Icebo Thomas More. "Utopia": Isishwankathelo

Thomas More waphila iminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu eyadlulayo. ubukomanisi Scientific uvezwa izazinzulu nephupha njengoko abantu athambileyo eyomeleleyo, aphuphe. Yinyaniso le? ukufa kwakhe ngenxa yeenkolelo zabo Okuninzi Thomas wasamkela, ngokutsho memoirs ye owayephila ka-Erasmus, ngaphandle koloyiko, ngaphandle kokucela inceba, kungekhona equbuda intloko yakhe. Ngowe-1535 umbhali pyatidesyatisemiletny, nabantu, sobulumko avume ukunqula kukumkani IsiNgesi, ngaloo ndlela ethembekile ukuba igunya le Pope. Ukholo lwakhe akazange avumele ukuziphikisa. Ngomoya wahamba waya itheko uThomas More, luthandwa yonke of London, neciko elihle, ngenxa wit ezichuliweyo, ngummi, ukuthembeka, ukukwazi ukunqanda imvukelo ngelizwi lakhe.

Ukususela ngenkxola yabantu nje umntu onjalo (sezifundo, kodwa hayi revolution!) Kwakukho incwadi edume "Utopia." Tomas Mor wayethetha yasebukhosini zakhe nabaphengululi, ingakumbi le ukubhale e Latin zothando-iingcinga, inoveli ikhwelo ngokutsha humanistic ezamkelekileyo kuluntu, ezisekelwe phezu ubulungisa kwezentlalo. 150 kamva, "Utopia" sele iguqulelwe kuzo zonke iilwimi zaseYurophu.

Le noveli iqala ngo "ibhulorho" eziphambili phakathi inyaniso nangeyonyani - oko tayi le ncwadi, apho wenziwa ngu Thomas More "Utopia". Umxholo yaso ibali umhambi "kumazwe ezingaziwayo." A ngempela - Pet Egidy umbhali lazisa umlinganiswa etsomo Raphael Portuguese Gitpodeem, umhlobo wokwenene umhambi Amerigo Vespucci. Xa emlonyeni Umbhali Raphael ubeka zonke iingcinga zakho kwilungiselelo ifanelekileyo elizayo eli lizwe. Buhlala lidlulisela ingcamango entsha yoluntu kwincwadi yakhe Thomas More - "Utopia". Isishwankathelo Executive ngayo ingachazwa njengento inkcazo imeko engaziwayo - siqithi yalahleka Indian Ocean. inkqubo yezopolitiko Utopia - umanyano ilawulwa iNdlu yeeNgwevu, kunye ikomkhulu Amaurot kukudibanisa 54 isixeko geqe. Similo, enyanisweni, ekwafanekisa le imigaqo yobuKristu-humanistic. Utopia ngokupheleleyo unyamezelwano yembono, ekhokelwa yi-siseko ka inkululeko yesazela.

Qaphela ukuba ingcamango le ncwadi zezenzululwazi umbono Thomas iziseko anale kuluntu elizayo wedemokhrasi wazalelwa kwindawo apho izinduna babulawa ngenxa yokungathobeli, kunye nenkqubo yongxowankulu abanazo waba ubuncinane elukhukweni, indlela of "capitalism zasendle" ufekethe ukuthumela amawaka ngakumbi abalimi phezu elunxwemeni ubuhlwempu. Kwaba njengomntu ofundileyo loqhankqalazo lobuKristu ingcinezelo kudala inoveli yakhe Tomas Mor - "Utopia". Ushwankathe- - Idrafti karhulumente apho ucalucalulo akunakwenzeka kwi siseko. Ukuze wenze oku, Moore ugqiba bazihluthe ibango yalikhulu leziseko uluntu yokungalingani - iiklasi. Njengoko sobulumko ubiza abemi amalungelo kunye nezentlalo. Umgaqo-yokwakha karhulumente i "isivumelwano yangaphakathi epheleleyo." Abantu abasebenza ngokuzithandela iiyure ezintandathu ngeentsuku zeveki. Society ithatha unonophelo lwako ukuze ungonga ixesha sibunandiphe ubomi, ukuze bafumane inkululeko yokomoya kunye nemfundo. Kulo mgangatho kwezentlalo ubomi ngomumo. Yintoni i "unit ephambili ekuhlaleni Utopia"? Oku kuchazwa ngokuthi kujongwe umlinganiselo umbhali ivenkile manufactory. Zonke iintsapho yamahlwempu 40 ngokungqinelana kwithiyori yokuziphatha "umkhaya" (Thethani). "Family" ezizodwa umsebenzi othile, yaye wavumela "lenguqu" phakathi kweentsapho zabantu. Ukongeza, utopiets ngalinye abaqeqeshiweyo kodwa ubugcisa babo, ezolimo kwaye kufuneka ukuba qho ngonyaka ixesha elithile ukuzibandakanya emigudwini Sasungulwa. yabasebenzi yamahlwempu sisiseko iphambili kurhulumente ntle, esithi inoveli yakhe, Thomas More ( "Utopia"). Isishwankathelo ncwadi sichaza ngokucacileyo iikhonto ikamva zoluntu oluxhamla intlalo yedemokhrasi. Lonke igunya kunyulo. iintsapho 30 Ukhetha Phylarchus. Phylarchus 10 ziphantsi protofilarha yolawulo kukhethiwe nzulu. Protofilarhi indlela senates zasezidolophini, ukukhetha Prince (uSodolophu). Eyona miba ibalulekileyo qoqosho nopolitiko zisingathwa indibano esixekweni. Kwezi ntlanganiso, banyulwe amagosa uve iingxelo zabo ngamaxesha athile. Abefundisi, izigidimi protofilarhov, intloko karhulumente lukhethwe phakathi izazinzulu.

Sezifundo baqiniseka ukuba ubunini abucala - embi. Le nkolelo weza Thomas More ziyasetyenziswa lwalo ngokusemthethweni. Akazange, jikelele, kwaye kwiimeko ezithile nga kugwetywa ukuba ngumnini yabucala belizwe ukufumanisa amathuba amafama kohlanga ngenxa kweenzuzo izimvu ( "imvu badla abantu"). Ukuze ukuphelisa kokusesikweni, umbhali yenoveli wacebisa ukuba iindlela zemveliso kufuneka yimpahla yomphakathi. Ngako oko, umlinganiselo lonikezelo bobutyebi wesizwe uluntu elitsha ndingabi ipropati yabucala, kwaye nomsebenzi owenziwayo, iifama zamagcisa usapho. Ngaba bathi amagama-siseko yoluntu bobusoshiyali kuqala kwimbali wanika Thomas More ( "Utopia")? Isishwankathelo le ncwadi kubonisa ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo egqibeleleyo, kodwa uqikelelo siziqonde ngokucacileyo imiba lombutho elizayo zoluntu oluxhamla intlalo yedemokhrasi. Ubukhulu becala iziseko "nedopridumano" ngekamva ndawonye, akumangalisi, kuba eli bali labhalwa kwiminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu eyadlulayo! Ngokomzekelo, xa umphakathi elizayo phantse akukho ubomi abucala yabemi. Iindawo ezinika umdla kwizixeko ngezixeko, kufuneka ikhatshwe 'ngummi nokususwa kwirejista "yaye" ubhaliso ". Kubonakala ngathi yinto akukholisi.

? Kodwa masikhe sizibuze: 'eye zisabonakala (kusolwa iiBolsheviks) iingcamango nephupha "Ekuphenduleni kuyo, sibheka kuzo langoku: i balwa, umzekelo, bakholelwa ukuba ilizwe labo - a yobusoshiyali. Kakade ke, kukho langoku, kwipropati yabucala, kodwa kwangaxeshanye Sweden utsho ukudaleka eyinkunzi ngokuhlangeneyo bezdiskriminatsionnogo kwimalike yabasebenzi, ukhuseleko lwentlalo, ingqesho epheleleyo. konke oku Kodwa ekhoyo kwi "Utopia" Insha!

Riddle of the Thomas More - isihloko sencwadi. Yintoni subtext ibhalwe ngokufihlisa ephupheni isihloko karhulumente (ngokoqobo - "ilizwe engekho")? Isenokuba indoda nje, ubomi bakhe - ukholo ovuthayo? Kungenzeka, itayitile yencwadi Uyayifihla ithemba: "akukho lizwe ezinjalo, kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha ziya kuba!"

kweminyaka engamakhulu omane anamanci kamva, ingcamango Mora isityebi mechanism nentsebenziswano bobusoshiyali, wacebisa uNjingalwazi Chayanov Ngokubhekiselele umlimi Russian lobuKristu. Waqiqa ngelithi entsebenziswano yezolimo namafama inzuzo ngakumbi kurhulumente ngaphezu iifama ezinkulu wongxowankulu. ERashiya, ngoko khetha enye indlela - Stolypin iinguqulelo. Noko ke, kukho, ukuphunyezwa ebonakalayo yokwenene yale projekthi. Ekuveleni ngoku kunye iinkulungwane yokugqibela lwamazwe eLatin American, ubukhulu becala ngenxa kwintsebenziswano Chayanov wamvusa ezolimo yabo nemigangatho yehlabathi.