Ikhonkco lokutya: imizekelo. Njengoko kwikhonkco lokutya?

Le zasendle phantse akukho eziphilayo ukuba akasayi kutyiwa ezinye izidalwa okanye hayi kuba nabani na ukutya. Ngenxa yoko, izityalo zitya izinambuzane ezininzi. Izinambuzane ngokwawo ixhoba izidalwa ezinkulu. Abo okanye ezinye izinto eziphilayo lasi leyo Obumbe kwikhonkco lokutya. Imizekelo ezinjalo "yokuxhomekeka" inokufumaneka yonke. Ngoko ke kule sakhiwo, kukho naliphi na inqanaba reference kuqala. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko uhlaza. Yiyiphi eminye imizekelo ukutya iziphaluka unikezelo? Zeziphi izinto eziphilayo ingaba amakhonkco? Njani na intsebenziswano phakathi kwabo? Ngale kamva kweli nqaku.

ulwazi jikelele

ikhonkco lokutya, imizekelo apho zakhe zinikwe apha ngasezantsi, yinto iseti ethile ezincinane, umngundo, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. link ngamnye kumgangatho yayo. Sakha le "ukuxhomekeka" kumgaqo "ukutya - nkonzo". Phezulu amatsheyini ezininzi ukutya yindoda. Ngaphezu kwilizwe elinye okanye elinye ezininzi labemi, iiyunithi ezincinane ziza kufumaneka ngokulandelelana lomthonyama, njengoko abantu bayanyanzelwa kwezi meko badla ngokutya izityalo.

Inani kwamanqanaba

inokuba ikhonkco lokutya ixesha elide kangakanani? Imizekelo tiered kukho ulandelelwano ezahlukeneyo. Kakhulu ukutyhileka sesi silandelayo: ngaphakathi ezinqunquthayo umzimba langoku iimpukane ekumfimfitheni mibungu ngazo - nematodes (iintshulube), kwi iimpethu, ngokulandelelana, iintsholongwane, kakuhle kuzo - ezahlukeneyo iintsholongwane. Kodwa ayikwazi ukuba inani olungenasiphelo zamakhonkco. On wonke kwinqanaba elilandelayo kukho ukuhla ngolunya kwamashumi eziliqela amaxesha. Umzekelo, ixhama 1000 kg izityalo "ukudala" kwekilogram ikhulu lomzimba wakho. Kodwa ihlosi ukwandisa ubunzima nge-10 kg ukuya kwi-100 kg kufuneka elk. Inani leeyunithi kuxhomekeke kwiimeko apho ezikhandelwa enye okanye enye ikhonkco lokutya isilwanyana. Imizekelo yezi nkqubo kunokubonwa kwindalo. Ngoko ke, amasele i ukutya okuthandayo ezinye iintlobo iinyoka, nto leyo, zidle amarhamncwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i "sequence" enjalo hayi ngaphezulu kwe ezintathu okanye ezine iiyunithi. Oku "isakhiwo" kubizwa ngokuba iphiramidi eziphilayo. Kuyo, isigaba ngasinye elilandelayo incinane kakhulu kunaleyo yangaphambili.

Njani na intsebenziswano phakathi kokusingqongileyo iiphiramidi?

wenza njani ikhonkco lokutya? Imizekelo engasentla ibonisa ukuba ikhonkco ngamnye ukuphumelela kufuneka zibe kumgangatho ophezulu kakhulu kuphuhliso ngaphezu ezidlulileyo. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ulwalamano na iiphiramidi eziphilayo zakhiwa umgaqo 'ukutya-to-nkonzo ". Ngenxa esidla phakathi kwezinye izinto bayithwala transfer amandla ukusuka ncinane ukuya kumanqanaba aphezulu. Ngenxa yoko, ukujikeleziswa kwezinto kwindalo.

yokudla. izibonelo

Ngokuqhelekileyo, kukho iintlobo ezininzi iiphiramidi eziphilayo. Kukho, ingakumbi kwitsheyini lokutya amadlelo. Imizekelo ukuze sibonwe kwindalo, ukuba ulandelelwano apho lwenzeka nokhutshelo lombane ukusuka kwanala (elula) ukuya eziphilayo eziphezulu (kumarhamncwa). Ezi iiphiramidi, ingakumbi, kuquka ulandelelwano zilandelayo: ". Besikrekrethi amarhamncwa" "ezinqunquthayo mouse-irhamba-urchins-mpungutye", Enye ikhonkco lokutya detrital, imizekelo iza kunikwa emva koku, i ulandelelwano apho biomass ayisetyenziselwanga ezidla, kunye ukubola uthatha inkqubo indawo equka iintsholongwane. Kukholelwa ukuba le iphiramidi eziphilayo iqala ngezityalo. Ngaloo ndlela, ingakumbi, kukhangeleka ngathi ikhonkco lokutya yehlathi. Imizekelo iquka oku kulandelayo: "Amagqabi ibole-iwile ezibandakanya Cya", "ufile nezihlunu izityalo, amangolwane fungi millipede-ilindle-fungi nogohvostiki (amarhamncwa) -hischniki-millipede-bacterium".

Abathengi kunye nabavelisi

Xa umzimba omkhulu wamanzi (olwandle, ulwandle) planktonic ulwelwe kwiseli zikukutya cladocerans (zeBRT isihluzi izilwanyana). Nabo ke, ukuba lixhoba ezidla of ingcongconi kombungu. Ezi eziphilayo zitya kweentlobo ezithile zentlanzi. Badla abantu ezinkulu karhataka. Le iphiramidi eziphilayo - umzekelo Sea ikhonkco lokutya. Zonke izinto eziphilayo ezisebenza namakhonkco, akumanqanaba ahlukeneyo trophic. Inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala abalimi, elandelayo - consuments order lokuqala (abathengi). Kubathengi lesithathu kwinqanaba trophic na umyalelo 2 (ezitya inyama zaseprayimari). Nabo ke, kuba kukutya ezidla zamabanga - consumers wesithathu-order, njalo njalo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umhlaba iphiramidi kokusingqongileyo iquka iiyunithi emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu.

isiziba ngaphandle

Kuba ulwandle kwithala, kuloo ndawo apho ithambeka kwelizwekazi ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi unyuka kakhulu ukuya kwithafa yolwandle kuphuma ulwandle evulekileyo. Kule zone, ekukhethwa eluhlaza kunye namanzi ecacileyo. Oku kungenxa yokungabikho iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo emsebenzini kunye umthamo ezincinane zezityalo planktonic yokungcoliswa kunye nezilwanyana (ziiphytoplankton kunye zooplankton). Kwezinye iindawo, umphezulu samanzi umbala ngokukodwa oqaqambileyo oluhlaza. Umzekelo, uLwandle Sargasso. Kwiimeko ezinjalo ke sithetha ebizwa ngokuba ezinkqantosini ocean. Kwezi ndawo, nokuba kubunzulu amawaka yeemitha usebenzisa izixhobo ezibuthathaka uyakwazi ukubona imizila zokukhanya (kwi spectrum blue-green). ulwandle Vula sizalwa kungekho okupheleleyo zooplankton ezidla ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo benthic (echinoderms, molluscs, namaqokobhe), inombolo yayo umgama ukusuka elunxwemeni tsakisi kabukhali. Njengoko emanzini nzulu, kunye babeziindleko enkulu izenzo yelanga njengomthombo wamandla kuphela. Ngenxa yoko, le ziiphytoplankton photosynthesis usebenzisa yiklorofili ngokwakha oganikhi khompawundi ukusuka icarbon dioxide namanzi. Ngoko ke yintoni ngokuba iimveliso zaseprayimari.

amakhonkco elwandle kwitsheyini lokutya

ulwelwe kuhlelwe organic lunikezelwa ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kuzo zonke izinto. Ikhonkco lwesibini ikhonkco lokutya izilwanyana elwandle mdla lokucoca ulwelo. Eziphilayo, amacandelo ziiphytoplankton ilifa dimensions microscopically ezincinane (0.002-1mm). Ngokufuthi zibe ngamathanga, kodwa ubungakanani ayidluli ngemilimitha ezintlanu. Ikhonkco sesithathu ezitya inyama. Zitya ngogesi lokucoca ulwelo. Kwi offshore, kwakunye phezu kweelwandle eziphakamileyo, ezi eziphilayo baninzi. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, siphonophores, ikama ijeli, jellyfish, copepods, chaetognaths, karinaridy. Phakathi ntlanzi ukuyicoca zeBRT kufuneka ibandakanye herring. ukutya zazo eziphambili zezi copepods ukwakha kumanzi kumntla lutyhido ezinkulu. Into yesine ingqalelo zonke ezidla enkulu. Ezinye zezinto eziphilayo ezinexabiso loshishino. Ukuze ikhonkco lokugqibela kufuneka sibandakanye izilwanyana, iminenga unamazinyo kunye zaselwandle.

izithuthi zokondla

Dlulisa le khompawundi komgquba kwikhonkco lokutya lukhatshwa ilahleko ebalulekileyo eneji. Oku kubangelwa ubukhulu becala ngenxa yenyaniso yokuba uninzi nto ichithwa nethe. Malunga ne-10% ye-eneji iguqulelwa kumzimba ukwimo yomzimba. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, anchovy, esidla, ulwelwe planktonic kwaye bobabo isakhiwo elifutshane kuphela ikhonkco lokutya, unokuba kukuninzi kangaka, njengoko yenzeka kwi Peru yangoku. YokuGqithisela ukutya izowuni ngongcwalazi nobunzulu ukukhanya ngenxa yokufuduka nkqo ebonakalayo zooplankton, kunye neentlobo ezithile zeentlanzi. Ukuya phezulu phantsi izilwanyana ngamaxesha ezahlukeneyo kubunzulu ezahlukeneyo.

isiphelo

Kufuneka ke ukuba ikhonkco lokutya yomgama kakhulu inqabile. Kuninzi iiphiramidi zokusingqongileyo ziquka inani yelo kumanqanaba ohlukeneyo. Zohlobo olufanayo edliwayo kunye nezityalo nezilwanyana; nezidla abathengi ezinokubonelelwa yi yokuqala neyesibini nemiyalelo eziphezulu; izilwanyana ezininzi kudla abaphilayo eziphilayo nabafileyo. Ngenxa yobunzima kokufakelwa ikhonkco, ilahleko naluphi na uhlobo amaxesha neze ukusebenza imeko eziphilayo. Abo ezisulelayo wathabatha ikhonkco sixhokonxe kwi kutya kufumana kakuhle omnye umthombo wokutya, kunye nokutya unyamalale abaphathi baqalise ukusebenzisa ezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ke lonke uluntu kugcina imali eseleyo. Uzinzile iya kuba inkqubo eziphilayo apho kukho ikhonkco lokutya ngxuba, eziquka inani elikhulu unamakhonkco, kuqukwa nobuninzi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo.