Somfanekiso samahashe Donatello kaThixo. Le abakroli le Renaissance. isikhumbuzo Gattamelata

Ixesha of Italian i-Renaissance ngandlela ezininzi ufana nomphunga umoya emva kokuba noncwino nobumnyama of the Ages Aphakathi. Eli lizwe, indlalifa owayesakuba oyiNgcwele uBukhosi baseRoma, egwetyelwe yena ngokupheleleyo eli isimo sabo, enika ihlabathi inani elikhulu amagcisa ezikrelekrele. I-Italian Renaissance yaba lixesha ikhula zonke zobugcisa, ukususela bokwakha umculo. Enye iinkokeli kule nkqubo kwi sasekunene imikrolo. A uMdali omkhulu, amashumi ezininzi, kumiselwa uphuhliso sculpture yaba Donatello omkhulu. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala.

Ukuvuka up emva kokuba balale elide

In bamaXesha Aphakathi, lo ukukrola yaba yinxalenye yale izakhiwo kwaye wazalwa buciko eyahlukileyo. Ukususela ekuqalekeni Renaissance iyatshintsha: iqala ukwenza kwi ensembles bokwakha njengoko iyavumelana, kodwa izinto kodwa eyahlukileyo. Omnye ngowokuqala phakathi kwamasebe ezininzi ubugcisa sculpture waguquka ubunyani kunye nobomi babantu eziqhelekileyo, uyahamba kude umxholo zonqulo. Kakade ke, imixholo zamaKristu nto kujoliswe kuyo ngokukhulu abazobi, kodwa ngakumbi ke ukuba bexesha sakujika.

Kukho iintlobo ezintsha liphuhlise ifoto, eqingqiweyo samahashe apho. Sculpture uba ngundoqo ensembles zokwakha, ukutshintsha intsingiselo wawamisa kwamagama - ukusuka indima exhasayo. Kukho izinto ezintsha. Kwi umthi indawo kunye ezimbejembeje yobhedu. E Northern Italy kukuninzi zavelisa ubumba eqingqiweyo (eyenziwe nodongwe). Ekubeni ukugcwalisa Lorenzo Ghiberti liqalisa onabileyo, njengobuchule ubumba okuphekwe. Ngokukhawuleza wamthanda kunye iinkosi nobhedu, kunye uluhlu yayo onomtsalane ezilungileyo phezu kwezinye izinto.

Le abakroli le Renaissance

Sele ogama Lorenzo Ghiberti wasebenza ngenkulungwane XV yaye phakathi kwamagcisa zokuqala abaye bangenela ngokoqobo. Indawo esembindini emsebenzini wakhe ubomi (1378-1455) ukujongana nengxaki ngokudala isiqabu ezintle omkhulukazi. Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama mabini Ghiberti babesebenza emnyango langasentla lokubhaptiza of Florence. Ezi zililo isiqabu, okudalwe inkosi ngokusebenzisa okwakufudula indlela Gothic: indlela angularity nezesakhelo kwaye usamile ukuba kwisingqi ubume ibhekisa kanye kule siko. Ngelo xesha, kukho intsebenziswano kunye nombono omtsha isithuba, uphawu sele Renaissance.

ngendlela Eyinyaniso ngamandla ngokupheleleyo wajika lokubhaptiza umnyango mpuma apho Ghiberti wenza omnye iminyaka emashumi mabini. Izifundo eziboniswe ubuhle semvelo kunye liveliness ezizodwa: isafobe ngokomlinganiselo mhlaba ngokupheleleyo iinkcukacha, imigca zibhalwa ngokucacileyo lobuhle ebalaseleyo netshatsheleyo. Eastern kwiSango lokubhaptiza zithathwa ukuba abe ngomnye ezinomtsalane Florence kwaye uhlobo uphawu koyisa lweentsingiselo amatsha sculpture phezu okwakufudula kusenzeka mandulo.

Enye nomkroli babizwe Italian Renaissance waba Andrea del Verrocchio (1435-1488). Yena utitshala yokuqala Velikogo uLeonardo da Vinci, owabonisa zakhe iindlela ezininzi kumfundi sculpture nokupeyinta. Noko ke, Verrocchio imizobo phantse akazange asinde, akunakutshiwo eqingqiweyo bakhe.

Enye yezinto edume imisebenzi yakhe - oqingqiweyo kaDavide, apho, ngokutsho legend, lo mfuziselo wayengumfundi okhanyayo inkosi. Lo mazwi, Noko ke, kuyathandabuzeka kakhulu. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo esinye - David Verrokko ibonisa ngokucacileyo apho da Vinci wathabatha abaninzi ubuchule zabo abazithandayo: curls yeengelosi oluchumileyo, indawo yokuma umzimba ekhethekileyo kunye odumileyo nesiqingatha-uncumo.

Umsebenzi ephambili Verrocchio umlonde samahashe ka condottiere Bartolomeo Colleoni. Lo mfanekiso kubonakalise iimpembelelo ezininzi Renaissance art: umnqweno ukugqithisa le fomu ngokupheleleyo, impembelelo kwendlela ezakhiwe ngayo imikrolo, umnqweno ukudlulisa iimvakalelo kunye nentshukumo kulo mzobo zibambene.

Primus inter into esehla-

Le abakroli le Renaissance kunye lufuna uhlobo olutsha yaye isibheno kudala phantse ulibele kunjalo ebeya ngathi umfanekiso engaphelelanga, musani kuba phakathi kwabo Donatello. Le wizard omkhulu, unako ngokungathandabuzekiyo kubizwa ngokuba nguvulindlela, ngoko kwakukho eninzi ezintsha sculpture ngenxa kuyo. Ngaphandle kwalo, bekuya kuba kakhulu, ndayihluthwa Renaissance: Donatello wafumana isisombululo ekuqulunqeni ezinzileyo ingxaki amanani, bafunda Kwathi womxhuzulane, ubunzima, nengqibelelo umzimba, ngowokuqala ukususela iinkosi zamandulo wadala umfanekiso nude waqala ukudala eni oqingqiweyo. Yena yathatyathwa umdali ngexesha lokudla kwakhe, ibe nempembelelo uphuhliso ubugcisa sexesha.

ekuqaleni wendlela

Donatello, ogama engobomi awuqulathanga i umhla wokuzalwa (yezizathu ngo-1386), weza evela carder usapho yezandla yoboya. Wazalwa yezizathu e Florence okanye emaphethelweni yayo. Igama elipheleleyo Donatello - Donato Di noNiccolò di Betti Bardi.

I edumileyo nomkroli Italian elizayo waqeqeshwa kumasifundisane Ghiberti ngexesha xa wayesebenza phezu kwendalo yesango elingasemntla lokubhaptiza. Mhlawumbi apha Donatello wadibana wezakhiwo Brunelleschi, lowo ubuhlobo likwaze ubomi.

Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwezakhono kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni sele 1406 i Donatello oselula umyalelo eyahlukileyo. Yena wayalelwa ukuba enze umfanekiso oqingqiweyo umprofeti ngenxa portal ye Florence Cathedral.

nezemarmore uDavide

Donatello, omsebenzi kwiminyaka yokuqala yomsebenzi wakhe wawubonisa ubuntu eqaqambileyo umbhali, kungekudala emva kokuba umyalelo omtsha. Kwiminyaka 1407-1408 wasebenza phezu umfanekiso oqingqiweyo marble kaDavide. Le Umfanekiso ayikho abafezekileyo ukuze kumfanekiso kamva hero yebhayibhile, eyenziwe umninindlu, kodwa libonisa iminqweno kunye nephulo umdali. UDavide ukuba kuboniswe kwi classical ifomu mellow ukumkani uhadi okanye incwadi esongwayo. Kodwa njengokuba umfana lowo ukoyisa uGoliyati, neqhayiya feat yakhe. Lo mfanekiso ukhumbula umfanekiso amaqhawe bamandulo: UDavide uphumle isandla esinye ephangweni, iinyawo zakhe waqamela ngumdlali welinye icala, umzimba wawusongela ezithambileyo nezibaya zemihlambi iimpahla. Nangona oqingqiweyo marble isaqhubekeka ntlokoma Gothic, kokwabo Renaissance ayinakuphikiswa.

Okanye San Michele

Donatello wafuna ukwenza umsebenzi wabo kuthathelwa ingqalelo kungekuphela nje ukuvisisana olinganise kunye nokwakhiwa lulonke mzobo, kodwa indawo ekhethekileyo apho mfanekiso uya kubekwa. indalo zakhe kuluncedo kakhulu wakhangela kanye apho zibekwa emva kokugqitywa. Oku kudala bacinge ukuba basoloko apho kwaye. Kulo msebenzi yi Donatello kunye nokuphucula italente ngokwandileyo ihambisa kude izimiso Gothic kunye depersonalization ephakathi. imifanekiso eyilwe ngabo ukuba bafumane iimpawu eziqaqambileyo ngamnye, imizwa isoloko ifumaneka nangakumbi iimpawu ezingaqhelekanga.

Zonke ezi bokuqonda yenkosi kubonakala kakuhle imifanekiso abangcwele, leyo wadala ukuba ibandla Okanye San Michele. Emifanekisweni kwafakelwa yayigcinwa, kodwa kwabonakala imifanekiso ezigqityiweyo ezimeleyo yanele ngobunye waya sesakhiwo webandla kwaye buxhomekeke kulo. Ingakumbi phakathi kwazo engumfuziselo St. Marko (1411-1412) ne St George (1417). Xa umfanekiselo Donatello yokuqala likwazile ukudlulisa umsebenzi ngokungakhathali kunye neengcamango nobundlobongela phantsi kwekhwapha noxolo iyonke lwangaphandle. Xa uyila umfanekiso oqingqiweyo inkosi waya indlela mandulo mzobo setting izinzile. Bend umntla neengalo, kwakunye indawo Imihlubulo isinxibo - yonke into subordinated kule ulwamkelo.

St. George uchazwa nje ulutsha isikrweqe, ngokusekelwe kwibhodi yeendaba, ngokomoya, sizimisele ukuba nayo. Le ngobuwena ekuthethwa efanelekileyo, ezo okuso ngokulinganayo zibe zombili elithile kwaye uninzi Donatello.

Bronze uDavide

Zonke abaphengululi bayavuma ukuba enye indalo omkhulu kaDavide Donatello yaba, ukukrola, uphose yobhedu (yezizathu-sharing 1430-1440). Vasari, nombhali-mbali yokuqala, wabhala ukuba wayalelwa ngu Kozimo Medichi, kodwa ezinye iinkcukacha engqina oku, akukho nto.

UDavide - siko imikrolo. Ukuqhubeka lwalo isicwangciso zakhe, wabeka emva le marble uDavide, Donatello ubonisa ligorha entsha yeBhayibhile kunye nentloko ukoyisa uGoliyati ezinyaweni zakhe. Ukufana, ke, kule kanye iphela. YoBhedu uDavide intsha kuphela, yena abaselula. Donatello wachaza ukuba uhamba ze, cinga ngenyameko zonke ilenze zonke owomeleleyo, kodwa angekayazi eyona ngokupheleleyo umzimba wenkwenkwe leyo. Iimpahla umalusi cap kuphela isidanga ngowakhe neembadada kunye zeembande. Ukuze ufake oyintsobi yalowo inkosi esetyenziswayo reception contrapposto. yonke Ubunzima umzimba wafudukela umlenze wasekunene, osekhohlo uDavide inyathele intloko yeentshaba zawo. Ngaloo reception yimpumelelo ngayo yasenza ukuma, ziphumle emva ukusikwa. Okuhambisa yangaphakathi abayinqobo nani, kulula ukufunda kubulelwe ukwahluka umzimba esqwini usembindini sculpture kunye nendawo ngekrele.

YoBhedu uDavide wadala nje oqingqiweyo, leyo kuqwalaselwa macala onke. Loo mfanekiso wokuqala bequbha ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Okwakufudula iinkosi yamandulo eGrisi naseRoma yamandulo ziviwa kulo mzobo hero. Ngelo xesha features sculpture semvelo, ezele ubuntu ngamandla yaye ngaloo ndlela abe ngumfuziselo Renaissance siseko.

Ngenxa yeempembelelo siSixeko Sikho

Waphucula ubuchule bakhe kakuhle kukhokelela ngexesha uhambo eya eRoma. Ukususela isixeko uzibambileyo ifa lokuba ubukhosi enkulu, Donatello wazisa ingqiqo enzulu izinqumo amandulo okuloba. Iziphumo zokwazisela of Donatello art samandulo zamaGrike namaRoma asetyenziswe ekudalweni yeSebe yeBhunga Florence, leyo isetyenzwe ukususela 1433 1439. Mhlawumbi kwiSixeko Sikho ingcamango entsha batyelela Donatello: kwakumi samahashe of condottiere Erasmo of Narni, ngokoluvo lwabaphandi ezininzi, wakhawulwa emva kwentlanganiso kunye lesikhumbuzo samandulo Marcus Aurelius.

hero

Erasmo of Narni yaba condottiere yelo xesha, a umthetheli eqeshiweyo. Isiphelo sakhe ayikho ilenze isakhiwo sebali sobugorha kakhulu, kodwa ephefumlelwe Donatello. Gattamelata (Oko kukuthi "kati honeyed") - isiteketiso ufumene ijoni wethamsanqa ukuya uhlobo ukuthamba kunye nokhathalelo ngaxeshanye kunye insinuating, sifunda ukuziphatha nekati kwi-hambe. Waqala umsebenzi wakhe ukusuka Florence emazantsi kakhulu yaye ukhonza ngokunyanisekileyo, ndakwazi ukufumana okuninzi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, Gattamelata wakhonza ndingumthetheli Wezomkhosi of the yelo Republic. Emva kokufa kwakhe, nesoldati wethamsanqa angcwatywe kwi Basilica del Santo Padua. Gattamelata wafa ngo 1443.

Triumph Donatello: kwakumi samahashe ka Erasmo of Narni

Yelo Republic, akwalikhumbula yemfaneleko umphathi-mkhosi, wavumela umhlolokazi wakhe unyana ngeendleko zakhe ukufaka lesikhumbuzo condottiere. Le limenza le mbono kunye waqala Donatello. somfanekiso zeMidlalo yokuQabela wabadala iminyaka elishumi, ukususela 1443 ukuya kunyaka 1453.

Lo mfanekiso imitha ezithathu master kwesicwangciso elenziwa into kwamanqwanqwa imitha ezisibhozo-. Imilinganiso yalo eqingqiweyo kube ngumphumo ingcingane yi Donatello: lo mfanekiso samahashe yayiza kubekwa ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yecawa enkulu kwaye kuphela ukuba impressiveness yayo onokukwazi ukujonga njengento umsebenzi ezifunekayo kunye ezizimeleyo. Le lesikhumbuzo yabekwa ngendlela wanika bacinge ukuba ushiya yecawa ngokucotha isuswe kude.

Kwinqwanqwa le Zazihonjiswe ngemifanekiso yeengcango, wahluka ukusuka empuma kuye entshona itshixiwe. Le onesimilo ngoguqulelo ethile: kummandla kwabafileyo unako ukungena, kodwa alunako ukuphuma kuyo. Iingcango zisikhumbuza injongo yokuqala lesikhumbuzo, ngokugqibeleleyo ukuphunyezwa yi Donatello. Gattamelata owaya kwafuneka ukuba banyukele emangcwabeni le yecawa. Le lesikhumbuzo yaba cenotaph lengcwaba lokuqala - kwaye apha Donatello wabonisa olungaka yakhe ezintsha.

yobudala indoda

Condottiere eboniswe Donatello - bazithembe yaye lwamandla, kodwa indoda endala. Xa ilungelo lakhe wand ngesandla sasekhohlo ubazisa izintso. Yena Liquka umfanekiso hero of the Renaissance: Musa ukubilisa yinkanuko, kodwa mbalwa ubomi - ijoni-sobulumko, mhlawumbi wendele nemikhuba Donatello. Umfanekiso condottiero Gattamelata ngexesha elifanayo ngumzekelo ogqwesileyo isakhono portrait nomkroli. ubuso bakhe ngeke mazingabhidaniswa nabanye: i impumlo uthathekile, umgca ecacileyo umlomo, isilevu amancinane cheekbones ume ngaphandle.

Ingubo umphathi - ubungqina umnqweno ayinike iimpawu hero yamandulo. Gattamelata enxibe ayikho Donatello iimpahla weentonga amaxesha amaRoma namhlanje. Wavele, kuba uleqa iindawo zivatho athatyathwe master ixesha elide. Noko ke, kule nkqubo yokudala lesikhumbuzo ku Donatello wavuka ezininzi iingxaki: kuyimfuneko oko ukwenza utshintsho iyavisisana ukususela inani le condottiere ihashe, athi ukuphucuka enokudala uluvo oyifunayo. Ezi kunye nezinye imiba bathatha ixesha. Isiphumo umsebenzi kakuhle yaye ngokuqhubekayo loo wadibana zonke iindleko.

Donatello adunyiswe umsebenzi wakhe, wamthabatha kunye bexesha lakhe. Oku kungqinwa nomsayino inkosi, yena akayi washiya yonke imisebenzi yakhe. Monument condottiere Gattamelata waphefumlela abakroli ezininzi namaxesha ezilandelayo (ezifana Andrea del Verrocchio sele ikhankanywe apha ngasentla).

uJudith

Omnye umzekelo omhle nobuchule Donatello umlonde "uJudith and Holofernes", wadala kwiminyaka 1455-1457. Wobuciko ibonisa ibali iTestamente Endala lomhlolokazi evela Bethulia, ngenkalipho ababulala Holofernes jikelele uAsiriya ukusindisa emzini wakhe uloyiso. umfazi ababuthathaka kunye wondela bese ubuso ngokupheleleyo buhlungu, nophethe esandleni sakhe ikrele engoyiki ngokoyikiswa, ukulungele anqunyulwe intloko bekwayame limply ezinyaweni zakhe inti Holofernes.

"UJudith and Holofernes" - eyongeziweyo lobeko lwe popular kwi Renaissance izithethe ubuqhawe ababhinqileyo. Donatello ayifake lo msebenzi zonke izakhono zakhe yaye wakwazi Kwathi noluhlu iimvakalelo, uJudith, kwaye olube yimpumelelo umfanekiso xa iyonke. Le nxalenye ezibonisa ubume - ubuso womhlolokazi. Oku kusebenze kakuhle kakhulu kangangokuba kubonakala uyaphila. Xa ujonge uJudith, yenziwe yi Donatello, kulula kakhulu ukuqonda ukuba yintoni iimvakalelo babezizwa yena. Subtle izakhono amavo nazo ezichazayo iimpawu uphawu inkosi, ngokupheleleyo busetyenzisiwe Donatello ukho kule imikrolo.

Donatello wafa mkhulu ngo 1466. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ubomi iintshukumisa yokwaluphala, ukufa kunye neentlungu kubungqwangangqwili ngokucacileyo kumsebenzi wakhe. Ngeli xesha, kwakukho uMariya Magdalina ngu Donatello - hayi ugcwele ubuhle kunye ngokupheleleyo amandla ntombazana, kodwa ngamandla kukuzila uve ubunzima leminyaka ngokuphila ixhegokazi. Nangona kunjalo, la, kwaye kwi imisebenzi ngaphambi ngumoya nomkroli izaliswe usaphila kwaye iyaqhubeka iphembelele kwaye ibangele.