Iintlobo yeentsingiselo lungelelanisa yamagama kulwimi Russian

Kweli nqaku sijonga iintlobo yeentsingiselo lungelelanisa yamagama, usimise yokuhlelwa kwazo idumileyo owadalwa V. Vinogradovym.

Iyintoni na intsingiselo lungelelanisa?

Njengoko sisazi, kukho amagama amabini intsingiselo - zegrama lungelelanisa. Ke ukuba intsingiselo zegrama yi abstract kwaye sizalwa inani elikhulu lamagama, le lungelelanisa njalo ngabanye.

intsingiselo lungelelanisa zibizwa ezisisigxina ezingqondweni relatedness ulwimi eendaba bezinto okanye izenzakalo ekhoyo kunye neeyunithi ethile isandi ezimbaxa ulwimi. Oko kukuthi, intsingiselo lungelelanisa libhekisela umxholo, uphawu yegama elithile.

Ngoku cinga, ngokusekelwe udidi cell iintsingiselo lungelelanisa yamagama. Uze uhlolisise enye zokuhlelwa athandwa kakhulu.

Iintlobo yeentsingiselo lungelelanisa

unxulumano lwesemantiki amazwi ezahlukeneyo zolwimi Russian ikuvumela ukuba bachonge iindidi ezahlukileyo iimpawu. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho systematisations ezininzi amaxabiso ezinjalo. Kodwa kucingwa ulwahlulohlulo olugqityiweyo ecetywayo yi V. Vinogradovym kwinqaku lakhe osihloko sithi "Iintlobo ezisisiseko yeentsingiselo lungelelanisa kwamagama." Le typology sihlaziya ngakumbi.

ngokuvumelana kungqinelwano

Kwi zokutyumba (okanye nobudlelwane) isigqibo sokwabela imilinganiselo iimpawu ezimbini - yokoqobo neyokomfuziselo.

Ixabiso ngqo, nezaziwa ngokuba main okanye ezinkulu - lixabiso ebonisa isenzeko ezikhona, ihlabathi lokwenene. Umzekelo: igama elithi "itafile" libhekisela iqhekeza kwefanitshala; "Black" le carbon abamnyama kunye nombala; "Yiphekeni" ithetha kwiqamza, bilisa, idliwa yi ukufudumeza. Le semantics kuba sisigxina kwaye kuxhomekeke kuphela utshintsho zembali. Umzekelo: "itafile" kumaxesha amandulo kwakuthetha "wobukumkani", "itrone" yaye "capital."

iintlobo ezisisiseko yeentsingiselo lungelelanisa zisoloko yahlulwe abo amancinane, apho siye saba ngeli xesha, ethetha izivamvo yokoqobo neyokomfuziselo.

Ukubuyela kule topic engundoqo, ungongeza ukuba amagama lokoqobo angaphantsi kunabanye, kuxhomekeka kwimeko kunye namanye amagama. yoko kucingwa ukuba ezi amaxabiso babe uqhagamshelwano iphantsi syntagmatic kunye moya kakhulu paradigmatic.

ephathekayo

Iintlobo yeentsingiselo lungelelanisa zamagama ziye eyabelweyo ngokusekelwe ulwimi Russian ophilileyo, nto leyo idla ngokusetyenziswa umdlalo ulwimi, inxalenye yayo ukusetyenziswa kwamagama ngendlela yokomfuziselo.

Amaxabiso abanjalo ngenxa ukugqithisela igama into enye ukuya kwenye ngokoqobo ngenxa yembonakalo imisebenzi kufana jikelele njalo njalo.

Ngoko ke, lo gama iye yakwazi ukuba amaxabiso ezininzi. Umzekelo: "itafile" - 1) ukuba lithetha "iqhekeza kwezixhobo" - "itheyibhile kumatshini"; 2) ngengqiqo "amandla" - "ukufumana igumbi netafile"; 3) ngengqiqo yokuba 'ukwahlukana ekusekweni "-". Eziphakam "

Ngaba a Inani lamaxabiso eziphathwayo njengoko elithi "ukubila": 1) intsingiselo 'bonisa iqondo eliphezulu "-" nzima emsebenzini "; 2) isiboniso ngokugqithisileyo iimvakalelo - "bilisa kunye nengqumbo."

Amaxabiso eziphathekayo zisekelwe phezu indlela iikhonsepthi ezimbini ngoncedo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo imibutho eziqondwa lula ngabathethi zomthonyama. amaninzi kakhulu amaxabiso ngqo Asinazo elikhulu: iingcinga black bilisa kunye wobhavumo. Ezi amabinzana zokomfuziselo ngokukhawuleza ezisisigxina ulwimi, uze kweyela nezichazi-magama.

amaxabiso eziphathekayo kunye imifanekiso eyahlukileyo luphawulwa ukuzinza kwabo reproducibility ngayo izafobe, omashini abenziwe ababhali, iimbongi publicists, njengoko lobuqu ngokungqongqo lo yokugqibela.

Noko ke, ngokufuthi ephathekayo, amaxabiso balahlekelwe imifanekiso yazo kwizithethi zomthonyama. Umzekelo, "ephatha ngayo iswekile", "umbhobho ukugoba", "chime" ayisa waqonda xa iindibaniso zengqikelelo. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba imifanekiso extinct.

Iintlobo yeentsingiselo lungelelanisa yamagama yi imvelaphi

Kuxhomekeka iqondo motivirovatsii yesemantiki (okanye imvelaphi) elabelwe ezi mvavanyo:

• Image Ndilale (lesibini okanye izithako) - zivela imilinganiselo kunye affixes derivational slovoproizvodnoy kwisiseko.
• igama Unmotivated (samabanga okanye non-ithe) - ke musa ixhomekeke ixabiso morphemes zibandakanywa ukwakhiwa kwamagama.

Umzekelo: unmotivated ukuba igama elithi "Yakhani", "itafile", "white". Kuba yashukumisa - "isakhiwo", "itafile", "ngokuluqaba mhlophe" ngenxa yokuba la mazwi akhiwa unmotivated, ukongeza, amagama imithombo zaseprayimari ukuze baqonde intsingiselo wemiqondiso elalisandul 'ukusekwa. Oko kukuthi "ngokuluqaba mhlophe", livela ndlela 'imhlophe "" ukwenza emhlophe. "

Kodwa hayi yonke kunjalo elula, xa kukhuthazwa amanye amagama azisoloko njalo ubonisa ngokucacileyo ngokwayo, njengokuba ulwimi itshintsha, yaye akusoloko kusenzeka ukuba ukufumana ingcambu zembali zelizwi. Noko ke, ukuba uchitha uhlalutyo etymological, kunokwenzeka rhoqo ukufumana unxulumano phakathi mazwi amandulo, zibonakala kakhulu ayaba uze ucacise intsingiselo yawo. Ngokomzekelo, sifunda emva uhlalutyo etymological yamazwi "umthendeleko", "inqatha", "ilaphu", "window", "ilifu" bavela "kusela '" baphile "," twist "," iso "," utsalo " ngokulandelelana. Ngoko ke akusoloko kusenzeka ukuba nje ukusuka kwixesha lokuqala ukwahlula ilizwi elivela unmotivated zizizathu.

Iintlobo yeentsingiselo lungelelanisa yamagama kwi ehambelanayo

Kuxhomekeka uphawulo lungelelanisa intsingiselo yegama elithi lungohlulwa lube:

• Free - ababangela uqhagamshelo kwisifundo-ubhalo kuphela. Umzekelo: "nisele" zinokudityaniswa kuphela ngamazwi abonisa ulwelo (iti, amanzi, sawo, njalo-njalo), Kodwa andinakuze ingasetyenziswa la magama "run" udidi "ubuhle", "ebusuku". Ngenxa yoko, ukuhlanganiswa la mazwi aya kulawulwa ukuhambelana isifundo okanye ukungavumelani iikhonsepthi ababameleyo. Oko kukuthi, i "inkululeko" ukuhambisana yalo magama yi kunokuba eqhelekileyo.
• Non-free - amathuba la mazwi angathathi lungelelanisa zidityanisiwe. ukusebenzisa kwabo kwintetho kuxhomekeke factor kwisifundo-ubhalo, kunye nolwimi. Umzekelo: igama elithi "Alenga" zinokudityaniswa la magama "Amehlo", "look", "Amehlo", lo gama amagama ayikwazi ngamazinga kunye nezinye iimpawu - musa athi "Alenga ngeenyawo."

Iintlobo Non-free yeentsingiselo lungelelanisa lwamagama in Russian:

• Phraseology ezinxulumene - wathengisa kuphela kwi esitalini (okanye idiomatic) udibaniso. Umzekelo: utshaba efungelweyo - ayisetyenziswa umhlobo efungelweyo, ngaphandle kokuba umdlalo ulwimi yombhali.
• Syntactically moya - wathengisa kuphela kwezo meko xa gama kunyanzeleka ukuba enze umsebenzi engaqhelekanga kuye. Ngokomzekelo, igama elithi 'umnqwazi "," oki "," log "ezi izivisa, echaza indoda njengoko yakutshanje, ithe yaba buthuntu, bungler, akanandaba, ukungabikho linge. Ukuzalisekisa le ndima, ilizwi uba zichongwe imifanekiso kunye neentsingiselo yokomfuziselo uhlobo.

Ziinqobo syntactically conditioner abo isakhiwo lungelelanisa, leyo ingaphumelela kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezithile syntactic. Umzekelo: "omtsha" ifumana intsingiselo yokomfuziselo kuphela ngokohlobo sodidi. n -. "ovuthuzayo iziganeko."

in function

Iindidi sithwele intsingiselo lungelelanisa yamagama yabiwe ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo imisebenzi eyenziwa:

• Nominative - eli gama livela igama elithi "yokutyumba", yaye libhekisela nokuthiywa bezinto, izenzakalo kunye neempawu zazo.
• Ekhululekile-lwesemantiki - kula mazwi iba Seme lubalaseleyo connotative (ngokweemvakalelo-kuqikelelwa).

Umzekelo amagama nominative: "umntu omde" - eli binzana yazisa kumphulaphuli ukuba umntu lowo uphawu lokukhula eliphezulu.

UMZEKELO amagama yesemantiki ezichazayo kwimeko efanayo naleyo echazwe ngasentla, igama elithi "high" ithathwa ngokuthi "ende" - ukuba ulwazi idityaniswe wokungalivumi lokukhula eliphezulu, uvavanyo yokukhula. Ngoko, igama elithi "ezibhityileyo" novakalelo na nelithi ukuba igama elithi "phezulu".

Communications uhlobo

iintlobo ezisisiseko yeentsingiselo lungelelanisa yamagama Russian, ngokuxhomekeke uhlobo lobudlelane kwisixokelelwano lungelelanisa enexabiso elinye kunye nabanye:

• ixabiso Correlative - magama, zichasene na isizathu: elungileyo - embi, kude - vala.
• Yima-alone value - amagama ezizimeleyo noko izinto ezithile: isitulo, yemiboniso intyatyambo.
• Amaxabiso Deterministic - igama evela yexabiso Ngamanye amazwi, ngokuba Ukrainian lunee ntlobo ekhululekile kwaye zesimbo yegama elithi "my" kungenxa elithi "ihashe", "entle", "zobungangamela" - "ezilungileyo".

iziphumo

Ngenxa yoko, siye kuluhlu iintlobo yeentsingiselo lungelelanisa yamagama. Ngokufutshane kubandakanya le miba ilandelayo lyagla isiseko ulwahlulohlulo olunikezwa kuthi:

• Subject-ingqiqo zonxibelelwano amagama okanye nobudlelwane paradigmatic.
• ubudlelwane Syntagmatic okanye ngokunxulumene yamagama omnye komnye.
• Okanye yeyantlukwano kubudlelwane uxhulumaniso derivational.

Esebenzisa ukufunda ukuhlelwa yeentsingiselo lungelelanisa, simele siqonde ngcono isakhiwo lwesemantiki amagama ngakumbi ukuqonda ulwalamano zenkqubo eziye zaqulunqwa kwi Lexicon ulwimi mihla.