Sobieski Yang: ulawulo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo

3 Jan Sobieski, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu (isishwankathelo) oko kuxhomekeke kwakhona yangoku iye ukumkani Polish, umthetheli Lithuanian, yaye yabamba uthotho kwezithuba eziphambili yezopolitiko kunye nolawulo, kunye nezithuba. Kwakhona waye waduma wayeyinkokeli abanetalente wamajoni, uzuze uloyiso phezu Tartars; baseTurkey. umlawuli Polish zingagcinwa ngexesha ukuthembakala ubukumkani lukhulu ukomeleza amandla njengowongamileyo, ubuncinane ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe.

Ezinye iinkcukacha zobomi

Sobeskiy Yan wazalwa ngo-1629 kwi enqabeni kufuphi nesixeko saseLviv. Lowo weza evela sredneshlyahetskoy usapho, abameli apho, Noko ke, bakwazi ukufumana kuzo kwizikhundla eziphezulu imibulelo ukuya imitshato nempumelelo kunye nenzuzo. Ukumkani elizayo wafumana imfundo esemagqabini kwiYunivesithi Cracow. Wayehamba nabo umzalwana wakhe kumazwe Western Yurophu, apho wafunda ngeelwimi eziliqela.

He kubhekwa omnye ngookumkani abaninzi abafundileyo kwi ubukhosi Polish-Lithuanian. Sobeskiy Yan wahamba igqiza le Ottoman, apho familiarized ngokwakhe kunye isixhobo yale karhulumente bafunda ulwimi Turkish. Ngowe-1655, ngexesha le ukuhlaselwa Swedish kweli lizwe wajoyina kuqala iqela proshvedskoy. Noko ke, inxenye ukumkani, walwa nayo.

umshado

Ngowe-1665 watshata Marysieńka Zamoyska - Frenchwoman, eyayise kwinkundla iNkosi uLouis XIV. Wayenethemba lokuba umyeni wakhe uza kuthabatha itrone Poland. Kwaye le ukusetyenziswa wanikela uncedo French. Uye wathembisa kwezobuRhulumente belizwe lakhe, kwimeko nowokupheliswa umanyene iqabane lakhe lomtshato, ukumkani wokugqibela kuya kunceda ekulweni kunye zakhe iintshaba elide-ixesha - i Habsburgs.

impumelelo

Sobeskiy Yan ngeli xesha wazenza ngumlawuli Polish. Ukuze wenze oku, waba ithuba: ngo-1668 waba hetman enkulu - indawo leyo ebaluleke kakhulu kubume kawonke-olawulo Poland. Noko ke, xa wasilela ukuphumeza injongo yakhe, njengoko izikhulu bakhetha ukubeka kule ndawo kwenye prince - uTimoti.

Noko ke, kungekudala kakhulu Sobeskiy Yan kwazicacaisa ukuba ibe yinkokeli onesiphiwo yasemkhosini. Kule 1660s, walwa kude ayehlasela AmaTatar, ngo 1673-m iphumelele uloyiso okuqaqambileyo phezu imijikelo kweli dabi Khotin. Le meko yokugqibela wamnika ethandwa, leyo, kunye ngegolide French negalelo ukuphakama kwayo yaye kamva uKumkani Poland onyuliweyo.

angaphandle

Jan III Sobieski, umsebenzi ophambili wobukumkani bakhe babona ukubuyiswa komhlaba Podolsk kurhulumente Polish. Inyaniso kukuba kule ndawo ezininzi amalungu yezikhulu ebenemfuyo zabo. Ngoko ke, iindawo ilahleko kakubi kuchaphazela kuphela kwezoqoqosho, kodwa kule imeko yezentlalo nopolitiko.

Ngowe-1675, yena usayine isivumelwano ofihlakeleyo manyano kunye urhulumente waseFransi, nakuba kunjalo, beneenjongo ezahlukeneyo. Kwaba onomdla kupheza neemeko nxamnye Ottoman, ukuba baqwalasele ekulweni nommangaleli yakhe eziphambili - i Habsburgs. Esi sikhundla yabangela ukunganeliseki ePoland, nto leyo umlawuli French uthathwa nje njengendlela yokulwa kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele. Ngoko ke, Korol Yan Sobesky waya zahlukane Versailles kunye rapprochement noogunyaziwe Austrian ukuze alwe utshaba efanayo - baseTurkey. Isivumelwano esatyikitywa ngowe-1683. Kwaye ecinga sokusebenzisana kuhlaselo.

enkulu ahlula

Kulo nyaka, uKumkani Poland ngokungqinelana nemiqathango yesivumelwano wakhawuleza waya elikomkhulu karhulumente Austria uncedo namahlakani e dudula uhlaselo Turkish elandelayo. Wamsa naye kunye nemikhosi yabo exhobileyo, enempi emanyeneyo Noko ke, inqabe ngaphezu Turkish. Noko ke, kule mfazwe, ingakumbi wabonakalisa italente qhinga Sobieski, owazeka umyalelo we imikhosi edibeneyo wawoyisa baseTurkey.

Kananjalo wenza iinzame ukuba akhulule kwintsimi Hungarian. Noko ke, akazange akwenze kakuhle apha. Ngelo okufanayo phakathi kwakhe nerhuluneli kiswano Austria yaqala. Into yokuba ukumkani wayefuna ukwandisa imida ye-Commonwealth ukuya kuLwandle Black ngaphandle, kodwa amaphulo akhe akuphumelelanga.

iminyaka yokugcina

Esinye isiganeko esikhulu wobukumkani bakhe ukusayinwa i "Uxolo ongunaPhakade" ne-Russia ngo-1686. Ukumkani waya kwesi sivumelwano ukuze balwe ngokubambisana Ottoman. Enye yeyona miba ibalulekileyo-nkqubo yalo ukwenza Poland siqinile zangaphakathi.

Wayefuna ukufumana itrone ngonyana wakhe indlalifa, kodwa wachaswa evela eFransi eNgilani. Lawo akanamdla kwi ukuvela eYurophu amandla entsha olomeleleyo. Sobieski kwakhona negalelo ekomelezeni omkhosi Polish, ukomelezwa imikhosi yayo Lithuanian. Nangona kunjalo, la manyathelo aye Musani ukuba umphumo oyifunayo. Wathi ke ukumkani wafa 1696 e Warsaw, ngoxa kusemnandi, enembambano.