, ezi zilandelayo ziza kubonisa ukuba kunokusombulula umntu, kunye neengxabano zokuqala.

Ukuchaneka kwezigaba

Iifom zokulawula intsebenziswano yentlalontle okokuqala zifakwe kuMthetho weNgingqi yaseLeningrad. Kuyo, ezi zigaba zichazwe njengeentlobo ezithile zokusebenzisana phakathi kwamashishini ukudala nokuphumeza umgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho kunye noqoqosho-shishino. Kwiingcaciso kwi-TC, iintlobo zentsebenziswano yentlalo ziphathwa njengeendlela zokwenza ulwalamano lwabathathi-nxaxheba ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nezinye izinto ezinxulumene nazo. Kukho neenkcazelo ezifanelekileyo kwimithetho yengingqi.

Iindidi ezongezelelweyo

Xa kuqhutywe uhlalutyo lwemigangatho ekhoyo, iingcali zibhekiselele kwimeko yokuncedisa ubugcisa. 27. Ngokukodwa, ngokweengcali, iifom zokusebenzisana nentlalo ziquka:

1. Ukubonelela ngomgaqo-nkqubo ojongene noluntu lweenguqu kwezoqoqosho olwenzelwe ukuzinzisa nokunyusa izinga lokuveliswa kwekhaya.
2. Ukuphuhliswa, ukumkelwa kunye nokuphunyezwa kwezigqibo ezidibeneyo.
3. Ukuphuhliswa kwezindlela ezifanelekileyo zokulawula ubudlelwane boluntu noluntu.
4. Imisebenzi ehlangeneyo yabathathi-nxaxheba kwiikomishoni kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezigunyazisiweyo.
5. Ukubambisana ekuqulunqeni nasekuhambeni kwindibano yezomthetho yommandla wolwakhiwo lwezenzo eziqhelekileyo kwimiba yoluntu, ezoqoqosho kunye nemisebenzi.
6. Ukumiselwa kwenkqubo yokwandiswa kwemimiselo yezivumelwano kunye nezivumelwano kubaqeshi abangazange bathathe inxaxheba ekuvalelweni kwabo, abangenayo amaxwebhu aqokelelweyo, ukusekwa kwemithetho yokubakho ukungena kwabo kule mi sebenzi.
7. Uncedo ekuphunyezweni kweenkqubo ezivunyiweyo.

Ngokwezinye iingcali, ezi zikhetho zingentla zinemibalala. Okokuqala kukho konke ukuchazwa kwamalungiselelo athile, ikhonkco kwizakhiwo ezigunyazisiweyo zokuziphumeza. Ngelo xesha, iifom zentsebenziswano yentlalo ezisungulwe kwimithetho yommandla zenza igalelo ekunyuseni okukhulu kwamandla abathathi-nxaxheba kulwalamano, xa kuthelekiswa no-Art. 27 TC. Isiqhelo, esinikwe kwisiqhelo njengoluhlu olupheleleyo, lunokuncediswa kwaye luqinisekiswe ngokubhaliweyo yiKhowudi ngokwayo kunye nezinye izinto eziqhelekileyo. Igatya elifanelekileyo likhoyo kweli nqaku. Ngokukodwa, ithetha ukuba iintlobo zentsebenziswano yoluntu zinokumiselwa ngumthetho wommandla, isivumelwano esihlangeneyo / isivumelwano, isenzo sendawo soshishini.

Ubugcisa. 26 TC

Iifom kunye namanqanaba okubambisana kwezentlalo ziqhagamshelwano eziphambili eziqulunqa isikhungo esicatshungulwayo. I-TC ayinikezeli iinkcazo ezicacileyo, kodwa uludwe, ukuhlelwa kunye neempawu zezinto zinikezelwa. Ngoko, ngobugcisa. I-26 yeKhowudi ichaza i-federal, icandelo, imimandla, indawo kunye nommandla wendawo. Ukuhlalutya iindidi ezikhankanywe, ezininzi iingcali zibhekiselele ekuphuleni komongo wokwakha uluhlu. Iingcali zichaza ukupheliswa kwazo ngento yokuba kukho iindidi ezahlukileyo ngokwemigangatho yokuzimela ezizimeleyo.

Ummandla welizwe

Intsebenziswano yentlalontle ikhona kumanqanaba omasipala, oomasipala, oommandla nakwimibutho. Olu luhlu lubonakala luphelelanga. Kubugcisa. 26 I-TC ayithethi enye-inqanaba lesithili. Ngomhla ka-Meyi 2000, uMongameli watyikitya uMyalelo malunga nokwakhiwa kwezithili. Ngokuhambelana nalo msebenzi, abameli beNtloko kaRhulumente baqeshwe kwaye iiofisi ezimele zavulwa. Njengamanje, izivumelwano ezi-2 okanye ezintathu zenkampani zityinwe kuzo zonke izithili zombuso. Ziyimfuneko ekudaleni indawo enye yentlalo kunye nezomnotho kwisithili, ukuqinisekisa ukuzaliseka kweemfuno zoluntu, amalungelo abantu abanobuchule, ukuphuhliswa kobambiswano loluntu, njalo njalo.

Uphawu lwezoshishino

Iifom kunye namanqanaba okubambisana kwentlalo ekhoyo kwinqanaba lemimandla anikezelwa kwisakhelo solawulo esichaphazelekayo kwimimandla, izithethe zenkcubeko nezenkcubeko, njl. Kwimithetho yezifundo zeRussian Federation, ngaphandle kokuba kuhlinzekwe ku-Art. 26 I-TC, iqela elikhethekileyo (ithagethi) lisungulwe. Kule nqanaba, ubudlelwane bobugcisa bugqityiwe.

Isiphelo

Ezinye iingcali bacebisa nongeza zobugcisa. TC 26 jikelele kunye corporate. Noko ke, ukufakelwa yokugqibela ubonakala eyekelel kwexesha ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ukuba sithethe kwinqanaba loshishino, wongezelela ngoko ukuba kukho uluhlu olukhoyo lwe lukhuni ngoku. Oku kungenxa yemeko ngqo kwelo nqanaba. Kweli nqanaba, zidibene imiqondiso zombutho, amacandelo, sobummandla kunye ngamazwe ubambiswano loluntu. Le yokugqibela waqonda ikakhulu ngokuhambelana nezibonelelo zezivumelwano waqukumbela kunye namanye amazwe Russian Federation ngenxa yemithetho impixano umthetho yabasebenzi. Ukucacisa meko, iingcali ukucebisa ukutshintsha utoliko Art. 26 Ngenxa yabo, lexi kufuneka ibonise ukuba inqanaba ndawo - (. Siseko, imimiselo kunye namashishini yoKhuselo, imimiselo zikarhulumente, njalo njalo) yinxalenye Russian Federation, kumiselwa ngokungqinelana nemimiselo. Nokusebenza Institute oluqhutywa lonke eli lizwe, kwii-ofisi zezithili, iingingqi, kunye noomasipala ngqo kwamashishini.