Imbali kwi Kuril Islands. Kuril Islands kwimbali ubudlelwane Russian-Japanese

iingxabano Territorial nayo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. kummandla Asia-Pacific kuphela lineqela ezi. Eyona nto kakhulu kubo --mpikiswano ndawo phezu Kuril Islands. Russia kunye Japan ngabathathi-nxaxheba abaphambili. Imeko undoqo, leyo zigqalwa uhlobo isikhubekiso phakathi kwamazwe amabini unalo ifom mlilo. Akukho mntu waziyo xa uza kuqala i "mlilo".

Ukuvulwa Kuril Islands

Nqabakazi ukwakweli umda phakathi koLwandle Okhotsk kunye Pacific Ocean, nguye Kuril Islands. Ibanga evela ngayo. Hokkaido ukuba i ena Peninsula. Ummandla Kuril Islands iqulathe amaphecana 30 ezinkulu zomhlaba, engqongwe macala onke amanzi olwandle kunye ulwandle, kwaye inani elikhulu nabancinane.

Kwiphulo lokuqala ukusuka eYurophu, nto leyo kude emdeni Kuril Islands kunye Sakhalin - a oomatiloshe Dutch phantsi kobunkokheli MG Vries. Esi siganeko senzeke ngo-1634. Benza nje kokufunyanwa la mazwe, kodwa wathi kubo njengoko kwintsimi Dutch.

Abahloli Russian Empire naye wafunda Sakhalin kunye Kuril Islands:

• 1646 - kuvulwe emantla-ntshona kunxweme Sakhalin hambo of vd Poyarkova;
• 1697 - V. V. Atlasovu uba nolwazi ubukho ziqithi.

Kwangaxeshanye, kwiziqithi akumazantsi Nqabakazi aqalile ukuqhuba oomatiloshe Japanese. Yi ngenkulungwane ye-18 emva kwexesha, uyabonakala imbonakalo mveliso zabo neehambo Fishing, kwaye kancinane emva koko - emsebenzini zenzululwazi. Indima okhethekileyo sifundo bobabo M. kunye M. Tokunai Rindzo. Ehlabathini ngexesha elifanayo Kuril Islands umkhankaso livela eFransi eNgilani.

kokufunyanwa ingxaki iziqithi

Imbali i Kuril Islands kunjalo igcinwe kule mpikiswano phezu umbuzo lokuvula wabo. I-Japanese babanga ukuba baqale bafumana ilizwe 1644. National Museum of History Japanese uyakuxabisa ikhadi ngexesha apho namagama ahambelana iyasetyenziswa. Ngokutsho kwabo, abantu Russian kwakukho kancinane emva koko, ngo-1711. Ukongeza, imephu Russian yendawo, umhla kunyaka 1721, libhekisela njengoko "Japanese Islands". Yiloo nto ke discoverer ezi emazweni Japan.

Kuril Islands kwimbali Russian saqala okhankanywe kuxwebhu ingxelo N. I. Kolobova Tsar Alexei ukususela 1646 malunga iimpawu ingabhaduli IY Moskvitina. Kwakhona, amakhadi data kunye yemihla zamaxesha Holland, yaseScandinavia kunye Germany bacebisa kwiilali zemveli Russian.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18 yaba ukujoyina ngokusesikweni ukuba ilizwe Russian, kwaye abemi Kuril Islands ifumene ubumi Russian. Ngelo xesha baqalisa apho kuhlawuliswa irhafu karhulumente. Kodwa ke okanye kamva akazange asayine isivumelwano Russian-Japanese amabini okanye isivumelwano samazwe ukuthi uyakuqonda eRashiya ilungelo kwezi ziqithi. Ngaphandle inxenye wabo wasezantsi kuyo wayengekho phantsi kwegunya nolawulo Russian.

Kuril Islands kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi Russia ne Japan

Imbali i Kuril Islands ekuqaleni kuka-1840 luphawulwa msebenzi of British, amaphulo zaseMelika kwaye French ukuya emntla-ntshona Pacific. Oku kubangelwa ukudubuleka omtsha eRashiya umdla ukwakha ubuhlobo kunye eJapan, zokubonisana nezorhwebo kwindalo. Usekela Admiral eV Putyatin ngo-1843 waba umqalisi ingcamango yokuxhobisa uhambo entsha kwintsimi Japanese and Chinese. Kodwa kokulahlwa uNicholas I.

Kamva, ngowe-1844, yayame IF Kruzenshtern. Kodwa asikazifumani inkxaso soMhlekazi. Ngeli thuba le nkampani Russian-American uthatha amanyathelo asebenzayo ukuseka ubudlelwane obuhle kunye kwilizwe elingummelwane.

Isivumelwano sokuqala phakathi Japan neRashiya

Ingxaki Kuril Islands kwagqitywa ngo-1855, xa Japan kunye iRussia yasayina isivumelwano sokuqala. Ngaphambi koku Kwathabatha inkqubo thethwano elide. Baqalisa ukufika Putiatina e Shimoda e kokwindla 1854. Kodwa thethwano ezo zaphuka kungekudala off unyikimo lomhlaba olukhulu. Ngokwaneleyo kwamaphaphu sina kwiMfazwe iCrimea kunye nenkxaso enikwa abalawuli French kwaye British of baseTurkey.

Eyona engundoqo nezibonelelo zesivumelwano:

• nokuyilwa kwamaqhina lobuchule phakathi kwamazwe amabini;
• uthintelo kunye nokukhuselwa, kwakunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwepropati izifundo karhulumente omnye kwintsimi enye;
• owenza umda phakathi kwamazwe, ibekwe kufuphi kwiziqithi Urup kunye Iturup Kuril Islands (Sakhalin ulondolozo ningakruthakrutheki intsimi);
• uvula ezinye amazibuko ukuba oomatiloshe Russian, ukusonjululwa zorhwebo apha phantsi kweliso kumagosa asekuhlaleni;
• Unozakuzaku ukuqeshwa Russian kwenye yezo mazibuko;
• ukunika ilungelo extraterritoriality;
• ukufumana iwonga elikhulu Russian-amabi.

Japan uye wafumana imvume esuka kurhwebo Russian kwi kwizibuko Korsakov, iposelwe kwi kummandla Sakhalin kangangeminyaka eli-10. It yasekwa omela eli lizwe. Oku akubandakanyi nayiphi na imisebenzi zorhwebo kunye namasiko.

Umlinganiselo amazwe ukuya iSivumelwano

A nqanaba entsha, ebandakanya imbali ye Kuril Islands - ke kokusayina isivumelwano Russian-Japanese ka-1875. Wafumana ukubuyekeza elingumxube abameli zala mazwe. Abemi Japanese babekholelwa ukuba urhulumente engalunganga, akuba Bananisa Sakhalin kwi "kummango elincinane ngamatye" (njengoko ngokuba Kurils). Abanye baye nje phambili isicelo ngokutshintshiselana kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye. Inkoliso yabo kuqhelekile ukucinga ukuba kungekudala kuza kubakho imini xa imfazwe ukuba beze Kuril Islands. Ingxabano phakathi Russia naseJapan, iya kukhula ibe inyathelo emkhosini, kwaye kuqala ukulwa phakathi kwamazwe amabini.

Ngokufanayo, ukuba ukuhlola imeko kunye kwicala Russian. Uninzi ngabameli States wayecinga ukuba ummandla uphela ngowam kubo nguvulindlela. Ngoko ke, isivumelwano 1875 zange ube isenzo kanye nabo bonke Imida ezichazwe phakathi kwamazwe amabini. Kwakhona ayikwazanga kube indlela ekuthinteleni baxabane phakathi kwabo.

Russian-Japanese imfazwe

Imbali i Kuril Islands liyaqhubeka, kwaye 'umnyele elilandelayo ukuba nzima ukuba neentlobano Russian-Japanese imfazwe. Kwenzeka, nangona izivumelwano waqukumbela phakathi kwezi States. Ngowe-1904 wabamba uhlaselo mkhohlisi eJapan kummandla Russia. Oku kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba isaziso ngokusesikweni malunga ekuqaleni impi.

Imikhumbi Japanese wahlasela iinqanawa Russian ezibe iindlela zangaphandle Port-Artois. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuba babakhuphe yesenzo imikhumbi zinamandla, ephethwe yi-butho Russian.

Iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ka-1905:

• ilizwe imfazwe omkhulu Mukden embalini ngelo xesha, ebibanjwe ngomhla 5-24 Februwari yaphela eRetreat yomkhosi Russian;
• Battle of Tsushima ekupheleni kukaMeyi, oko kwaphumela ekutshatyalalisweni kwizithuthi Russian lweBaltic.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ekuhambeni iziganeko kule mfazwe, indlela engcono wakhetha eJapan, kwanyanzeleka ukuba aye iintetho uxolo. Oku kwenzeke ngenxa yokuba uqoqosho izigigaba ndidiniwe kakhulu emkhosini. August 9 e Portsmouth waqalisa kwinkomfa uxolo phakathi nxaxheba kwi imfazwe.

Izizathu ngokoyiswa Russia emfazweni

Ngaphandle kokuba kwenziwe isivumelwano soxolo uzimisele othile imeko baba apho Kuril Islands ingxabano phakathi Japan kunye eRashiya usaqhubeka. Oku kwabangela ukuba inani elikhulu uqhankqalazo e Tokyo, kodwa iziphumo imfazwe kwakucace kakhulu elizweni.

Ekuhambeni kule mpi ukutshatyalaliswa phantse ngokupheleleyo Russian Pacific Fleet, ngaphezu kwamawaka 100 amajoni ayo wambulala. Kwakhona, kwabakho ukwanda ikuthintele yombuso Russian eMpuma. Iziphumo imfazwe aba ubungqina ekuzibonakaliseni waba royal nkqubo buthathaka kangaka. Lo ngomnye iziseko ezingundoqo amanyathelo olululo 1905-1907.

Isizathu esibalulekileyo sokuba ngokoyiswa Russia kwimfazwe ka 1904-1905.

1. Ubukho bodwa ongunozakuzaku yoBukhosi baseRashiya.
2. amabutho Absolute lizwe Ukungavumi ukuba baqhube izenzo yokulwa kwiimeko ezinzima.
3. ewolo bengenazintloni ngamaqela esizwe athabatha inxaxheba kwaye uninzi laliphakathi iinjengele Russian.
4. Inqanaba eliphezulu uphuhliso nokulungela lwamacala zomkhosi noqoqosho Japan.

Phambi ixesha lethu Kuril umba ezingasonjululwanga ingozi enkulu. Emva kokuba Second kweMfazwe Yehlabathi kwaye khange utyikitye isivumelwano soxolo kwiziphumo zawo. Ukususela kule ngxabano bantu Russian njengoko abemi Kuril Islands, akananto inzuzo. Ngaphezu koko, le miba kunegalelo kokuveliswa ubumpi phakathi kwamazwe amabini. Yaba isisombululo ekuqaleni umba ozakuzo, ingxaki ye Kuril Islands, kungundoqo ubudlelane obuhle olungileyo phakathi eRashiya kunye Japan.