Imfazwe yamakhaya China: ebangela, iziphumo

imfazwe chinese zembambano phakathi Communist Party kunye iKuomintang yaba ngomnye ngquzulwano inde kwaye isitshixo zomkhosi kwinkulungwane XX. CCP loyiso kwakhokelela ekubeni eli lizwe omkhulu Asian baqalisa ukwakha socialism.

Imvelaphi kunye nobalo

Le mfazwe yamakhaya eyabulala abantu abaninzi eTshayina lawuzamazamisayo lizwe kangangenkulungwane ngekota. Ungquzulwano phakathi iKuomintang kunye Communist Party wathwala umlinganiswa eceleni. Enye inxalenye yoluntu Chinese wakhuthaza ukusekwa kwe riphablik yolawulo lwentando yesininzi lwesizwe, lo gama enye wayefuna kwiSocialism. AmaKomanisi bekukho umzekelo eqaqambileyo ukulandela kobuso eSoviet Union. ngoloyiso revolution yaseRashiya iye ephefumlelweyo abaxhasi ezininzi ngasekhohlo-iphiko izimvo zopolitiko.

imfazwe yamakhaya China lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe ngamanqanaba amabini. Eyokuqala ngo 1926-1937 biennium. Kwafika ikhefu enxulumene kukuba amaKomanisi kwaye iKuomintang kunye imikhosi ekulweni i-ndlongo Japanese. Kungekudala ukuhlaselwa yomkhosi ilizwe ilanga liphuma e-China iye yaba yinxalenye ye-Second World War. Emva kokuba militarists Japanese boyiswa, ungquzulwano yoluntu yaqalwa China. Isigaba sesibini sale gazi kwenzeka ngo 1946-1950 ,.

Northern uhambo

Ngaphambi kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe yamakhaya eTshayina, eli lizwe zahlulo eziliqela ezahlukeneyo. Kwakunxibelelene kokuwa ukumkani, kwenzeka ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX. Emva koko, urhulumente owodwa kwaye zange ziphuhliswe. Ukongeza KMT kunye ngamaKomanisi kukho amandla sesithathu - Beiyang Army. Olu lawulo kwakusekelwe iinjengele wangaphambili Qing umkhosi asebukhosini.

Ngowe-1926, inkokeli KMT Chan Kayshi lasungula imfazwe nxamnye silwe. Esehlela Northern kwiphulo. Kweli phulo emkhosini, njengoko uqikelelo ezahlukeneyo yayihanjelwe kwamasoldati, yokuba angaba 250 lamawaka. Kai-shek kunye ndawonye ezixhasiweyo. Ezi imikhosi ezimbini ezinkulu ukwenza ingqokelela i-National Revolutionary Army (NRA). Northern uhambo kuye kwaxhaswa yi-USSR. I-NRA weza iingcali Russian emkhosini, kwaye urhulumente waseSoviet enikwa ezontathu kunye nezixhobo. Ngowe-1928, i-silwe boyiswa kwaye lizwe kumanyana phantsi kolawulo KMT.

gap

Phambi hambo Northern yaphela phakathi iKuomintang kunye ndawonye, uphuphu, ngenxa eyaqala emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya China. Matshi 21, 1937 National Revolutionary Army wathabatha Shanghai. Yaba ngeli xesha umahluko phakathi namahlakani yaqala ukubonakala.

Chan Kayshi akaziyekelanga ndawonye waphuma waya ubuhlobo nabo kuphela kuba wayengafuni ukuba kwiqela iintshaba njengoko iqela ethandwayo. Ngoku phantse nobunye ilizwe yaye kubonakala ukuba bakholelwa ukuba angenza ngaphandle inkxaso Left. Ukongeza, intloko iKuomintang Boyika ukuba CCP (Chinese Communist Party) ukuba athimbe amandla kweli lizwe. Ngoko wagqiba pre-kwinjongp ugwayimbo.

Chinese Civil War 1927-1937 gg. Oko yaqala emva kokuba urhulumente iKuomintang wabamba u khomiwile ngamaKomanisi, wabatshabalalisa iiseli zabo kwizixeko likhulu lizwe. Leftists waqala ukumelana. Ngo-Apreli 1927, waphula i mvukelo enkulu amakomanisi e kutshanje i zokuthwala ukusuka likhetha Shanghai. Namhlanje e China iziganeko ekuthethwe kubulawa kunye counter-revolution ubhedu. Ngenxa yoko kuphangwa, ubulewe Iinkokeli ezininzi CCP okanye entolongweni. Itheko waya ngaphantsi komhlaba.

kuhambo olude

Inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala Chinese Civil War 1927-1937 gg. ukungqubana saa amelwe macala omabini. Ngowe-1931, amaKomanisi kumisa ngomfanekiso indawo yazo imimandla phantsi kolawulo lwabo. It was ngokuba Chinese Soviet Republic. Le umanduleli of China alukhange lufumane ingqwalasela ongunozakuzaku luluntu jikelele. waba ndawonye ikomkhulu Ruijin. Bazibekela ngokwabo becala kwimimandla emazantsi eli lizwe. Iminyaka eliqela, Chan Kayshi laqalisa amaphulo ezine yokohlwaya nxamnye Soviet Republic. Bonke kwawona.

Ngowe-1934, eli phulo yesihlanu ekucwangciselwa yena. AmaKomanisi waqonda ukuba amandla abo Akwanelanga ukuba babe enye ngaphezulu wabetha iKuomintang. Emva koko ke zisiya isigqibo engalindelekanga ukuthumela yonke imikhosi yazo ukuya kwelingasentla apho lizwe. Oku kwenziwa phantsi benze ekulweni i-Japanese ngexesha elawulwa naseManchuria wamsongela kuyo China. Ukongeza, kumantla i-PDA ayecinga ukufumana uncedo nobuhlobo ideologically eSoviet Union.

I-Long Matshi waya kumkhosi ubungakanani 80 amawaka abantu. Enye iinkokheli zayo Mao Tszedun. Impumelelo yokusebenza oluntsonkothileyo bamenza ndasukuzana igunya kulo lonke Party. Kamva kumzabalazo yentsimbi bahlukane bachasayo waba usihlalo weKomiti Central. Kodwa ngo-1934 yaba umphathi kuphela.

imiqobo enzima ngenxa yomkhosi CCP yaba omkhulu iteksti River. On kweendonga zayo, umkhosi KMT azidalileyo izithintelo ezininzi. amaxesha ndawonye ezine azama ukuba kuyiwe kunxweme olungaphesheya. Okwangoku yokugqibela, ikamva China Liu Bocheng Marshal wakwazi ukulungiselela inguqu lonke umkhosi nge kuphela kwebhulorho.

Kungekudala abantu baqalisa ukuya ingxabano. umphathi ezimbini (Zedong, kunye Jong-Gata) ukuxambulisana kwiinkokheli. Mao wagxininisa kakhulu kwimfuneko ukuqhubeka ukuhambisa ngasentla. imbangi yakhe wayefuna ukuhlala Sichuan. Ngenxa yoko, ngaphambi kokuba umkhosi elimanyeneyo yahlulwa enezintlu ezimbini. Long Matshi sele lisigqibile kuphela inxalenye waya Mao Zedong. Zhang Gata efanayo eyeke ukuya iKuomintang. Emva kokuba ngoloyiso ndawonye, bathutha eKhanada. imikhosi kaMao wakwazi ukoyisa indlela amawaka 10 km kunye namaphondo-12. Uhambo yaphela October 20, 1935, xa umkhosi wamaKomanisi akhuselweyo Vayaobao. Kuyinto kwasala abantu 8000 kuphela.

Xi'an isiganeko

Umzabalazo kwe ndawonye kunye iKuomintang yayisele ithabathe iminyaka eli-10, kwaye xesha liphela China uphantsi kwentsongelo ngenxa yokungenelela Japanese. Ngelo xesha kukho sele ezinye zeenkcuba e naseManchuria, kodwa eTokyo akazange azifihle iinjongo zabo - babefuna ukoyisa ngokupheleleyo buthathaka kwaye ediniwe yimfazwe yamakhaya, ummelwane.

Kule meko iinxalenye ezimbini kuluntu Chinese kwafuneka ukufumana ulwimi eqhelekileyo ukuze asindise ilizwe lakhe. Emva kokuba Long Matshi, Chan Kayshi wayeceba ukugqibezela ekubulaleni ndawonye, Ndisinde kuyo ukuya emntla. Noko ke, ngoDisemba 12, 1936 uMongameli KMT wabanjwa yi iinjengele zakhe. Yang Hucheng and Zhang Syuedyan yafuna umongameli ukuba enza umfela ndawonye ndawonye ukuba joint umzabalazo nxamnye bahlaseli Japanese. UMongameli uyekelwe. kokubanjwa kwakhe yabizwa ngokuba Xi'an Isehlo. Kungekudala, waba phambi emanyeneyo, nenokuthi kudibanisa abantu amaTshayina zonke kwezabo kwezopolitiko malunga nomnqweno yokuzithethelela kokuzimela lizwe.

usongo Japanese

Iminyaka emininzi imfazwe yamakhaya Chinese wanika indlela eya ixesha yokungenelela Japanese. Emva kokuba Xi'an Isehlo ukususela 1937 ukuya 1945 phakathi ngamaKomanisi kunye iKuomintang wahlala kwisivumelwano umzabalazo Allied ngokuchasene umhlaseli. Tokyo militarists ngethemba ukuba lula ukulawula ukuba koyisa China, ukopha inkcaso ngaphakathi. Noko ke, ixesha lubonise ukuba yaseJapan zazingalunganga. Emva kokuba baye bangena umfelandawonye iJamani yamaNazi, kwaye eYurophu, amaNazi baqalisa ukwanda, amaTshayina inkxaso amagunya encedisayo, ikakhulu eUnited States eSoviet Union. America baba ngokuchasene Japanese xa bahlasela Pearl Harbor.

Le mfazwe yamakhaya China, ngamafutshane, amaTshayina kusala ungenanto. Izixhobo, ukwazi ukulwa kunye nokusebenza yomkhosi elikhuselayo baba ephantsi kakhulu. Kwi-avareji, amaTshayina ezilahlekileyo abantu izihlandlo 8 ngaphezu yaseJapan, nangona kwicala lokuqala babembalwa. Japan mhlawumbi baye bakwazi ukugqiba ungenelelo zabo, ukuba kungabi ngenxa Amanyeneyo. Emva kokoyiswa eJamani ngowe-1945 ekugqibeleni yakhulula izandla eSoviet Union. AmaMelika, abo ngaphambili wenza nxamnye Japanese kakhulu elwandle okanye esibhakabhakeni, ehlotyeni efanayo lehla zibhombu zeathom iHiroshima Nagasaki. Empire wabeka phantsi iingalo zayo.

Isigaba sesibini bemfazwe

Emva kokuba ekugqibeleni Japan wanikezela, intsimi Chinese kwakhona yahlulwa phakathi ngamaKomanisi yaye sixhasa Kai-shek. indlela nganye ulawulo maphondo apho bekukho umkhosi banyanisekileyo kuye. I CPC wagqiba ukwenza zintshula wayo ngasentla lizwe. Apha kulapho kufumaneka khona umda kunye yiSoviet Union lobuhlobo. Ngo-Agasti 1945, amaKomanisi yathatha isixeko ezibalulekileyo ezifana Zhangjiakou, Qinhuangdao kunye Shanhaiguan. Phantsi kolawulo Mao Zedong waba naseManchuria kunye Inner Mongolia.

KMT mkhosi saa kwilizwe lonke. Iqela eliyinhloko entshonalanga kufutshane eBurma. Le mfazwe yamakhaya 1946-1950, China. It ngenkani oorhulumente abaninzi angaphandle kwakhona isimo sabo ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kulo mmandla. US nangoko wathabatha progomindanskie sikhundla. AmaMelika lichonge izithuthi ulwandle nomoya shek ukutshintshwa ngokukhawuleza imikhosi empumalanga.

imizamo yoxolo

Iziganeko ezalandela emva emuva eJapan, kwakhokelela kwimfazwe yesibini yamakhaya China ungaluqalanga. Kulo mzekelo, singasathethi imizamo kwamaqela ukugqiba isivumelwano uxolo lokuqala. October 10, 1945 e Chongqing, Chan Kayshi kunye Mao Tszedun wasayina isivumelwano ahambelanayo. Abachasi zizinikele ukurhoxisa imikhosi yayo neengxaki kweli lizwe. Noko ke, ukungqubana bendawo baqhubeka. No-Oktobha 13 Chan Kayshi wayalela ekhubekisayo ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Ebutsheni bowe-1946, abantu baseMerika bazama ukuqiqa abachasi bakhe ngesandla. E China ngenqwelo Jikelele Dzhordzh Marshall. Ngayo, uxwebhu satyikitywa, eyaba eyaziwa ngokuba January mawabeke.

Noko ke, ehlotyeni imfazwe yamakhaya 1946-1950, China. Waqala. Ndawonye Army enasilela KMT njengoko ubuchule kunye nezixhobo. Yena lahluleka kakhulu kwi China embilwini. Ngo March 1947 amaKomanisi wanikezela Yan'an. In naseManchuria amajoni CCP bohlulwa ngamaqela amathathu. Kule meko, kufuneka amaninzi ukujika, ukuze bazuze ixesha elithile. AmaKomanisi wayesazi ukuba Chinese Civil War 1946-1949 gg. ziya kulahleka xa ngaba uthathe ukuya utshintsho olukhulu. Yaqala indalo ngenkani sempi rhoqo. Ukuze ukweyisela abalimi ukuba kaFosbury ngecala, Mao Tszedun liqalise kubuyiselo lomhlaba. Le lali baqalisa ukufumana izabelo, kunye elinokuvela le kwamalungu wakhulela umkhosi, owayevele elalini.

Ubangelwa kweMfazwe Civil e China kwiminyaka 1946-1949. Waphetha ukuba yokuduka nokoyikiswa yokungenelela angaphandle kweli lizwe kwakhona yaqinisa ukuphikisana phakathi kweenkqubo ezimbini izinto ezingadibaniyo yezopolitiko. Igwala KMT kunye ngamaKomanisi ukuba zihlale isekwimo mnye. China kufuneka win ezinye uhlobo amandla leyo ibiya kuba nekamva lelizwe.

Izinto ezibangela zaphuka

AmaKomanisi lafumana inkxaso enkulu eSoviet Union. ESoviet Union akazange angenelele ngqo kwi impixano, kodwa kufuphi kolawulo kwezopolitiko, Kakade ke, udlala ezandleni Mao Zedong. EMoscow wavuma ukuba anike amaqabane Chinese zonke izixhobo yam Japanese ithinjiwe kutshintshiselwano sokubonelela kutya East Far. Ukongeza, ukusukela ekuqalekeni Inqanaba lesibini zemfazwe phantsi kolawulo CCP yayizizixeko mveliso omkhulu. Apho uphuhliso ngolo hlobo ngokukhawuleza ukudala umkhosi ngokwesiseko entsha, engcono kakhulu yaxhobisa kwaye baqeqeshwe ngaphezu isibini kwiminyaka ngaphambili.

Entwasahlobo ka-1948 yaqalisa amakomanisi ekhubekisayo isigqibo naseManchuria. Operation ekhokelwa Lin Biao - inkokeli yomkhosi zinetalente elizayo Marshal of China. Luvuthondaba lo hlaselo liaoshen phulo, leyo woyiswa yi umkhosi omkhulu kakhulu iKuomintang (abantu malunga nesiqingatha sesigidi a). Impumelelo wavumela amaKomanisi ukuba ulungise imikhosi yazo. imikhosi ezintlanu ezinkulu, nganye nolusebenza kummandla ethile kwelo lizwe zadalwa. Ezi steel bokwakha siqhubeke sisilwa elungelelanisiweyo ilungelelaniswe. I CPC wagqiba ekubeni basebenzise amava yiSoviet IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, xa Fronts ezinkulu ziye zasekwa kwi-Red Army. Ngelo xesha linye i-Chinese Civil War 1946-1949 gg. Washukumisa ukuba sikwinqanaba lokugqibela. Xa wakhululwa naseManchuria, Lin Biao Washumayela kunye neqela, ngokusekelwe e North China. Ekupheleni kuka-1948, amaKomanisi wathabatha ulawulo ezizidendeleko ebalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho amalahle Tangshan.

CCP loyiso

NgoJanuwari 1949, phantsi umkhosi iyangena Tianjin Biao. PDA impumelelo Wayitsala gomindanskogo ngqwayi-ngaphambili kumntla ukuba anikezele ngaphandle umlo Beiping (owayesakuba igama eBeijing). Ukonakala yabangela shek ukuphakamisa isgqibo kutshaba. Wawuqala Apreli. I elide-emi Xinhai Revolution kunye imfazwe yamakhaya China uphalaze igazi elininzi. Xa iKuomintang ndaziva kukunqongophala kwabantu bokusebenza. Amaza Multiple badibane zikhokelele kwinto yokuba kufunyanwe abanye abantu abatsha ukuba nje ndawo.

Ngo-Epreli, amaKomanisi wathumela uguqulelo abo okuba iqela ixesha elide isivumelwano soxolo. ultimatum Ngokutsho emva ngomhla wama-20 i-PDA akayi wayelindela impendulo isicelo ukuba sele iqalile sokuhlaselwa. Abantu babewela iteksti River. May 11, Lin Biao wathabatha Wuhan, yaye ngoMeyi 25 - Shanghai. Chan Kayshi washiya nomsinga wafudukela eTaiwan. IKuomintang urhulumente ukusuka Nanjing ukuya Chongqing iphelile. Imfazwe ngoku kuqhutywa kuphela kumazantsi eli lizwe.

Creation of China kunye ekupheleni kwemfazwe

October 1, 1949 amaKomanisi wavakalisa ukusungulwa omtsha Peoples Republic of China (PRC). Lo msitho yabanjwa e Beijing, apho saba likomkhulu eli lizwe kwakhona. Noko ke, le mfazwe saqhubeka.

8 of Guangzhou wabanjwa. Le mfazwe yamakhaya eTshayina, oonobangela, ezibe ukuba alingane ngamandla ngamaKomanisi kunye iKuomintang, ngoku uza lafikelela esiphelweni esisengqiqweni. Kutshanje urhulumente waya Chongqing ngu US moya ekugqibeleni babalekela kwisiqithi Taiwan. Ngasemthonjeni ka-1950, amaKomanisi yayoyisa ngokupheleleyo kumazantsi eli lizwe. IKuomintang amajoni abo akazange afune ukuba anikezele, asabela olukufutshane French Indochina. Ekwindla yomkhosi eTshayina wathabatha ulawulo Tibet.

Isiphumo yemfazwe yamakhaya e China walala inyaniso yokuba ulawulo lwamaKomanisi yasekwa kweli lizwe kunye oluninzi. KMT igcinwe kuphela Taiwan. Ngelo xesha linye namhlanje, abasemagunyeni IsiTshayina cinga kwisiqithi yinxalenye yommandla. Kodwa ke eneneni apho ukususela 1945 kukho i Republic of China. Ingxaki ingqalelo lwezizwe uRhulumente iyaqhubeka unanamhla.