Iimpawu kunye neentlobo zonyulo. Umthetho weRussia Federation ukhetho

Ukhetho lunyulo lwamagosa ngabantu. Le nkqubo yindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuthatha inxaxheba koluntu kwimpilo yezopolitiko kunye noluntu kwelizwe. Namhlanje kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi zikhona ezinye okanye ukhetho oluthile, ngenxa yonyuso olusisiseko olwenziwayo kwaye lushintsha.

Isizathu seNyulo

I-suffrage iyigqabantshintshi ebalulekileyo yamalungelo omgaqo-siseko abhalwe kumthetho ophambili-uMgaqo-siseko. Ngaphandle kwayo, akunakwenzeka ukucinga ukuba uluntu lukhululekile. Ukuvota - ukusetyenziswa kwelungelo lokhetho lonyulo lwabemi belizwe (ilungelo lokunikezela igunya kumagosa).

Ngokwenene, umgaqo wokhetho unxibelelwano olungenakulinganiswa kunye neengcamango zenkqubo yonyulo kunye nomthetho wokhetho. Kwilizwe ngalinye, ukuvota rhoqo kuqhutyelwa ngokwemiqathango emiselweyo.

Umthetho wokhetho weRussian Federation

KwiRashiya yanamhlanje, ukhetho lwamasekela akhethwe ngamaphalamende jikelele kunye nommandla, umongameli, oomasipala bezixeko kunye neentloko zezifundo ze-Federation. Kukho imithombo emininzi yelizwe. Le mi sebenzi yendalo (imithetho) elawula ukuziphatha kokuvota.

Umxholo wokhetho kunye nendawo yabo ebomini belizwe lichongwe nguMgaqo-siseko weRussia Federation, ngabaphathi beemimandla, imimandla, imizi, kunye nemimiselo yamaphablikhi angamalungu eShicilelo. Lo mgaqo kwixesha lonke lemihla yamandulo yeRashiya Federation ihlala isiseko senkqubo yayo yokhetho.

Kukho izenzo ezizodwa zokumisela. Okokuqala, lo ngumthetho we-Federal owamkelwa ngo-2002. Injongo eyona nto kukuqinisekisa abantu baseRussia ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abo okhetho. Lo Mthetho waseMthethweni uchaza iinkqubo zokuvota, kwakunye nemigaqo yokukhankanya. Ngomnyaka wobukho balo, lo mbhalo uhlangene neenguqulelo ezininzi kunye nokuhlela. Nangona kunjalo, nangona kukho konke ukuguqulwa, isisiseko esona sisisiseko sahlala sisifana.

Utshintsho kumthetho wokhetho luyinkqubo. Ihlelwe njengempendulo kummandla wezopolitiko. Ngokomzekelo, ngo-2004, unyulo lwabalawuli lwasuswa, kwaye emva kweminyaka embalwa babuyiselwa. Ulungiso olulodwa lungenziwa yimimiselo ekhethekileyo kunye nemimiselo kaMongameli weRussian Federation. Ezinye iinkcukacha zomthetho wokhetho zilobuchule beKhomishoni yoKhetho oluPhakathi kunye ne-State Duma. Ngoko ke, ukhetho luxhomekeke kwizigqibo kunye nezigqibo.

Unyulo oluchanekileyo nolunxamnye

Amazwe amaninzi amkele ukhetho oluchanekileyo nolwentando yeninzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba umqeshwa wabasebenzi unquma ngqo ummi. Izikhululo zokuvota zisebenza ngokuvota. Umhlali welizwe ulungisa ukhetho lwakhe kwi-bulletin. Uthando lwabantu luzimisele ngokubaluleka kwala maphepha.

Ukongezelela ngqo, kukho ukhetho olungqalileyo, olubhekiselele kubo. Umzekelo ogqwesileyo wenkqubo enjalo yi-United States. Kwimeko yokhetho olungakhethiweyo, umvoti unikela amandla akhe kubavoti (kwaye emva koko basasaza ukuthanda kwabavoti babo kwaye baphelise ukhetho). Le nkqubo yinkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kwaye inokudideka, yamkelwe kumazwe ahlukeneyo ngeendlela ezininzi ngenxa yokunamathela kwizithethe. Ngokomzekelo, e-US, umongameli welizwe akanyuli ngabemi, kodwa yiKholeji yoNyulo. Ngokufanayo, igumbi eliphezulu lephalamente yaseNdiya lenziwa ngamanyathelo amabini.

Unyulo olungezinye nolunye uhlobo

Iinkqubo ezimbini zonyulo (okunye kunye nezinye ezingekho ngenye indlela) zichonga uhlobo lwendlela yonyulo yonyulo, kungakhathaliseki ezinye iinkalo. Yintoni eyona ntlukwano kunye nokwahlukana? Enye inokuthi umntu unelungelo phakathi kwabaviwa abaningana. Ngelo xesha, abemi bakhetha iinkqubo ezichaseneyo kunye neengcinga zezopolitiko.

Unyulo olungaphethiyo luye lwahlulwa linye iqela (okanye ifani) kwivoti. Namhlanje, inkqubo enjalo iye yaphela ngokugqithiseleyo kwindlela yokuziphatha. Nangona kunjalo, ukhetho olungakhethi luhlala kumazwe anenkqubo enye yeqela, apho amandla angaba ngummeli okanye uwonkewonke.

Uninzi lonyulo lwenkqubo

Ehlabathini namhlanje kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zonyulo. Nangona ilizwe ngalinye linomsebenzi walo oyingqayizivele, kukho iindlela ezininzi eziphambili ezichongiweyo. Umzekelo, enye yeenkqubo eziqhelekileyo zonyulo yinkqubo eninzi. Kulo lonyulo, ummandla welizwe ulwahlula kwizithili, kwaye ngamnye wabo uvoti wakhe (kunye neenhlu ezizodwa zabaviwa).

Inkqubo yesininzi kakhulu iyasebenza xa ukhetha ipalamente. Siyabulela, abaphathi bafika kumbutho omelayo , omela iminqweno yonke imimandla yelizwe ngaphandle kokungafani. Njengomthetho, umviwa usebenza ukusuka kwisithili, apho yena ngokwakhe uzalwa. Ngesinye ipalamente, abaphathi abanjalo baya kuba nengcamango ecacileyo nengcacileyo yemfuno yabantu abavoteleyo. Yile ndlela ummeli owenziwa ngayo kwindlela efanelekileyo. Kubalulekile ukuthobela umgaqo wokuba ngokwenene ephalamende ayikho iphini yevoti, kodwa abo bamnyulayo bamisela amandla ommi.

Iintlobo zesininzi kwinkqubo

Inkqubo yesininzi ihlulwe zibe ziintlobo ezintathu. Eyokuqala ngumgaqo wobuninzi obuninzi. Kule meko, ukuze uphumelele, umviwa kufuneka aqokelele ngaphezu kwesigamu samavoti. Ukuba ukususela ngowokuqala umviwa ongenakukwazi ukuzimisela, unyulo olongezelelweyo lonyulwa. Baquka abantu ababini, kwiimpahla zabo ixabiso elikhulu kakhulu lamavoti. Inkqubo enje isoloko ibonisa ukhetho lonyulo kamasipala.

Umgaqo wesibini uchaphazela uninzi lwabantu. Ngokuya kuye, nayiphi na inzuzo yamathematika ngaphezu kwabachaseneyo ngokwaneleyo ukuba umviwa aphumelele, nangona le nani ingawunqobe umda we-50%. Isimiselo sesithathu esiphathelene nesininzi esifanelekileyo asiqhelekanga. Kule meko, inani lamavoti afanelekileyo lokuphumelela lusekwe.

Inkqubo yokhetho lonyulo

Iindidi eziqhelekileyo zolonyulo zisekwe kubameli beqela. Ngokwalo mgaqo, imisebenzi yenkqubo yokhetho lonyulo. Yenza imizimba ekhethileyo yamandla ngokusebenzisa uluhlu lweqela. Ngexesha lokunyulwa kwisithili, umviwa angaphinda abonise iminqweno yombutho wezopolitiko (umzekelo, oomakhomanisi okanye iinkululeko), kodwa okokuqala unikezela ngabemi inkqubo yakhe.

Kwimeko yezintlu zeqela kunye neenkqubo ezilinganayo, imeko iyahluke. Ukuvotela okhethweni lukhokelwa yimibutho yezopolitiko kunye nemibutho, kwaye kungekhona ngopolitiki ohlukeneyo. Ngomhla wexesha lonyulo, amaqela abhala uluhlu lwabaviwa. Emva koko, emva kokuvota, intshukumo nganye ifumana izihlalo ezininzi kwipalamente ngokulinganayo namavoti akhishwe. Abaviwa ababandakanyiweyo kwizintlu bafika kumzimba omele. Okukhethiweyo kunikwa kumanani okuqala: abapolitiko abaziwa ngokubanzi kwilizwe, amanani oluntu, izithethi ezidumile, njl. Iintlobo eziphambili zotyulo zingabonakaliswa ngenye indlela. I-Majoritarian - umntu, olinganiselayo-ahlangeneyo.

Izintlu zoluhlu oluvulekileyo kunye oluvaliweyo

Inkqubo yokulinganisela (kunye nenkqubo yesininzi) ineenguqu zayo. Ezi zibini eziphambili ziquka ukuvota kwintlu evulekileyo yeqela (iBrazil, Finland, eNetherlands). Unyulo oluchanekileyo olunjalo lithuba lokuvota nje kuphela ukukhetha uluhlu lwamaqela, kodwa nokuxhasa ilungu elithile leqela (kwamanye amazwe, ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zinokuxhaswa). Kwakhona kunjalo ukulinganiswa kwabakhethiweyo. Kwinkqubo enjalo, i-party ayikwazi ukukhetha yedwa ukubunjwa okumele kukhethwe kwipalamente.

Izintlu ezivaliweyo zisetyenziswe eRashiya, i-Israel, i-European Union kunye neMzantsi Afrika. Kule meko, ummi unelungelo lokuvota kuphela kwiphathi ayithandayo. Abantu abathile abawela epalamente bazimisele ngumbutho wezopolitiko ngokwawo. Umvoti wokuqala ngowamavoti kwenkqubo jikelele.

Iinkonzo kunye neNgxowa yeNkqubo yeProportional

Zonke iindidi zonyulo zinokubaluleka kunye nokungalungi. Inkqubo yokulinganisa ihamba ngendlela ehlukileyo kuba iivoti zabemi azipheli nje. Ziya kwi-treasury ekhoyo yenkampani kwaye zichaphazela i-ajenda yezopolitiko. Kukho imeko ebalulekileyo kulo mgaqo. Kwilizwe ngalinye umbandela othile uyamkelwa. Amaqela angadlulanga lo mmaka ayifakiwe kwipalamente. Ngako-ke, leyona nto ilungileyo kulolu hlobo unyulo lukaSirayeli, apho ubuncinci bembalo kuphela 1% (eRussia 5%).

Ukungahleleki kwenkqubo yokulinganisela kukuphazamiseka okukodwa komgaqo wentando yesininzi. Uludwe lwabantu abakhethiweyo luya kulahla ukudibanisa kunye nabamalungu abo. Ukuba iqela libala abaviwa, akufuneki ukubonisa ubungqina babo kubantu. Iingcali ezininzi zigxeka iintlobo ezivaliweyo zokungabikho kwazo kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa. Ngokomzekelo, kukho "umgaqo wendawo yokuhlala". Ukuyisebenzisa, amaqela afakwe phambi kweenlist zabo ezivaliweyo zabantu abaziwayo (iinkwenkwezi ze-movie, umculo wesigaba kunye nemidlalo). Emva koonyulo, le "i-locomotives" ilahlile igunya labo ngenxa yabasebenzi abanamalungu amaninzi. Kukho iimeko ezininzi kwiimbali apho ukutshatyalaliswa kwamaqela kubangele ulawulo lokunyanzelisa ngaphakathi kwintlangano kunye nokulawulwa kwe-bureaucracy.

Ukhetho oluxubileyo

Inkqubo yonyulo inokudibanisa imigaqo emibini engundoqo (ininzi kunye nokulinganisa). Ngolu qulunqo, kuya kuqwalaselwa. ERashiya, ngexesha lonyulo lwepalamente, ukhetho olunjalo oluqhelekileyo lusebenza namhlanje. Ingxenye yamagosa aphethwe yizintlu, esinye isiqingatha ngamagunya angama-one. Inkqubo ekhethiweyo yonyulo iya kusetyenziswa kunyulwa kwi-State Duma ngoSeptemba 18, 2016 (ngaphambi kokuba isetyenziswe kwiNyulo ye-State Duma kude kube ngowama-2003 kubandakanya). Ngo-2007 no-2011, kwakukho umgaqo olinganayo kunye nezintlu zeqela elivaliweyo.

Inkqubo edibeneyo ikwabizwa ngezinye iifom zeenkqubo zokhetho. Ngokomzekelo, e-Australia, elinye igumbi lepalamente likhethwa yizintlu zeqela, kunye nelinye ngamagunya angama-one. Kukho inkqubo edibeneyo yokuxhuma. Ngokwemigaqo yayo, izihlalo zepalamente zihanjiswe kumgaqo-munye omnye wokugunyazwa, kodwa ukuvota kudlulayo kwiintlu.

Iingeniso kunye neempembelelo zomgaqo odibeneyo

Naliphina inkqubo edibeneyo iguquguqukayo kwaye idemokhrasi. Ihlala ishintsha kwaye ihlinzeka ilizwe ngeendlela ezininzi zokwenza ummeli omele. Izikhululo zokuvota kule meko zingaba sisihlalo sotyulo oluninzi, ukuqhubeka ngokwemiqathango eyahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, eRashiya, ukuvota kwinqanaba likamasipala ngokuqhubekayo kuqhutyelwa kule fomethi.

Unyulo oluchanekileyo oluxutywayo luyinto ebalulekileyo ekuqhekekeni kwenkqubo yezopolitiko. Ngoko ke, iingcali zijonga ukuba luvavanyo olunzulu kumazwe anomntwana osemncinci wehlulekile. Imibutho yezopolitiko eyahlukileyo iyanyanzelwa ukuba iqulunqe imibutho. Kule meko, ininzi iqela kwipalamente ayifumanekanga. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, oku kukuthintela ukwenziwa kwesigqibo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, umfanekiso onjalo ngumzekelo ocacileyo wokuxhatshazwa koluntu apho kukho amaqela amaninzi anomdla. Inkqubo ekhethiweyo yokhetho kunye nenani elikhulu lamaqela amancinci laliyimpawu zaseRashiya ne-Ukraine kuma-1990.