Ibutho laseJamani: iMbali kunye nobuNtu

Iimbali zaseJamani zixhomekeke kakhulu kwiimfazwe. Iimfazwe ezimbini ezona igazi kwiimbali zoluntu zikhutshwe ngokuchanekileyo kweli lizwe kunye noorhulumente walo. Kwiminyaka eyahlukileyo yobukho balo, abantu basekuhlaleni baye bashiya iJamani baze baqeshisa ukuba bahlale bexhobile, kodwa umkhosi waseJamani ube nepropathi yokuzalwa kwakhona waza waphinda waba ngowomzekelo omhle kunye noqeqesho kwihlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, kuze kube yimhla, abahlalutyi abaninzi babonisa ukwehla okuthile kwimikhosi yaseJamani, echaphazela kakhulu ukunyusa kwabo phakathi kwabo. Ngaba oku kunjalo ngokwenene? Zivela phi izithethe zomkhosi waseJamani? Kwaye, ngaphambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, i-Jamani yaba yinye yezona zizwe ezinamandla kakhulu ezakha iinqwelo zayo, naphezu kokumiswa? Siza kuthetha ngako konke oku kwinqaku lethu lanamhlanje.

Amabutho aMajoni aseJamani: Iinjongo kunye namasiko

Umkhosi waseJamani, ngendlela eya guqulwa ngayo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwavela ngexesha lomzabalazo olwa neNapoleon. Ngaloo xesha, amagosa athabatha inxaxheba kwimikhosi yokulwa noBonaparte ngasecaleni lamajoni aseRussia, yaye amaxesha amaninzi alwa kwiindawo zaseRashiya. Ininzi yamagosa asemaphandleni aphezulu ayebanjwe phakathi kwabanini-mhlaba abakhulu kwaye azicingela njengabaxhasi bobukhosi. Njengesizathu sokuxelisa, amagosa athatha isixhobo somkhosi wasePrussia, ingqondo yakhe, ukuqonda ukuqeqeshwa kunye nokuchaswa naziphi na izimvo zentlalo.

Ngethuba lexesha, kwakhiwa iqela elilodwa lamagosa kwimpi yaseJamani, eyadlulisela kwizithethe zabo koonyana babo kunye neenzukulwana. Ngo-1913, malunga neepesenti ezingamashumi asibhozo zabaphathi abaphezulu bevela kwimikhosi yempi, bakhuliswa kwizithethe ezifanelekileyo. Abo bafika emkhosini besuka ngaphandle, bamkela ngokukhawuleza imithetho nemigangatho yokuziphatha echazwe ngasentla. Ngaloo ndlela, i-backbone ye-Jikelele yamaJamani yayisungulwa, apho iimbonakalo zomkhosi wexesha lolawulo lwama-feudalism zazinjalo, ukuxhomekeka okucacileyo kunye neengcamango zokuhlonipha.

Impembelelo yesivumelwano seVersailles

Nangona uBismarck wenziwa ngexesha lakhe lolawulo oluphambili lwemikhankaso yempi yaseJamani - imfazwe yokukhusela, eyayizama ukuphazamiseka kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Okumangalisa kukuba, bekuyiyo ngcamango "ye-blitzkrieg" eyayivuyisa iingqondo malunga nazo zonke iinkokeli zempi ezadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni nasekubunzeni imikhosi yaseJamani.

Emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala, ngoxolo olusayinwe yiVersailles, iJamani yafakwa kwisiseko sobunqongophiso obunqongqo bemandla ayo empi. Ngomnyaka wamashumi mabini ananye wekhulu lokugqibela, ekuqwalaseleni onke amanqaku kwezi zivumelwano, urhulumente welizwe wasungula iReichswehr, eyayingeyona impi ebalulekileyo. Kunoko, babemandla nje okuzikhusela ayenokuba noxanduva lokulawulwa kwelizwe. IReichswehr yayiquka inani elilandelayo lamasosha:

• Amakhulu amabini amadoda amabutho omhlaba;
• Amawaka angamawaka elineshumi elinesibini.

Ngaloo xesha iJamani yayinqatshelwe i-artillery enzima, i-tank kunye ne-air force, kunye ne-fleet.

Nangona kunjalo, urhulumente waseJamani ufuna ukugqithisa zonke izibhengezo ezimiselweyo kwaye uqale ukuguqula imikhosi yawo, ngokukhawuleza ukwakha amandla omkhosi. Ukuncedisa kule nto kuphela enye yezona zinto zinamandla kakhulu ngexesha - i-Soviet Union. Kwakuye kuye ukuba iJamani yaqalisa iingxoxo ngokuzibandakanya kunye kunye nokuvuselelwa kwamandla emikhosi aseJamani. Ngenxa yesiseko seenqwelo ezihamba ngeSoviet kunye neetanki, amasosha aseJamani ayaqeqeshwa. Oku kwaphula ukwehlukana kweJamani kunye negalelo ekuqiniseni isikhundla sayo kwibala lehlabathi.

Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha lokusebenzisana, i-Soviet Union ayiphumelelanga kakhulu ekuphunyezweni kwezivumelwano zayo. Ngokomzekelo, kuphela abaqhubi beemoto abangamakhulu amabini kunye namatriki angamashumi amathathu abagqithise ukuqeqeshwa kwintsimi yeeRiphabhliki zeManyano. Nangona ngokuza kukaHitler ngexesha elifutshane, abaqeqeshi bamawaka angamawaka amabini baqeqeshwa eJamani.

Hitler kunye noshintsho lomkhosi

Ukususela ngo-1932, uHitler waqalisa ukwenza umgaqo osebenzayo wokwakha amandla omkhosi naphezu kwayo yonke into evinjelwe kunye neemfundiso. Iimbambano ezisebenzayo zaseJamani azizange zibonwe, kodwa akukho namanye amazwe aseYurophu azame ukuphazamisa izicwangciso ze-chancellor entsha. Ngomnyaka we-1935 umkhosi waseJamani wawusoloko unamandla kwaye unamhlanje ukuba uHitler wayenethuba lokuvakalisa ukupheliswa kweReichswehr. Ngenxa yeziganeko ezininzi zenguqu, i-Jamani yahlaselwa.

Leli lizwe lavuselela impi yalo - kwakhona, isibheno somkhosi saqalwa ngamadoda kunye namakhwenkwe, inani lamacandelo linyuka libe ngamashumi amathathu anesithandathu, kwaye amandla omhlaba afikelela kumawaka angamawaka amawaka. Ukwandisa umkhosi, iphephancwadi ekhethekileyo yaqala ukupapashwa phakathi kwabantu, apho iindaba, udliwano-ndlebe kumajoni kunye namagosa, kunye neengxelo zepropaganda zanyatheliswa.

Ngeli thuba, izithethe zamandulo zakwaJamani zikhutshwe, zibandakanya inani elikhulu labemi basekhaya, elinciphisa izinga lobunzima beegosa kwiirekhodi ezingamashumi amabini. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuzange kuphazamise isakhiwo somkhosi ngokwawo, ngokusekelwe ekugcinweni koqeqesho oluqinileyo nokungeniswa okungaqinisekanga.

UHitler wayefuna ukuziphindisela ngenxa yokuthotywa ngokuhlazola kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi YeyokuQala kwaye ngokukhawuleza wagxotha yonke imikhosi phantsi kwakhe. Wayekwazi ukuvuselela umkhosi ngokumangalisa ngokungavamile ngokuqhubekayo kunye nemibono awayeyithatha kubantu. Ngomnyaka we-1934 waba ngumongameli welizwe waza wathabatha isifungo sokuthembeka kumkhosi, ngokuchasene nomgaqo-siseko owamkelwe ngaphambili.

Esi siko sasinentsingiselo ebalulekileyo, kuba igosa laseJamani eligcinwe kwezi zibhambathiso yayingumcimbi wozuko. Ngenxa yoko, ininzi yempi yaqhubeka ifezekisa umsebenzi wayo emva kokuba ilahlekelwe ukholo kwiingcamango zikaHitler kunye nosindiso ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini. Ngethuba lonke eli xesha, amagosa ambalwa kuphela avumelekile ukuba awele ngaphesheya kotshaba, kanti abanye bephethwe zizifungo zabo, naphezu kokungahambisani neendlela ezininzi.

I-Wehrmacht kunye nokulungiselela imfazwe

Ukususela ngo-1935 imikhosi yamajoni yaseJamani yaqala ukubizwa ngokuba yi "Wehrmacht", kwaye yonke imbali yeli lizwe lixhomekeke ngokukodwa kweli gama. U-Hitler ngokucophelela akazange akholele kuphela ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kwemfazwe kwendawo kunye nezinto zobugcisa, kodwa wenza nezindlela zengqondo zokuthonya abantu abaqhelekileyo. Okokuqala, ibandakanyeka nomsebenzi kunye namagosa, okwakumelwe abe ngu-vanguard kunye nomgqugquzeli kwimfazwe ezayo.

Ukulungelelaniswa kwezenzo zamajamani aseJamani ekuqaleni kwephulo lomnyaka wamashumi amathathu anesithoba kwinqanaba elidlulileyo linikezelwe ngemigaqo ekhethekileyo, ngokubhekiselele kulokuba igosa elithile liza kulungiswa. Phakathi kwazo zilandelayo:

• Bonke abalawuli bekufuneka bahlole imeko yokulwa, ngokusekelwe kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo kuzo zonke iiyunithi kwimidlalo yokusebenza, kwaye emva koko wenze isigqibo ngasinye;
• Ukungabikho kwesimmimm ekulawuleni imfazwe;
• Umlawuli ngamnye kufuneka azimele ngokuzimeleyo aze asebenze kwiimeko ezibucayi okanye ngokungabikho kokuthintana nobunkokeli obuphezulu.

Kwakhona, ijoni ngalinye linengcamango yokuba kuyimfuneko ukuqonda amagosa kuphela kumlawuli wakhe osesikweni, owakhuphela ngaphandle izinto ezinqabileyo zokulahla okanye ukungathobeli.

Siyabulela kuzo zonke iziganeko kunye nempumelelo eyokuqala kwimisebenzi yempi eYurophu, umkhosi waseJamani ngeminyaka engamashumi amane nanye yekhulu lokugqibela yayiyindlela ehambelanayo kwaye ihambelana, ilungelelwe kwaye ilungele ukwenza nayiphi na imisebenzi yokulwa.

Umkhosi ekuhlaleni kokuhlaselwa kwe-USSR

Ngomhla wamashumi amabini anesihlanu kaJuni ka-1941 i-Wehrmacht yayifikile ngokufanelekileyo kakuhle. Inani lalo lilonke lidlula izigidi eziziisixhenxe ezimashumi aqeqeshiwe kunye namagosa afanelekileyo, alungele ukwenza naluphi na umyalelo we-Fuhrer. Ukongeza kule nombolo, abantu abangaphantsi kwesigidi babeyingxenye yomkhosi wokugcina.

Imikhosi yomhlaba yaseJamani yayingamaqela angamakhulu anesithathu, ngokuchanekileyo kubo ukuqala kokutshitshiswa okujoliswe kwi-USSR. Kwakuqulethwe zizigidi ezintathu zantathu. Amashumi amabini anesibini, angabasebenzi ngokupheleleyo, ukwahlula kwaziswa kwimida esentshonalanga. Amagumbi amakhulu amabini anamanci amahlanu aphuma empuma.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuba amaninzi amaninzi akhona kwicala lasempuma ayilungiselelwe ngamavolontiya avela eFransi, eSpain, eItali nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Kakade, abazange baqeqeshwe ngokusemthethweni njenge-backgroup ye-Wehrmacht, kodwa bebesesakhiwo esinamandla nesilungiselelwe kakuhle. Umkhosi waseJamani we-1941 wawungamazwe angamazwe kwaye emva kweminyaka embalwa nje yaqala ukugxila kwibala le-Aryan.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuba kwiinyanga zokuqala zemfazwe inani lemikhosi yaseJamani kwintsimi yelizwe lethu liye lahla kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba iJamani ayilindelanga ukuxhathisa ngokuqinileyo kwaye yayingakulungele ukwenza imisebenzi yezempi, kwaye ngoko ayizange isebenze icebo lokudlulisa amajoni ayo ukulwa nezikhundla ukuze ihlawule ilahleko.

Ibala kwiJamani laseJamani

Amabutho aMaqumrhu ase-Wehrmacht ayenamanani amaninzi. Kunzima ukuluhlula zonke iinqununu kwinqaku le-athikili enye, ngoko ke siya kubakhankanya kuphela kubaphathi abaphezulu kunye nabasebenzi.

Iqela lokuqala libonakaliswe ngamagama ashumi elinesithoba, apho iphezulu iReichsmarschall. Emva koko ulandela abaphathi beengalo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka zonke iinkonzo eziyaziwayo. Isikhundla esiphantsi ngumbhishophu wenkundla we Wehrmacht. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba i-post of clergyman iyonke kwimibutho yempi.

Udidi lwesibini lumelelwe ngamagama alishumi elinesihlanu. Oyena mkhulu ngu-oberst okanye u-colonel. Emva kwakhe, ngokubhekiselele kumgangatho ophezulu, kukho iikholoni zezo zonke iingalo, ngoko i-majors ibhalwe. Kuloluhlu, kukho isihloko somhloli wamagosa empi kunye nezithuba ezimbini zezefundisi.

Ukongezelela koku ngasentla, kwakukho iinqanaba ezingamashumi asibhozo anesithandathu eJamani.

Amabutho aseJamani emva kwemfazwe

Izazi-mlando zithi ngexesha lemfazwe, abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezilishumi elinesibhozo baqulunqwa emkhosini, kodwa ngo-Meyi 1945 amandla olawulo olukhuselekile aphelelene namajoni amathathu kunye namagosa amakhulu. Kwaye abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini bawa ebudweni beenyanga zokugqibela zemfazwe.

Ukusebenza kweJamani ngamazwe anqobile kwaholela ekubhujisweni ngokupheleleyo komkhosi. Amajoni ase-Wehrmacht kunye nabantu abambalwa abasebenzisa i-militia bahlaselwa ngokupheleleyo. Icandelo lempi alizange liwele phantsi kokuvalwa, kodwa kwakhona lalahlekelwa zonke iziseko zalo - iifeksi, iifekthi kunye neelabhoratri.

Ngokuhambelana nazo zonke ezi nyathelo, amazwe aphumeleleyo athabathe zonke iinqwelo, kwaye abemi baseJamani balahlekelwa ithuba lokunyuka emoyeni. Ngenxa yoko, ngowe-1949 ilizwe lahlulwa ngamabini amabini-i-FRG kunye ne-GDR. Ukususela kuloo mzuzwana, uphuhliso lwabo luye lwahamba ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, oku kubandakanyeka nemikhosi exhobileyo.

Amabutho aMaqumrhu ase-Federal Republic yaseJamani

Kuphela ngo-1955 i-FRG yakwazi ukwenza i-army forces. Babizwa ngokuthi "Bundeswehr" kwaye zenziwa ngamakhulu abantu abenza ngokuzikhethela ukunyaniseka, ngokwezithethe zamandulo. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, umsebenzi wamagosa wawunikwe yonke indawo yombuso, owapheliswa emva kokuphela kwemfazwe ngo-1945.

Ekuqaleni, i-Bundeswehr yayinganyelwe kwimisebenzi yangaphandle, kodwa kwiminyaka engamashumi amane emva kokuyilwa kwayo, umkhosi we-FRG waqala ukuthatha inxaxheba kwizenzo ezivunywe yi-UN.

Umfaniswano weBundeswehr unemibala ebonakalayo kunye nenani elikhulu lamachaphaza, imivimbo kunye nokungeniswa kwemigudu. Inkqubo yombala ibonakaliswe kakuhle kwimisebenzi phakathi kwehlathi. Kukho ukhetho lokusebenza kwemikhosi ezintabeni. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ifom yeBundeswehr ithathwe njengesiseko semikhosi yase-Austrian, kodwa inombala ofanayo kule nguqulo.

Iimpawu zobutyebi baseJamani ukuya kutsho

Okwangoku, umkhosi unalezi zilandelayo:

• Umkhosi;
• I-German Air Force;
• IUD.

Njengoko kuncediswa ekuqaleni kwee-2 000, kuye kwadalwa imithombo yenkxaso ekhethekileyo. Emva kancinci, kwakukho inkonzo yonyango kunye nenkunkuma, enika uncedo lwempilo yempi.

Imikhosi yaseJamani ekwahlukileyo iyahlukana ngqo kwimikhosi yokuxhobisa kunye nolawulo lwabasebenzi. Kwaye kwi-Bundeswehr akukho sikhundla somlawuli, yena, kuxhomekeke kwimeko, uhamba kwiindawo ezihlukeneyo. Ngexesha loxolo, nguMphathiswa wezoKhuselo, kwaye xa kwenzeka ingozi, iKhansela yeKhansela. Kuze kube yimanje, eli lungelo li-Angela Merkel.

Ukulungela ukulwa kwempi ngabahloli abajongene nolawulo abalawula iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemikhosi. Umzekelo, i-German Air Force ine-inspector of force. Umxholo oyintloko ngumhloli-jikelele, owenza yonke imisebenzi yolawulo.

Umkhosi waseJamani namhlanje unamanani angaphezu kwamawaka amabini amabutho empi kunye namashumi asixhenxe anesithandathu amavili. Ikhwelo yenkonzo iqalisa ngeminyaka elishumi elinesithoba, ukuba kukho ukulibaziseka, ummi welizwe angabizwa kwakhona nakwi-thirty-two.

Amaqhawe aseJamani asele minyaka elishumi elinesibhozo edlulileyo adlulisele izithintelo zemisebenzi emkhosini wamalungu amabhinqa. Banamalungelo alinganayo kunye namadoda kwaye bafumana ithuba lokunyuka kwizinga eliqhelekileyo. Inani lamajoni amabhinqa aseJamani sele sele anamawaka angamawaka alishumi elinambini. Abaninzi babo bakhonza kwiiyunithi zecoceko, malunga neepesenti ezilisithoba bazikhethela i-German Navy. Kunyaka ngamnye, abafazi babonisa umdla ngakumbi emkhosini.

Isixhobo sezempi saseJamani: amatanki kunye namanqanawa

Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBili, ilizwe laziwa ngokuba yi-teknoloji, kodwa yonke imboni yemikhosi yachithwa ngokupheleleyo. Ngako oko, ixesha elide, iJamani ixhomekeke emva kweyona ninzi yeYurophu kule candelo. Kwaye kwenzeka ntoni kwilizwe okwangoku?

Iitanki zaseJamani ziye zahlala zilula kwaye ziguquguqukayo, izithethe ezifanayo ziye zasinda emva kwemfazwe. Okwangoku, iinqwelo zengqwelomoya zaseJamani zisekelwe kumzekelo weTanki yeTopard. Isampula yokuqala ishicilelwe kwimveliso yobuninzi ngo-1963. Ngoku iitanki zaseJamani "iLeopard" zinokuguqulwa kwezinto ezilishumi, ezazisisiseko sokuphuhlisa imoto.

Iinqwelo zeJamani zinezigaba ezintathu, isiseko sokulwa esinee-marine. Okwangoku, iinqanawa ezitsha zamanye amazwe aseYurophu zakhiwa kwiinqanawa zelizwe, ezibonisa impumelelo enzima kwintsimi yezobukhosi. Iinqanawa zaseJamani ziyalwa yiGrisi neRiphabhuliki yaseKorea. Icandelo lomyalelo ngamaJamani sele sele ligqityiwe, kwaye iinqwelo-moya zisebenza ngokuqaphela kula mazwe. Ngokuphathelele ukuhanjiswa okunokwenzeka ukuthetha kunye namaJamani ePortugal, eTurkey nasePakistan.

Iimpawu zasemanzini zaseJamani zihlobo lohlobo lwe-214, olunokuzibhukuda ngokuzimela ukuya kwiintsuku ezisibhozo zine. I-subesel-electric electric submarines emva kokuguqulwa kwangoku kunokuhlawulela kumanqanaba angamakhulu amane kunye nokuvelisa ijubane elingaphantsi kwamanzi ukuya kuma-knots angama-20.

Abasebenzi beenqanawa banabantu abangamashumi amabini anesibhozo, abahlanu kubo bangamagosa. Le nqanawa ixhobile ngamashumi amabini e-torpedoes, iimbini ezingamashumi amabini anamane ezantsi kunye neemigodi ezingamashumi amathathu nesithandathu.

Imbali yomkhosi waseJamani uzaliswe iziganeko ezahlukeneyo, kaninzi lizwe esengozini kubulawe olupheleleyo imikhosi exhobileyo. Kodwa Germany njalo ngobuchule aphetshwe zonke ukuvimbela kunye nokwandisa amandla ayo, nangona akahambisani namanye amagunya. Ngoku urhulumente kwakhona kwakhona uzama ukukhulisa inani emkhosini kubantu ezingamakhulu amahlanu amawaka kweli xesha lifutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Oku kangaka wababala imikhosi exhobileyo ngexesha IMfazwe kunye eSoviet Union. Ayaziwa yintoni lo mnqweno loRhulumente eJamani, kuba akukho mfihlelo imeko ngamazwe ehlabathini ixesha kakhulu. Kuyathenjwa ukuba Angela Merkel kunye namanye amagosa aphezulu karhulumente nangoku bakhumbule izifundo zembali, yaye akuyi kuphinda iimpazamo heavy edlulileyo.