Togliatti - yintoni ummandla? Togliatti kwimaphu yaseRashiya

I-Togliatti kwimaphu yaseRashiya yabonakala kungekude kakhulu - ngowe-1964, kodwa ngokwenene isixeko esisekwe nguVasily Tatishchev siphendulela i-280 ngonyaka ozayo. Ukususela ngo-1737 kwakubizwa ngokuba yiStvropol-on-Volga. Imbali yayo iyingqayizivele: emva kokushaya ummandla okhukula ngexesha lokwakha iSitishi seMandla esiGesi se-Zhiguli (1953-1955), satshintshe indawo yaso. Kuphi na namhlanje kunye nantoni na, unokufumanisa ngokufunda eli nqaku.

I-Middle Volga Region

Njengengxenye yeSithili seVolga sabelo sabelo salo esezantsi, esibizwa ngokuba yi-Middle Volga. Ngaphesheya kolunye umlambo omde kakhulu eYurophu yimiba yasePenza, Ulyanovsk, Saratov neSamara, kunye neRiphabhliki yaseTatarstan. Kulapha apha ukuba iTogliatti ikhona. Nguwuphi ummandla okhusele isixeko soshishino samanje kwibhanki lasekhohlo laseVolga? Nangona indawo ye-18 kwilizwe ngokubhekiselele kubemi (ngaphezulu kwama-712 abantu) kunye nommandla ohlala kuyo (ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezili-315 ezikhilomitha), iTogliatti ayikho indawo yokulawula yesithili.

Ummandla ophakathi weVolga yintsimi ekhuselekileyo kunye nezoqoqosho, enesimo esihle seendawo kunye nezibonelelo zophuhliso. Ukutshintshiselana kwezithuthi ezifanelekileyo kunempembelelo entle ekuphuhliseni ukwakhiwa komatshini, ukucocwa kweoli, i-gas kunye namashishini amakhemikhali okubizwa ngokuba ngummandla. Abantu abangama-74% bahlala kwizixeko. Intsimi yindawo yesimo sezulu sase-continental epholileyo, apho ihlobo elitshisayo (+25 ° C) kunye nobusika obunqabileyo obunqabileyo kunye neqondo lokushisa elincinane liphawulwe ngokucacileyo (amanani aqhelekileyo anama-12-15 degrees ngaphantsi kwe-zero). Kodwa kukho amaqabunga ukuya kuma-30 ° C. Umda kunye nommandla ophantsi weVolga uwela ngaphaya kweZhigulyovskaya HPP, apho iTogliatti ikhona khona.

Luhlobo luni lommandla umzi waseVolga unalo?

Ummandla waseSamara, umda weTatarstan, i-Orenburg, i-Ulyanovsk ne-Saratov, uhlala ngasempuma-mpuma ye-East European Plain. Ekubunjweni kwayo - imizi eyi-11 kunye neendawo ezingama-23, ezidibeneyo kwizithili ezingama-27. I-Togliatti iyisiko lolawulo saseStvropol kwisithili esenyakatho-ntshona kwendawo, ekude kude nenqila ye-59 km. Umgama phakathi kwezixeko ezikuloo ndlela u-88 km kwaye unqatshwe malunga neeyure ezingama-2. Abemi belo mmandla abanombuzo malunga nendlela yokufikelela kwi-Togliatti, apho indawo enokuzihlaziya ihle kakhulu. Iibhasi zokuhamba zihamba nganye kwisiqingatha seyure ukusuka kuzo zonke izikhululo zedolophu.

Ekubanjelwe kwiintlangano ezintathu zendawo - ihlathi, i-steppe kunye nehlathi-indawo yeSamara ine-cover yehlathi kuphela eyi-12.6% kuphela. Imithi evulekileyo isendaweni esenyakatho yommandla, kubandakanywa kwiphondo yaseStvropol, apho abahlali beengingqi zengingqi beya eholide.

Samara Luke

Isifunda saseSamara sisekufikelelekeni koMlambo weVolga, apho umda omkhulu (i-meander) owenziwe ngunxweme kwi-230 km wawubizwa ngokuthi iSamarskaya Luka. Ithalela ngamakhilomitha angama-60 ukusuka entshonalanga ukuya empuma kunye neekhilomitha ezingama-30 - ukusuka enyakatho ukuya eningizimu, ukusuka kwidolophana yase-Usolye ukuya kwisixeko saseSyran. Ngokuqinisekileyo iSamara Luka ihlanjwe ngamanzi amabutho amabili - uSaratov noKibyshev - kunye nomlambo omncinci wase-Usy. Impendulo yombuzo malunga neTolyatti: "Nguwuphi na ummandla onawo?" - abaninzi baseRussia baziwa ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yokuba isi sixeko sisekunxweme lomthombo waseKibyshev. Kuibyshev - igama lomuzi waseSamara ukuya ngo-1991.

Ingxenye ebalulekileyo kakhulu ye-Samara uLuka ngumgama ukusuka kuSamara ukuya kwii-sluices zesikhululo samandla kagesi saseZhiguli, esinezithsaba zintaba zeZhiguli (eziphezulu zamamitha angama-375). Umlambo kule ndawo awukubanzi kakhulu, kwaye abakhenkethi bayakubona ngokucacileyo indlela ukuphakama kwephuka kwinqanaba leVolga. Izitishi kunye neentaba ze-Hydropower zifumaneka kwibhankini elungileyo lomlambo, apho isixeko saseZhigulevsk sitholakala khona. Ngakwesokhohlo, ekuhlanganyeleni kweZabolzhie kunye noSamara uLuka, i-Tolyatti iphakamisa (isithombe somzi kunye noLuka ka-Samara sichazwe kwinqaku).

Indawo yeendawo

Itholakala ngaphaya kwe-70 km ecaleni kweMlambo iVolga kwisiqingatha sendawo yeSamara. Ubude bomda ngu-149 km. Isixeko asinxalenye yesithili saseStvropol kwaye, ngaphezu kwayo, imida eZhigulevsky. Kwixesha elide umba wokujoyina ezi zixeko zibini uxoxwa, kodwa ngoku kube yiprojekthi kuphela. Ukusuka kumzantsi umzi udibanisa nedama lakwaKibyshev, ukusuka empuma lijikelezwe ngamahlathi, nakwiindawo ezisemntla-ntshona-yezolimo.

I-Togliatti kwimaphu yaseRashiya inokufumaneka kwiikhonkco ezilandelayo:

• 53 ° 31 'ngentlaphu esezantsi;
• 49 ° 25 'ubude bempuma.

Isixeko sisekuhlaleni kwexesha laseSamara. Ukuxhatshazwa kwayo malunga nexesha laseMoscow li-+1 iyure. Ixesha lokugcina iMini lisebenza kummandla, okhokelela ekutshintsheni ngokumalunga ne-UTC.

Inxalenye ethile yembali

20.06.1737, emva kokubuya kohambo lwe-Orenburg olukhokelwa nguTatishchev, u-Anna Ioannovna wanikela i-charter malunga nokusekwa kwesi sixeko ku-Princess Anne Taishina ekwakhiweni kwinqaba ukuze kuhlanganiswe onke amaKalmucks abhaptiziweyo kule ndawo. Lo mhla uthathwa njengomhla wokusekwa kweendawo zokuhlala. Kukho uluvo lokuba uTolyatti wazalwa kathathu kwimbali. Yiyiphi indawo kuloo xesha yayikho kwindawo yeSamara? Kwii-50s (ukuhamba ukusuka kwindawo ephantsi komhlaba), isixeko sasiyingxenye yesithili saseKibyshev, ULenin (igama elidala uZhigulevskaya). Isiseko sokwakhiwa kwegrandiose esasisetyenziselwa ekugqibeleni kusekwa amashishini ekhemikhali (KuibyshevAzot, TogliattiKauchuk, TogliattiAzot) kunye ne-Volzhsky Automobile Plant. Isigqibo sokwakha i-AvtoVAZ yayingumhla wesithathu wokuzalwa kwesi sixeko, ngenxa yokuba kubangele ukukhupha okukhulu kwabantu abatsha kunye negalelo ekunyuseni okukhulu kwabantu.

Ngowe-1964, ngesigqibo samagunya aseburhulumenteni, isixeko saseStvropol saqanjwa ngokuthi nguTogliatti ngozuko lukaPalmiro Togliatti, owayephethe iCommunist Party yaseItali. Wafa ngosuku olulandelayo, ngelixa e-USSR. Umpolitiki waseNtaliyane wayenalo nantoni na kwisixeko esinegama eliyiminyaka engama-82, ngoko uluntu luxubusha umba wokubuyisela igama loqobo.

Indawo, isakhiwo solawulo

Namhlanje i-Tolyatti, enefoto onokuyibona kwiphepha, ihlala kwindawo engama-315 square metres. I-Km, i-25.5% yimihlathi yasezidolophini. Lo ngumzi oluhlaza kunommandla waseSamara. Phakathi kweendawo ezintathu zokulawula, zolule kwiVolga malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-40, kukho imida ebalulekileyo. I-36% yendawo yedolophu yi-Avtozavodskaya yesithili, apho izikwere ze-AvtoVAZ zifumaneka khona. Ukusuka kwiCentral ihlukaniswe ngeekhilomitha ezintathu zamaphecana amahlathi. Isithili saseKomsomolsky sisuswe kwenye i-5-7 km. Ngommandla, yona, njengeCentral, ihlala kwi-32% yesixeko sonke.

Ekubeni isiseko salo sixeko sineengubo zayo zeengalo ngendlela yenkqantosi esinomnqamlezo phakathi. Inhloko yesigqeba samagosa ngumbusi, namhlanje eli thunyelwe lihlala li-SI Andreev. Amandla okusemthethweni agxininiswe ezandleni zeBhunga leSixeko saseTogliatti elinamaqela angama-35. Ngo-Oktobha 2015, i-Togliatti (isithili saseSamara) ifumene isikhundla se-monotown, njengoko inhlalakahle yentlalontle yabaninzi kubemi ixhomekeka kwiimeko ezikulo shishini eliphambili -AvtoVAZ.

Sithili saseAvtozavodsky

Phakathi kwabo, abahlali bahlula ummandla weNew ne-Old Town. Iyokuqala ibhekisela kwisithili saseAvtozavodskaya, abemi bayo baninzi ngaphezu kweyonke yabini kwaye bangaphezu kwamawaka angama-436. Ihlala kwindawo engasentshona yedolophu, ejongene nebhankini yeVolga. Isakhiwo sahlula kwiibhloko ezingama-28, apho iindawo ezihlukeneyo zeepaki kunye ne-boulevards. Iindlela eziphambili zihlukanisa iikota phakathi komnye. Kodwa uphuhliso olunjalo alubonakali kubo bonke i-Togliatti, imephu ebonisa ingcamango yecandelo ngalinye lolawulo. Ukongeza kwi-AvtoVAZ, kwintsimi yeSixeko esitsha ukuba amashishini amashishini amacandelo afumaneka, awaziwayo kummandla: umveliso we-champagne, umgubo kunye nefayili yengubo.

Esi sisithili esincinane kunazo zonke, isakhiwo sezindlu saqala ukwakha kanyekanye nokwakhiwa kwesityalo semoto. Yaye enye kuphela apho izinga lokuzalwa lidlula izinga lokufa kwabantu. Izindlu ezintsha zakhiwe ngqo kwindawo yehlathi, ukwandisa imida yesixeko.

Sithili saseKomsomolsky

Abantu abangaba ngu-120 abantu bahlala kwintsimi engasempumalanga, esekelwe ngqo kwi-bank ye-Volga yebhanki ngoku. Idibanisa nedama likaZhigulyovskaya HPP kwaye iya ngqo ngqo kumgaqo-mgwaqo we-federal M5. Kulapha apho ichweba lomlambo le sixeko lilapho, apho abakhenkethi bahamba khona kwi-stop Volga. I-embankment enhle kakhulu yikratshi lokwenene lommandla, izixhobo zalo zokuvelisa zifumaneka kumgama omkhulu kwizakhiwo zokuhlala: TogliattiAzot, AvtoVAZagregat, VAZINTERSERVICE.

Ngaphambili, idolophana yaseKawievka yayisensimini yesithili, ngoko ke, icandelo labucala kunye nezakhiwo ezingama-50 zihlala ixesha elide. Nangona indawo efanelekileyo yendawo, indawo apha ayikho imfuneko enkulu. Abemi bakhetha ukuchitha kwiindlela ukusuka kwi-20 ukuya kweyimizuzu engama-60, kodwa bahlala emakhaya amaninzi. Le ngxenye yeTogliatti (imephu yedolophu inikeza ngcamango yaloo ndawo) ibhekisela kwiimpawu zembali ze-metropolis. Nazi iitempile zeXIX yeXesti: iSt. Tikhon kunye neendwendwe ze-Annunciation. Isithili esincinci iShlyuzova (indawo yokuhlala yangaphambili) ibizwa ngokuba yi-mini-Petersburg ngenxa yezakhiwo zendlela yokufunda.

Sithili sithili

Igama ngokwayo libonisa ukuba indawo yesithili yinxalenye ephambili yedolophu, apho abantu abayi-160 bahlala khona. Nguye ophethe igama elingabhalwanga leDala eliDala, elifaka ubungqina kwindawo yokuqala kwi-stock housing. Izindlu apha zakhiwe ngexesha lolawulo lukaKhrushchev noStalin. Imephu yeTogliatti kunye nezitrato zibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba umgaqo-phuhliso uhlukile "kwisikwere sendawo" kwisithili saseAvtozavodsky. Phakathi kwipaki enesimo sesixeko, kunye nebala eliphakathi apho i-radii ishiya izitrato ukuya kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesithili, nangona inkqubo yegama igcinwe kwikota.

Abemi beSixeko Esidala kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla bacinga ukuba banengqiqo kwaye balinganiswa nabemi beSixeko kwi-Neva, abahluke kwi-Muscovites. Apha icandelo labucala limelelwe, apho ukucaciswa kweklasi kubonakala. Kuye kwakhiwa izindlu ezincinci ezikhutshweyo, zigcinwe ipakethe yezinja. Kulo lonxweme lwaseVolga kukho isithili sasePoltoviy, esithathwa njengedolophu yiparadesi yaseTogliatti (isithili saseSamara).

Lwabantu

Isixeko sithathwa njengento eselula, kuba abantu bayo bancinci. Ngokombolo yobalo-mali, i-average age ye-Togliatti iphezulu ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-39 (39.2). Ukugcina ulutsha, amaziko angaphezulu kwama-20 aphakamileyo emfundo avulekileyo kwisixeko, nangona amaxesha aseSoviet kuphela kuphela iTolyatti Polytechnic Institute kunye neSikole seMpi (ngoku i-Military Technical Institute). Inani elibalulekileyo ngabantu beminyaka yobudala, abantu abayi-150 kuphela abahlala phantsi. Amashumi asithoba angena kwimbali yeso sixeko ngeemeko ezibuhlungu: ukukhula koxinzelelo lweziyobisi kunye nokusuleleka kwe-HIV kubantu abancinci. Namhlanje le meko izinzile.

Ngaphezu kwesigamu sabemi ngabafazi. I-Togliatti, ibalazwe lemizi yalo alinikanga ingcamango yoluhlu lwelizwe loluntu, i-83.2% ehlala ngabantu baseRussia. Phakathi kwezinye iintlanga ngabaTatars, iUkraine, iMordvins, iChuvashs.

Tyelelo. Ndingafika njani?

Isixeko sithatha abavakhenkethi ngenxa yokusondela kweentaba zeZhiguli. Kunyaka ngamnye, ngeCawa yokuqala ngoJulayi, abalandeli bengoma yomlobi we-Grushinsky Festival (igama elitsha - "Platforma") lidibanisa kufuphi neTogliatti. Amakhulu amawaka abathathi-nxaxheba afika emachibi aseMastryukovskie apho iingoma zabadlali abanamakhono avela kulo lonke elaseRashiya zivakalayo ngokukhunjulwa kwe- Valery Grushin . Ngenxa yoko, abantu abaninzi banombuzo othi: "Kuphi iTogliatti, yintoni ummandla waseRashiya uququzelele iholide yoma ingoma ye-bardic?"

Indlela elula kakhulu yokufikelela kwisixeko ngomoya. I-Airport ye-Kurumoch International isekhilomitha ezingama-50, apho kukho iibhasi eziqhelekileyo kunye neeteksi. Kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba yiyiphi inxalenye yeso sixeko kufuneka umntu afumane: eNtsha okanye eNdala, kuba ezi ndlela zihluke ngokupheleleyo. Ehlotyeni kulula ukufika kwisixeko ngamanzi, ukuba wenze uhambo olumnandi kwiVolga. Unokufika khona ngomzila, kodwa umzila omkhulu wesitimela awukho kwiTogliatti. Imephu iya kukunceda ukuba wenze isigqibo kwisitimela ukuya eSamara, inkulu-dolophu yommandla, apho kubakho iibhasi eziqhelekileyo, iitekisi kunye neebhasi.