Iimpawu imveliso yephondo kunye nesicelo yayo

Igama elithi "porcelain" libhekisela uluhlu olubanzi iimveliso yodongwe, ezo ziveliswe kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. iimpawu yawo le umphezulu anencasa porosity ephantsi. Ezi iimpawu porcelain kukho imfuneko yayo eninzi namhlanje. Kunzima ukufumana ezinye uhlobo ushishino okanye uqoqosho lwesizwe, naphi isetyenziselwe.

Avamise kakhulu porcelain zokuhombisa kunye imichiza zentengiso, izizithsaba zamazinyo kunye insulators zombane. Ngokuqhelekileyo omhlophe okanye off-ezimhlophe, ukuze 'uwose "le nto emangalisayo iza iqhekeza ahloniphekayo zodongwe, nto leyo eya kuba eziqhelekileyo kuthi uhlobo kuphela emva kaJohn e ende yamaziko aphezulu obushushu.

Iinzuzo inkonzo Chinese

Kweli nqaku, siza kuxubusha iimpawu kunye neendidi imveliso yephondo. Uya ukuqonda isizathu sokuba ehlabathini le ndaba zithandwa kangangokuba ukuthenga yalo bazaliswa hambo olukhulu. Kuba iseti ezintle, leyo namhlanje ungathenga ngayo nayiphi na ivenkile, ngoko unga ukuba abulawe.

Isimanga, kodwa imveliso lamagcisa Chinese ukuba niyinikele ukubumba - izalamane kuphela, kodwa hayi ngqo. Ukuze ubone oku, izimamva ezinokuthelekiswa ukukhumbula iimpawu ezisisiseko imveliso yephondo, zivelile koomasifundisane kuMbindi yoBukumkani. Izinto ziyafana kakhulu omnye komnye: zombini porcelain yangoku kwaye yamandulo inokuba ezimenyezelayo okanye "yendalo." Kodwa ubumba elula lithambile kakhulu. Kwaye inkonzo ezikumgangatho ophezulu esinokwenziwa kuyo.

Kutheni le nto isenzeka?

iimpawu ezinjalo imveliso yephondo, njengoko amandla kunye nozinzo msinga - isiqhamo amaqondo obushushu aphezulu apho iingxoxo ziqhutywa okwenyaniso ngodongwe Chinese. Oku kwenziwa kwiqondo lobushushu ka-2650 ° (degrees 1454 Celsius). Thelekisa oku 2200 ° (degrees 1204 Celsius) ukuba porcelain elula. Ekubeni izinto kwesibini a libya, awusetyenziselwa kwishishini kwemichiza kunye namanye amasebe zobuchwepheshe yezenzululwazi. Ngaphezu koko, le iphezulu umgangatho porcelain Chinese sikhanya ekukhanyeni. umphumela ukubumba Uhlalutye ayide ikwazi ukunika.

iintlola

"Nzima-paste" okanye porcelain lokwenyaniso wabonakala kuqala e China ngexesha Tang Dynasty (618-907.). Kodwa ke ngenene iimveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu in iipropati zabo ayikho ngaphantsi mihla, waba ezaziwayo lihlabathi kude kube lixesha Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368 gg.). porcelain Early Chinese yaba kaolin (udongwe China) kunye pegmatite - uhlobo rough zelitye lenyengane.

Yena ke ndingaziwa ukuya potters zaseYurophu ukuqala ngaphandle kumaXesha Aphakathi izixhobo Chinese. BaseYurophu baye bazama ukwenza iimpawu imveliso yephondo, kodwa zange baphumelele kulo ishishini. Njengoko ukuhlalutya nokubunjwa kwayo imichiza, abazange bakwazi, imveliso eyenziweyo ngabo, sifunda ibukeke, babuthathaka yaye kwangaxeshanye, sisitya imbonakalo eqinileyo kuphela. Kwaba njalo-njalo. Ukuze ufumane imfihlelo lokwenene imveliso imveliso yephondo, eyitwabulule imfazwe hlola yokwenene, kodwa ubomi ihlathi Chinese yamonga imfihlelo.

Kutheni le ndaba zithandwa kangaka? Isizathu - iimpawu ezigqwesileyo emzimbeni le imveliso yephondo. It na enamandla ngaphezu iseramikhi eqhelekileyo ye conductivity ophezulu thermal ekuvumela ukuba asile iketile kulowo iti yinzwakazi. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa porcelain njengeceba unalo encinane kakhulu yangcola, abeBala kunye kuphela phantsi kwempembelelo zombala zokwenziwa. Cup of inkonzo yamandulo Chinese emva kweenkulungwane kugcina ubumhlophe.

ersatz

Emva ukuxuba yeglasi tin oxide, ukuze ufumane izinto ngaphaya kwawo, amagcisa baseYurophu baye bazama ukudibanisa udongwe kunye negilasi frosted. Ezi ndlela zizezinye nkalo sezisaziwa ngokuba "colo ethambileyo" okanye porcelain eyenziweyo. Ke bona bamphikisa zibakala ezimbini ezingemnandi: zonke ezi materials ithambe kakhulu, ngaphandle kwayo nzima ukwenza imveliso entle ngokwenene, ubuthathaka, yaye iindleko zemveliso ingaphaya kakhulu. Ngokufutshane, iimpawu porcelain "-type ersatz" baba kude kakhulu ogqibeleleyo.

Kukho ubungqina bokuba iinkosi bethu nabo ubuchule kwimveliso porcelain lokwenyaniso, kodwa zonke izinto ezifihlakeleyo iseramikhi Russian ziye zasishiya ebudeni Mongol-Tatar ukuhlasela, xa iidolophu yonke lwatsha kunye nabemi bawo bonke. idabi ezithile kwakhona ukufikelela British. Baqamba "ithambo" uhlobo eziphathekayo.

Kodwa yintoni na china ithambo, iinkalo eziphambili eziye zabangela kuye kuthandwa omkhulu eYurophu ubudala?

History of indalo

Ngowe-1707, amaJamani ezimbini ogama Ehrenfried WALTHER von Chimhaus kunye Yohan Fridrih Bottger ukuvula imo ngakumbi "esinengqondo" zemveliso, esebenzisa lodongwe feldspar womsizi. Kwinkulungwane XVII weengcibi IsiNgesi lufundwa balinge ukuba porcelain phantse twatse Chinese zingafumaneka ngokudibanisa ukuba umxube ithambo ebilayo ezicukucezwe zancinane ukusilwa.

Kwaye ngoko kwenzeka ukuba inguqulelo IsiNgesi yenza kube lula ukuvelisa iseramikhi sikhanya kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kakhulu, nto leyo kakhulu kunciphise imveliso ebiziwe. Ukongeza, le porcelain evela Albion walwa mandundu kakhulu, wayenamandla kakhulu. Ngoko ayimangalisi into yokuba British kungekudala lwazigubungela iiseti zabo nengxenye ubudala, yaye phantse zonke i Yehlabathi Elitsha.

Ziziphi iimpawu china bone? Okokuqala, amanqaku kwalo amandla aphakamileyo ubunzima eliphantsi zibhityile-sibiyelweyo. Okwesibini, le hlobo iseramikhi ayikwazi ingasetyenziswa kwishishini yemichiza ye ngokunjalo izinto ebandakanywe nesakhiwo sayo, azithethelele asidi alkalis.

izinto zokwenza imveliso

Njengokuba besesitshilo, iinkalo eziphambili le nto ilula kakhulu: udongwe, feldspar, izimbiwa equlethe calcium. De kube ngoku, iinkampani ezahlukeneyo bekhuphisana nabanye, njengoko ngokukhawuleza yasekwa ukuba iimpawu imveliso yephondo kunye zomdongwe ukuba kakhulu ngcono ngokongeza izinto ezintsha kumafa yayo. Kakade ke, ukuba nokuhlola ibonisa yimpumelelo.

Nangona ukwakhiwa clays kuyahlukana nedlela indawo yemveliso, nangoku ukuba uguqulwe iglasi (ngaloo ekuzuzeni ngobuqhophololo imveliso yokugqibela) kuphela xa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu. Kodwa oku kuyinyaniso kuphela kwiimeko apho udongwe singaxubeki izinto, zisembundwini ngezantsi apho vitrification. Ngokungafaniyo iglasi, udongwe, ke, thermally izinzile, okt ugcina ukumila kwayo phantsi ukufudumeza olomeleleyo.

Ngoko ke lento ngu ekhethekileyo ngokwenene kuba idibanisa lizinze iglasi porosity eliphantsi kunye namandla relative ubumba olulula. Iindidi eziphambili izinto ezisetyenziswa ngawo onke amaxesha kaolin, hydroaluminosilicates. Feldspar (equlethe aluminiyamu silicate) kunye banjengeqhwitha, zwi uhlobo eqinileyo, amacandelo ebaluleke kakhulu naluphi na uhlobo imveliso yephondo. Bona kunyibilike ngexesha ubilisa izinto wokubopha kwi sephepha.

Zwi - i "Inhliziyo" porcelain

Esi siqinisekiso kokhuseleko. Iimpawu porcelain (nokusetyenziswa kwayo) ubukhulu becala ngenxa kule kuphawu: ukuba ibetha embi (xa kuthelekiswa kwiglasi), kunye nemigama ezincinane phakathi kweengqakumbana ukubonelela izinto umoya kungenwa nto, amanzi kunye nezinye kusitsha.

Zwi i "fusion 'of lesilicon neoksijini - ezimbini element kakhulu luninzi kuqweqwe lomhlaba. It has iintlobo ezintathu ezisebenzayo: zwi ngqo (crystal), lube yihakinto (iintlobo amorphous) nesanti (mixed iqhekeza, emdaka). Ngokubanzi, zwi liye lasetyenziswa obuciko. Porcelain kwakhona ziquka alumina, steatite, eyaziwa ngokuba "soapstone".

inkqubo yokuvelisa

Emva kokuba umbandela ekrwada ikhethiwe kwaye ubunzima, iya kwimveliso. Okokuqala, ukuba icocwe kwaye ukusilwa ukuba amaqhezu entle kakhulu. Emva koko onke amacandelo zixubene ngokwesahlulo ofunekayo, kuxhomekeke zombini iimeko zemveliso kunye iimpawu imveliso yokugqibela. Xa wokugqibela kwakhiwa, ukuba kuthunyelwe eziko ngoko nangoko, okanye phantsi zokuhlanjululwa lokuqala kunye njengeceba zokutshiza umaleko.

Kakade ke, kwindima yakhe njengezenzo yokuqala floured kwiglasi. Yaye kuphela emva koko zitsha, iikomityi, iindebe, nezithsaba zamazinyo elizayo yiya emlonyeni eziko. Kwaye ngoku khangela kwinqanaba ngamnye. Ngapha koko, impumelelo yabo ixhomekeke iimpawu imveliso yephondo kunye nesicelo yayo!

ekrwada izinto lokugaya

Mhlawumbi le yenye yezona imisebenzi ebalulekileyo, ngenxa eligcwele lokuphunyezwa yayo ixhomekeke umgangatho imveliso yokugqibela. Lokutyunyuzwa kwenziwa enkulu crushers igubu ngoomatshini. Kwi kwingxingwa yesibini, ubungakanani yamasuntswana hlengiswe ukuya 0.25 cm. Ukuze ukuguqula feedstock ibe njengothuli olucolekileyo, sebenzisa, bayisile ematyeni ezikhethekileyo ibhola. Oku iisilinda omkhulu steel ezele iibhola yesinyithi. Xa isakhiwo yonke yokubolekisana, amasuntswana izinto ekrwada zitshintshele ibe ubunzima yohlobo olunye ingumhlaba ezicukucezwe zancinane kakhulu.

Ukucoca kanye lwe alpha

Lo mxube wawiswa ngokusebenzisa izihluzi ocoliweyo, uze ke uthi anikwe i "yokuthutha 'ekhethekileyo, oko obliquely amalungiselelo sheets zentsimbi. Zihamba, ebangela izinto ekrwada mixed ngokuzenzekelayo nje kuphela, kodwa ezibekwe njengoko amasuntswana inkulu bayacalulwa phezulu. Ukuba ufuna ukondla umbandela desensitised kuba kumgca ngendlela oluzenzekelayo spray amanzi.

Maxa wambi kusetyenziswa amacebo kunye iimagnethi ezinamandla, njengoko yokugqibela kwenza kube lula ukuba asuse ubumdaka zincinane yentsimbi. Okokugqibela, xa nithe nagaxeleka ezilingweni iimveliso ugqibile, uthi kuye umthunzi ebomvu okungafunwa. Le mveliso ogqityiweyo ithunyelwa kwelo ziko, apho ukudubula apho kuthi obushushu sele kubonisiwe.

Ukusuka apho iimeko zemveliso kuxhomekeka iimpawu mveliso?

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngexesha ukudubula lokugqibela abeke ezininzi iinkqubo, leyo ixhomekeke ngqo kwi ngeempawu porcelain ebandayo. Okokuqala, yonke carbon wayitshisa ubumdaka organic idliwa amanzi agqithisileyo bavela embindini kwimveliso elizayo ngaphandle iqhekeza ezahlukeneyo sukube. Ukuba amaqondo obushushu inyuswe ukuya 1100 ° C, Silicon kunye namanye amacandelo njengeceba akuyi kuya kunyibilika, kwaye kungoko aluyiyo phezu yodongwe umaleko ogudileyo kwaye afana cala.

Ukongeza, ezi zinto kwakufuneka ukunciphisa umgama phakathi kwezinye izinto ukuba uqhagamshelo olukhuselekileyo kunye nabanye. Xa loxinano olifunayo sifikelelwayo, imveliso lupholisiwe, ebangela frosting "izivumelwano 'uba anencasa ixesha elide kakhulu.

iziphumo

Ngoko ke kutheni thina wachaza konke oku? Eyona nto kukuba iimpawu kwale nto ixhomekeke kakhulu kwi iimpawu kunye neemeko imveliso yawo. Ngokomzekelo, amandla luxhomekeke kwipesenti omthamo ubunzima feldspar, kunye china inani pores kwi ngaphantsi kwe Spar ngakumbi. Njengoko zokuchithwa iglasi zwi namasalela lufumaneka yokubola wenkqu ngodongwe, izinto porcelain skeleton iba, kunye nokunyuka uhlobo buthathaka. Kuxhomekeka fineness zwi, ubunzima ubume, amaqondo obushushu kunye nexesha yecala, kwisigaba vitreous kuquka ukususela-15 ukuya kuma-40% sobunzima yaziswa kwi-zwi. Ntoni na, lo porcelain ukubhitya kwaye "moya".

Iimpawu zezinto yodongwe ezifana dielectrics lubonakala ikakhulu ukumelana elingaphesheya umbane kwi eziphathekayo kumphezulu yokwambathisa. Ukwahlula umthamo ethile kunye umphezulu resistivity ngayo imveliso yephondo.

Ukongezelela, kubaluleke kakhulu zeprakhtikhali iimpawu eekhemikhali imveliso yephondo. Okunye ncam, ukungabikho kwayo. yodongwe emenyezelayo kongezwe imali eninzi feldspar kunye zwi ibe yisilikhoni efakwa iikhemikhali cala. Ucinga ukuba kutheni oosokhemisti njengodaka ekhemisi ezenziwe kule nto? Lomelele ngaphezu iglasi, kodwa akazange acinge.

nesimo sangoku

Namhlanje, iiseramikhi (imveliso yephondo yaye ngokukodwa) na ofumana savuka. Kwakubonakala ukuba ezi zinto ukuze ezinokusetyenziswa microelectronics mveliso iintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ukubaluleka oku akuyomfuneko ukuba achaze ukuba impucuko yanamhlanje. Abaphandi kwakhona bafumanise ukuba ngokongeza ongeziweyo ethile imveliso yephondo amandla kwandisa ngokucacileyo. Okwangoku oluqhubekayo, nokuba phambili ngophando kwicandelo indalo ineziseko zayo iindidi ezintsha isikrweqe. Ngoko ke akukho zangasese efanayo!

Ekugqibeleni, bonke kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuba izinto ungena iyeza. zitho ezahlukeneyo nezithsaba omangalisayo - imfuno kuzo luyanda minyaka yonke. Ukuze kusungulwe mandulo Chinese ziya kubakho ixesha elide kakhulu ukuhlala efanelekileyo.