Nokuzalana isilwanyana: iindlela eziphambili

izilwanyana ezizalayo wabonakala 30 iminyaka eliwaka BC, kunye nophuhliso inkqubo ukufuywa kweentlobo zasendle. Ekuqaleni abantu ezisetyenziswa ekukhetheni ebizwa njalo-zingqondweni ngokukhetha abo bantu kakuhle Ndinokusebenzisana umntu kunokuba luncedo, saba indalo ezilulamileyo, wathobela yaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, akwazi ukuqhubeka uhlanga lokuzala ababanjiweyo bakhe.

Around 9000 BC abantu baqala ukuba ukhethe ngononophelo ngakumbi izilwanyana iimpawu ezithile luncedo, oko kukuthi, ixesha ngokukhethwa lwemethodoloji. Kwaba lelo xesha ke, waza waqalisa nokuphuhlisa izityalo zizalele nakuzo izilwanyana ngengqiqo ngaphezu kwesiqhelo. Kodwa ukufuywa, njengokuba indlela ukhetho, siyaqhubeka unanamhla. Umzekelo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula eli candelo kwanolimo uboya.

nokuzalana kwazo ingakumbi isilwanyana

Kufuneka ukhethe izilwanyana ezizalayo ingakumbi xa kuthelekiswa ne-plant lokuzala. Okokuqala, abameli izilwanyana ziyakwazi ukuba zizala kuphela, oko kukuthi isabelo esikhulu abantu zizinto eziphilayo heterozygous. Okwesibini, kufuneka ixesha lokuvuthwa elide. Ezanyisayo beba ngoko nangoko emva kokuzalwa, yaye kwiminyaka embalwa kamva. Lo msebenzi osemqoka wesithathu kukuba abameli izilwanyana le mbewu ngaphantsi kakhulu kunalowo kwezityalo.

Zonke ezi mpawu ziye zaseka iindlela yokuzalela ekhethekileyo, hayi lokuba izihluma. Kakade ke, iindlela ezingundoqo, eziquka hybridization nokukhetha, basinda. Kodwa kukho kwakhona ngokupheleleyo iindlela ezahlukeneyo ngaba awasetyenziswa ezityalweni.

indlela yokuza-

Yokuzalisana okanye yokuzalisana, iveliswa zizilwanyana zikhwela iimazi ukuwa ngamnye nabanye abazalwana noodade okanye nabazali kunye nabantwana. Ngenxa yoko, kwento efunekayo angaya sikarhulumente homozygous. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ngokuhamba kwexesha, kuza ukulahleka okanye ukonakala kweendlela ebalulekileyo ekwenzekeni nasekuphumeleleni kweli imizekelo ifunyenwe.

Ziyazalana, okanye outbreeding kufuneka kukhuselwe kuyimfuneko iimpawu umntu, zifumaneke kuzo zombini iintlobo. Ngenxa outbreeding safunyanwa kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, ezifana Ukrainian emathafeni ihagu emhlophe, livela umnqamlezo phakathi nenkunzi IsiNgesi White kunye iihagu Ukrainian zohlobo. Ngenxa yoko, ukukhethwa lezilwanyana ukuba ukufumana uhlobo azakubalulwa enobunzima enkulu, enesiqulatho aphezulu amafutha, inyama, kunye nabalulamileyo kakhulu.

Hybridization ibandakanya izibini yokuwela abangabakhe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Le ndlela iye engxakini enkulu: yonke inzala wawuqalekisa. Kodwa izilwanyana lo ngxaki ukuzala kufuneka koyiswe. Umzekelo okuphawuleka hybridization njengoondlebende, nto leyo umnqamlezo phakathi idonki imazi yehashe. Undlebende yohlukile amandla enkulu sweet nehashe ngumsindo iesile.

Enye nqubo i amadlozi ngesirinji. Isetyenziswa ukufumana abaninzi siyinzala ngumenzi ethile.

Enye ezintsha kunye umdla kakhulu indlela - abohlukeneyo mbungu. Oku kusekelwe phezu imisebenzi yezonyango ngokwanelisayo ezintsonkothileyo xa kufunwa yi nothomalaliso hormone nemazi ukwandisa inani amaqanda. Ke ukubekwa kwamaqanda aqhamileyo, imibungu zisusiwe, enika ilifti ezinye izilwanyana, enza indima umama ngokwesivumelwano, okanye emkhenkceni obushushu ka 273 S. Emva koko ke kufuneka zigcinwe ixesha elide, ukuze bakwazi ukusebenzisa kwixesha elizayo.

Ngenxa yoko, ukukhethwa izilwanyana elisombulula enye yeengxaki ezibaluleke kakhulu lonke uluntu - ingxaki ekufumaneni ukutya, ukutya. inzululwazi Modern ikuvumela ukwenza iintlobo ezintsha kakhulu ukwanelisa iimfuno zabantu. Nesayensi zange limi ngxi.