Imali njengolwimi ejikeleza

Malunga imali njengolwimi bambalwa kakhulu abantu ukuthetha into ngxolo kuYosefu. Yintoni na ke kule ndima? Yintoni na imisebenzi wenze kulo mbono? Ziziphi iindidi zoqoqosho benokuba nempembelelo? Nalu uluhlu buso imiba eza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku.

abizwa

Makhe sihlolisise ukuba iyeza kukuba lokubhena. Ngoko ke sithi umsebenzi, apho imali (D) - umlamleli kwi ngokutshintshiselana iimpahla (T). Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba isibheno sabo. Kulo mzekelo, lo msebenzi isebenza ngolu hlobo: T-DT. Thelekisa, unaniselwano ikhangeleka ngathi T-T. Ngenxa imali, le milo le yorhwebo ufumana umgangatho omtsha: yahlulahlulwe yaba iinkqubo ezimbini, apho kwahlulwa omnye komnye: intengiso kunye nokuthenga. Kwaye abaninzi kaninzi nanku umbuzo: indlela kunokwenzeka oku? Uzayo evenkileni, indoda ingabi iqela kubo ngexesha elinye? Hayi, lo umbono wokuqala liyakhohlisa.

Intengiso kunye nokuthengwa

Masenze iyindawo nokuba sinikele ingqalelo ezi nkqubo, kangangokuba kubekho ukuqonda ngcono imali njengolwimi. umntu wokuqala isebenza kwaye kudala imveliso okanye inkonzo ethile. Kuba yena ufumana imali ethile imali. Ngenxa yoko, kuqala iba iqela kwinkqubo, apho ekuqaleni ifunyenwe ukuthengisa ngemigudu yabo. Njengokuba ubungqina lo mntu wamkela iiyunithi emali. Emva koko ke uya evenkileni, apho ukuthenga ukutya kwabo kunye nezinye izinto, befuna ukusuka ubungqina bokuba uyakwazi ukufumana kubo. Umthengisi uye iimpahla okanye onikezela iinkonzo kunye ukuziphilisa, uthengisa imveliso yawo. Le ingcaciso, kakade, lula, kodwa kunjalo uyakwazi zizakujongwa njengo umzekelo olula.

Ukuphunyezwa kwe ayaguquka yorhwebo

Ngoko ke, simele siqhubeke ukuthetha ngendlela oqhutywa ngayo umsebenzi kwakhe koneshologu imali. Okokuqala, makhe siqwalasele unaniselwano. Xa kuphunyezwa ngokupheleleyo yorhwebo milo. Ngapha koko, omabini amaqela ukuphumeza iinjongo zabo yentsebenziswano - ukufumana izinto eziyimfuneko ixabiso eluncedo. Nangona imali - umlinganiselo yexabiso, kukho okuthile ngayo, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwazo kuthetha ukuba nawuphi na umnini iimpahla sele ayifikelelekanga injongo yalo. Kukho elinokwenzeka, kodwa xa iza kumiliselwa - yinto ngumbuzo omkhulu. Kwakhona, kukho i-risk yokuba umthengisi akayi kuthenga nantoni na owesibini, kwaye ayaguquka le yorhwebo akwenzeki. It sebenza zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze kuthengiswe zentlekele kunokwenzeka. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba le milo yorhwebo wahlulwe iinkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, kukho ezinye bokuqonda ezintle esirhesha ukuba luncedo le nqubo. Apha ke ngoku, kwaye babheke.

Imali njengolwimi ejikeleza / exchange kwempahla: inzuzo

Ukuba zoba iinkcukacha, bekuya kuba kunokwenzeka ukuba azise oluninzi amanqaku. Kodwa inqaku ulwazi ziye kuthwa. Ngoko ke, sicebisa ukuba baziqhelanise nala manqaku mathathu, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iinzuzo eziphambili:

1. Kukho ithuba sakubambezela imali, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba efumba yexabiso ifomu yayo epheleleyo. Ngesi imveliso eyandisiweyo, nto leyo iya ngaphaya ngokutshintshiselana elula kwempahla. Oku, iba nefuthe elihle kuphuhliso loqoqosho.
2. Kwavala imida emxinwa leyo unaniselwano. Ngenxa yoko, abanini iimpahla kunye naye, kukho ezinye iingxaki kunye nokuphunyezwa. Kubutha ukuntsonkotha nokukhethwa imveliso efunekayo, kunye nobungakanani bayo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, ungatshintsha ingcibi intsimbi yehashe ebhegini okuziinkozo. Kodwa ufuna kuwo 100 kg, kwaye kukho abantu 75. kuphela Ukanti kwisivumelwano ziya kufumaneka, kuya kuthatha ixesha elininzi. i medium of exchange / indlela yentlawulo - Kwaye imali na. Enkosi kubo, siya ungakhetha izinto eziyimfuneko kwi enye qho. Le ndlela ivumela ukuba ukukhuthaza ukhuphiswano phakathi abalimi ezahlukeneyo.
3. Imali ivumela ukuba ukudlulisela ethu amandla nokuthengwa kwezinye iimarike okanye elinye ngenxa elizayo. Ngokubanzi, ungasebenzisa ngayo nayiphi na injongo olufunekayo. Ngale nto kwavusa uphuhliso umsebenzi loosomashishini, ukuphucula ubudlelwane kweemarike kwaye kukho iqela kwezinye izinto ezintle.

Njengoko ziqondeka indlela?

Aba ngobuwena yokwenene ixabiso exchange. Ngenxa yoko, umthengisi inika iimpahla, yaye imbuyekezo wamkela imali umthengi. Qaphela ukuba ayibalulekanga oko kwifomu kuvula! Ngoko ke, lo mali ibe ezipheleleyo (isiliva kunye zemali zegolide), imali, ngokohlobo iitsheki, eyilwayo njalo njalo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba imali - yinto yokufumana unyango. Iindlela kwentlawulo olu hlobo iqinisekisa sicatshulwa iimpahla okanye iinkonzo umlimi kumboleki, emva koko baya kuphuma somxholo we olo tshintshano. Kodwa ke imali iyaqhubeka inxaxheba kulo!

unxibelelwano

Ngoko ke, imali medium ejikeleza kwaye incede ukuseka intsebenziswano. Kule meko, kufuneka iqondwe into ethile ubunzima isoloko ejikeleza. Yena ubachasile ubungakanani kweempahla kunye neenkonzo eniza kuyithengisa emalikeni. Ngokusesikweni, xa ucinga le ulwalamano nangaliphi na ixesha kunokubonwa ukuba ubunzima imali isixa iirhafu malunga ngokulinganayo. Xa siqwalasela imeko lokuphumla ethile, kuya kuba nzima kakhulu. Ngaloo ndlela, kungakuhle ukuba isixa semali, yona ngoku ejikeleza, isixa yaba ngaphantsi kwe ixabiso kwempahla bathengisa. Olu khetho likuvumela ukuba ukuthetha malunga nomsebenzi yezoqoqosho imeko yezimali zeli lizwe. Ukuze benze oku, lo uqina imali ratio kubalwa. Ummiselo na, ukuba iyunithi enye wachitha izihlandlo eziliqela ngonyaka. Uphakamile ke Umlinganiselo efunyenweyo, ngcono ke imeko yezoqoqosho.

Indima kuphuhliso

Imali njengolwimi ejikeleza igalelo kuphuhliso ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi lobudlelwane kwimarike. Oku kukhokelela ubunjani utshintsho indlela ukuphunyezwa kwazo. Xa kwakhiwa ubudlelwane exchange ubhetyebhetye kwaye abasisigxina phakathi zabavelisi ezahlukeneyo, it ikuvumela ukuba wenza i "ngumqolo" yoqoqosho. Ukubakho kule mxokelelwane beebhanki kukhokelela ekwandeni ukuthembana, kunye nokuphuculwa esemgangathweni yonxulumano kukhokelela ukuxhomekeka awongezelelekileyo. Ngoko ke, akukho uyothuka eyenziwe ngumntu akuyi kwenzeka yokuvele ngequbuliso. Kwakhona, le ndlela ekuvumela ukuba usebenze ngetyala, ukuze uqoqosho olunokuxhasa elide ngokwayo ukwimeko ithoni. Ekuqaleni kweli nqaku yaba umzobo T-DT. Ngoku imodeli ethandwa kakhulu usebenzisa i T-K-T, apho K --mboleko. Kodwa ke ibandakanya iingxaki ezithile, leyo ngoku ukuxoxa.

iingxaki Modern imali

Ekuqaleni, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ngxaki inkulu kudala ukwehluleka ukwenza eyiyo kwezibonelelo ezikhoyo. Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni mboleko badalwa njengendlela ukwandisa imveliso xa kukho elinokwenzeka, kodwa akukho imali ukuze sibe nokumiliselwa. Ke loo mihla baye bahlala kwixesha elidlulileyo kude. Ngoku ke mboleko zisetyenziswa ukuhlangabezana nokuba izicelo kakhulu elula. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba ingakhutshwa kwifowuni amawaka 10 engange, okanye ezinye isixhobo. Ngokubanzi, imali bahlanganisane inyanga okanye ezimbini. Kodwa abantu abafuni ukuba behle le ndlela, nangona kuya kufuneka ukuba overpay. Oku kukhokelela into ebizwa intlekele ekuyo i-hormone. Eneneni, kwelinye ndawana labantu ayikho imali nje ngokwaneleyo ukuthenga ngamandla kunye nabenzi babe imveliso "avuza". Ezinokuba, oku kufuneka kuphetshwe ukuba abantu lokufundisa zemali. Ngaphezu koko, imfuno kubo (kuthi) ukuya kumgangatho ophezulu ulwazi nezakhono ukuze bazisebenzise.

Apho ugcina nokusetyenziswa msebenzi?

Hlangana practice zithathwa nje abemi abaqhelekileyo kuba ukuthengisa, ihoseyile kunye ngamazwe urhwebo kubonelelo lweenkonzo zoluntu, kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezifanayo. Kodwa ngenxa kwii elinenkqubela siqiniseke mboleko kunciphisa indima kunye nempembelelo yemali. Ngakumbi kakuhle oko ilandelwe amazwe kunye kwezoqoqosho eziphuhlileyo emarikeni. Kwi-Russian Federation, sinokuthi ngenxa ukungalingani kwicandelo zemali (inzala ephezulu kuba mboleko ezifanayo, kwaye ingenalo novelwano ezithile) yi yayisathe buthathaka kubonakala. Kwakhona, xenga kwezoqoqosho (nto leyo umlinganiselo inflation) kukhokelele kwinto yokuba kakhulu belizwe zisetyenziswa exchange zendalo kwempahla. Eli linyathelo ngasemva, xa siqwalasela uphuhliso imisebenzi imali.

bokuqonda umnotho

Ukuba ukhangela inkqubo T-M-C, kunye nokuphunyezwa esebenzayo, siyakwazi ukubona ukuba lo mali ukuziphatha nje into okhethekileyo. Ihlala yokuba zonke iimveliso kunye neenkonzo emva ukuthenga nokuthengisa inkqubo siyeka kwisigaba ejikeleza. Kodwa imali - hayi. Baqhubekeka ukukhonza batyalayo yingisela. Ngoko ke musa kuphulukana umsebenzi wabo ngendlela ejikeleza, kufuneka rhoqo inxaxheba kwimisebenzi emide. Ukuba awufuni ukusebenzisa imali njengenyathelo yexabiso, baya kuphulukana ukubaluleka kwabo. Njengoko injongo iimpahla ivumela ukuvavanya ixabiso lempahla kunye neenkonzo ngokwembono zombini umthengi kunye nomthengisi.

imiphumela emihle nokulinganiselwa

Ngokusebenzisa ekusetyenzisweni kwale nkqubo sele nzulu kwicandelo loluntu zabasebenzi, ngenxa yokuba yenza kube lula ukoyisa imida ngamnye, zexeshana kunye lwesithuba exchange kwempahla. kwakhona ivumela amaziko oshishino ukunciphisa iindleko okwenziwayo yabo. Oku Bulelani kunokwenzeka ukuba nenkululeko yokuzikhethela, kwakunye nexesha wo yingisela. Ngenxa yoko, ukwandiswa imigca imveliso, leyo emarikeni ukuze zikhule indima ezisebenzayo imali njengolwimi exchange. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo iye izithintelo njongo. Omnye wabo - oku kwamaxabiso. amazinga ayo aphezulu kukhokelela ekubeni ukwandisa inani kunye nomthamo imicimbi unaniselwano, leyo afakwe phakathi batyalayo kwezoqoqosho. Eneneni, kulo mzekelo, imali yanto yaye akakwazi nokuqinisekisa ukulingana amandla ukuthenga. Okunye ukulinganiselwa zidalwe ngexesha lokuqulunqa kunye nokuphunyezwa kwe-nkqubo yoluntu kummandla imeko ethile, xa injongo ukuqoqosha ukusetyenziswa.

Njengoko umsebenzi uyabulawa ngempumelelo?

Nje ngendlela eyiyo ngendlela yamaphepha zisetyenziswa njenge ekufundiswa ngalo, kwakunye iqondo ukuphunyezwa imisebenzi eyabelwe kubo kunokubonwa kwi eziliqela:

1. Izinga lokwenyuka kwamaxabiso.
2. Nezihlandlo zeentlawulo kwemivuzo.
3. Inqanaba Uphuhliso bentlawulo ikheshi.
4. Ifomu engamaphepha.

Bonke babe impembelelo yabo. Ngoko ke, ukuba kukho inflation liphezulu kakhulu kweli lizwe, ngoko oku kukhokelela kukuba imali iyayekwa kusetyenziswa engumlamleli exchange yempahla. Ukuyondelelaniswa kule meko ikhangeleka ngathi ukuvuseleleka unaniselwano. Nemalanana kuqaliswa apha ukuvela, uphuhliso kunye nokuphunyezwa kuzo zonke iinkalo iinkqubo zentlawulo ikheshi. Bona ukunciphisa iindleko ukuhanjiswa, oku kunciphisa umda yemali. Ngenxa yokuba ukuba iimpahla kunye neenkonzo abantu bathenga hayi ngemali, kodwa amakhadi zeplastiki usebenzisa, ukuba sele esebenza njengendlela sentlawulo.

isiphelo

Xa ndiqukumbela, sinikela ingqalelo kangako iindleko nokwabiwa. Isicelo phantsi indlela exchange Inqaku lophengululo ivumela sikwazi ukunciphisa ixesha kunye nomzamo basindiswe. Oku kuphunyezwa yi kukuba akukho mfuneko-thethana amazinga otshintshiselwano. Oku, kwakunye ithuba standardisation yakhokelela ukuvela kunye nokusetyenziswa imali njengolwimi. Kakade ke, ezi zinto iqela ezingachanekanga, kwaye kukho iingxaki ezininzi, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe kunye nokuphuculwa kwendlela kwezentlalo baya zaza zasonjululwa. Kwixesha elizayo sifanele silindele ukuba imali uza kuphulukana ixabiso layo njengendlela ejikeleza kwaye ziya kuba nomdla kuthi njengenxalenye intlawulo, ngaphandle apho nje akunakwenzeka ukuba wenze (olu hlobo luza mhlawumbi neze). Sinako ukwenze ukulinda, kwaye xa besenza imigudu yethu kule kwangoko bafika ngokukhawuleza. Ngoku imali - yinto okuthile ngayo, umlinganiselo yexabiso, kuthetha wayenemfuyo.