Ibali likaKhekhov "Umfundi": uhlalutyo. Chekhov Anton Pavlovich

Ngokweememori zabantu bexesha, i- AP Chekhov ibize ibali elithi "Umfundi" ebhaliweyo ngo-1894 oyithandwa kakhulu kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe. Umbhali wayidala eneminyaka engama-34 ubudala. Eli nqaku lichaza ibali likaChekhov elithi "Umfundi", ukuhlalutya kwezinto zakhe zobuchule kunye nobuciko. Umsebenzi kwimiqathango yeprose yeChekhov ingabizwa emfutshane. Umlobi walo uthe wathi "ubude bu dade we talente". Ngokomlinganiselo wamaphepha angaphezu kwama-3 ibali likaKekhov "Umfundi". Uhlalutyo lwaloo nto, lubonisa ukuba umsebenzi ubeka ingcamango yokuphelela nokugqibelela.

Iziganeko kwimisebenzi yeChekhov

Akunakwenzeka ukuchaza ngokucacileyo intsingiselo yobuhle. Siyakwazi ukusondeza kuphela ukuqonda. Le ngcamango yemidlalo kaKeykhov kunye namabali ayiqhelekanga. Kuzo, ngokungathi akukho nto eyenzekayo. Kodwa oku kuphawu olubonakalayo. Intetho kufuneka ihambe, eqinisweni, malunga nobume obukhethekileyo kweso siganeko kwihlabathi lobugcisa balo mbhali. Esi siganeko sisoloko singabonakali. Kwenzeka emphefumlweni, ekuqhelweni kweqhawe. Umntu ngokukhawuleza wafumanisa into ebomini bakhe, okanye into eyayingabonakaliyo ngaphambi kokuba ibonakale, okanye ingcamango yakhe yatshintshile, okanye yabonakala into eyahlukileyo ngaphambili. Iziganeko ezongezelelweyo zixhomekeke kulo, kungabonakali. Ukusuka kuyo kuvela umbono weqhawe, izenzo zakhe ezibonakalayo, ubudlelwane nabantu abakujikelezile.

Kungenxa yesi siganeko-ibali le-"Student" yeChekhov. Uhlalutyo lubonisa ukuba kulo msebenzi kukho ukuguquka kweqhawe lomsebenzi ukusuka kwelinye isimo sengqondo ukuya kwesinye, okuchaseneyo.

Ukubunjwa kwebali

Ukubunjwa kwe-fissile kwiindawo ezi-3 zebali kubonakala ngokucacileyo kwaye kulula. Ekuqaleni - i-worldview yokuqala kunye nomoya we-Ivan. Emva koko-intlanganiso "kwiigadi zabafelokazi" njengentshukumo yokutshintsha. Kwaye ekupheleni komsebenzi - isimo sengqondo esitsha kwihlabathi kunye nomoya omtsha. Kwiindawo zokugqibela neyokuqala zebali, umntu unokuphawula ukusetyenziswa kwezakhiwo ezifanayo zokwenziwa: "Ndacinga ukuba ...", "kubonakala ngathi ...". Uluhlu olunjalo lunikeza ibali ukwakhiwa ngakumbi.

Ikhokhov - "I-Pushkin in prose"

Ukubonakaliswa okufutshane kunye nokulula, iingcamango ezijulile kunye ne-horizons zivela, ezinokufunyanwa emva kokufunda ibali elithi "Umfundi" weChekhov. Ukuhlalutya umsebenzi walo mbhali, uLeo Leo Tolstoy wabiza ngengozi uAnton Pavlovich "iPushkin in prose." Njengoko u-Alexander Sergeevich wokuqala kwiincwadi zasekhaya zavelisa ulwimi lweengqungquthela, apho yonke into yayifumaneka khona, kuquka ukunyakaza okungundoqo kwemoya nemithetho yendalo yonke, ngoko u-Anton Pavlovich ngolwimi lwaseRashiya olugqityiweyo olugqityiweyo.

Ukuhlaziywa kwe "Umfundi" kaKhekhov kunokuquka ukubonwa ukuba kumabali ka-Anton Pavlovich umxholo kuthiwa udibene. Unemifanekiso yakhe kunye neendawo eziqhelekileyo zemihla ngemihla. Zomibini zixutywe nomoya weqhawe lokubona. Kwaye akayikubona kuphela imvelo, uphendule ebomini obungeenxa zonke kuye, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo unokucinga ngokuxhamla kwamaxesha, cingisisa ngemithetho yokuba, malunga neendlela zoluntu. Imifanekiso egcweleyo yehlabathi ifunyanwa ekupheleni. Ngexesha elifanayo, limelelwe kwindawo encinci - njengemibongo yeengoma ezidalwe yizibongo zaseRashiya ezilungileyo.

Isimo sokuqala somlingisi oyintloko

Imvakalelo ka-Ivan Wielkopolska, iqhawe lebali, okokuqala kukuva inzondo, inhlabathi engenakukhutshwa kunye nobomi obungeenxa zonke. Ukuba ukhangele ngokukhawuleza, unokubona ukuba kakade kwiimimiselo zokuqala kukho izinto ezintathu, iziqalo ezintathu. Le yembali, indlela yobomi kunye nemvelo. Bayijonga i-worldview yomntu oyintloko. Kwindalo yimozulu ebandayo ephumelela entwasahlobo, kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla-ukulangazelela, ukungazi, ukulamba, ubuhlwempu obubi; Kwimbali yaseRashiya - ubuncinane obungaphantsi, kuba "ezi zinto ziyiyo, ziza kuba ziza kuba."

Umbutho wexesha kwibali

Ukuqwalaselwa okufutshane okubhalwa ngumlobi wenhlangano kwimbali yexesha akubonakali ngokukhawuleza. Oku kukudibanisa imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo apho kwenzeka khona isiganeko. Ngayinye yezinto ezintathu ezibhalwe apha ngentla ubomi ngexesha. Ngobusuku kwimvelo kuthatha indawo ebusika, ubusika kufuneka batshintshe intwasahlobo, kodwa ubusika buyithatha, kwaye luphawu lobunzima obukhoyo. Ubomi bemihla ngemihla, kubomi bemihla ngemihla, kukho amanyathelo okwethutyana: phambi kweeholide ezayo, ukuzila ukudla, kwaye kwimeko enjalo imeko eqhelekileyo yondlala yomeleza kwaye iqhubeke. Ixesha kwimbali lihamba kwisangqa evaliweyo. U-Ivan ubonakala ngathi akukho nto iya kutshintsha kwinto eya kuthatha enye iminyaka eyi-1000.

Zonke ezi zikhokelo zexesha zidibanisa ekuqapheliseni umlingiswa oyintloko, owadalwa ngu-A. P. Chekhov ("Umfundi"). Imvakalelo engapheliyo, ingqondo yokuphelelwa yithemba, ukungabi nethemba, ukunyanzeliswa kuvela kwintsebenziswano.

U-Ivan utshela abafazi ibali kwiVangeli

Kodwa u-Ivan ufumana ingozi ngamabhinqa amabini asebenza egadi. Into ethile - ingaba umnqweno wokufudumala kule nxibelelwano, ingaba ukufana kwimeko ejikelezileyo, ubhondi ngobusuku obumnyama obumnyama-kubangela ukuba umlingisi othethekileyo uthethe kwaye axelele abahlolokazi ibali elivela kwiVangeli elalikhunjulwe. Uqhuba ibali likaChekhov "Umfundi". Ukuphindaphinda ngokufutshane eli bali lilandelayo: lithetha ngendlela umpostile uPetros abonisa ngayo ubuthathaka ngobusuku obushushu obusika emlilweni. Wagqiba ekubeni alahle umfundisi wakhe uYesu, owayemthanda kakhulu, waza wazisola ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, oko u-Ivan etshela kubasetyhini akushumayeli, kungekhona ukufundisa. Kwinqanaba lakhe, uPetros ubonakala njengomntu oqhelekileyo, onokukwazi ukuguquka nobuthathaka. Kule ngqungquthela nangendlela ulutsha oluxela ngalo, ubuhle kunye nenyaniso yamagama amahle kunye neemvakalelo zabantu, ezilula kunye ezingunaphakade, zidibanisa.

Ukuphendula kwamabhinqa kwibali

Emva koko kuza into ebizwa ngokuba ngummangaliso omncinci. Abafundi abangaqhelekanga, abaqhelekileyo basabela ngendlela engokwemvelo kunye ngokucacileyo kwibali lika-Ivan, njengokungathi (umlingisi oyintloko wenza isigqibo), yonke into eyenzekayo ngeenkulungwane ezingama-19 ezedlulileyo kwilo busuku obusabekayo kubomi babo, kubo isimo sengqondo ngqo. Ekuphenduleni ibali lika-Ivan, umfazi omdala wakhala, kunye nentombi yakhe, yanyunyiswa yintombazana yedolophana, yayibonisa intlungu ngendlela yakhe. Kule ndawo - ubuhle bayo kunye nenyaniso yabo: abantu baqondana, bafumana iimvakalelo ezifanayo, baphendule kwintle ngendlela efanayo. Ngenxa yoko, kungekhona nje intlupheko, ubumnyama, indlala kunye nokubanda "kwakunjalo, kwaye kuya kuba," kodwa naloo mvakalelo wenyaniso nobuhle obudibanisa abantu. Le ngcamango ibambe ibali le-AP Chekhov. Umfundi ubona ngokucacileyo oku.

Olunye umlinganiselo wexesha

Emva koko u-Ivan uvula aze angene ebaleni elinye ixesha lexesha. Kugqwesileyo kwaye kuvela kwimbali, kwimihla ngemihla, nakwimvelo. Le yimithetho engunaphakade kunye nexesha elingunaphakade elifanelekileyo kubo bonke abantu. Bayiqondisa ubomi bomntu ngoko, 19 (ngoku i-20) iikholeji edlulileyo, kwaye kusekhona into eyona nto ebalulekileyo emhlabeni kunye nobomi bomntu. Ukuvakalelwa ngelixesha elingenammiselo, ukuphawula ukuba unxibelelwano olungapheliyo lwezonxibelelwano olukhoyo phakathi kwamaxesha lithetha ukuzithoba kwimeko yokudabuka kwemvelo, imbali kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla, ukucinga ukuba imithetho engabonakaliyo.

Umfanekiso womlilo emsebenzini

Ngaloo ndlela, ekupheleni kwebali, ukugqithisa kwandiswa, njengokungathi ukukhanya kungena kwi-hero. Umfanekiso womlilo, ukukhanya kudlulela kulo msebenzi wonke, ubophezele iingxenye zawo ezi-3. Umlilo ukhankanywe ekuqaleni kwebali. Igalela izitya zabahlolokazi kufuphi nomlambo. Nangona kunjalo, lo mlilo osekude (asisazi malunga nomthombo wayo) awukwazi ukusasaza imbobo yomhla. Umane ugxininisa ubumnyama kunye nenkangala yeendawo apho u-Ivan uya khona. Lo mlilo awuqinisekisi, kodwa uyomeleza ukuphelelwa yinkcaso.

Sele sele kufuphi nathi sibona umlilo kwicandelo lesibini, xa umlilo uchaza uAnton Chekhov ("Umfundi"). Utshisa ngoku, umlingisi wakhe oyintloko ufudumala izandla. Nangona kunjalo, le ntsimbi ibakhumbuza ngokucacileyo u-Ivan womnye, ochazwe kwincwadi engunaphakade. Iziphelo ezimbini zethungelwano olulodwa, ukudibanisa ngamaxesha onke abantu, kubonakala kwiqhawe lomlilo weVangeli kunye nomlilo, awayebonayo kubahlolokazi bemiyezo.

Umlilo ekuqaleni kwesahlulo sesithathu ukhankanywe ngethuba lokugqibela ngu-Anton Chekhov. Xa umfundi ebukela emuva, umlilo womlilo ukhululekile wedwa wenyuka ebumnyameni. Ephantse kuye, abantu babengasabonakali. Umlilo wahlala ufana. Kodwa umbono womlilo apha ulungiswe ngeyongezelelweyo, intsingiselo ekhethekileyo. Wayehlukanisa nomthombo wekhonkrithi. Ngoku kungathi kungengomlilo ongokwenyama, kodwa ukhanyisa ukuqonda kwe-Ivan, ekhanyisa umgcini-mgca womsebenzi ngendlela eqhubekayo. Yisimboli, kodwa ayikho into eyenziweyo, kodwa, njengeminye imisebenzi yaseChekhov, ngokwemvelo kwaye ngokwemvelo ikhula kwimpilo yansuku zonke, ukusuka ebomini ngokwayo.

Umoya omtsha we-Ivan

Ngovuyo, ibali liphela ngokukhawuleza. Kubonakala ngathi akukho nto yatshintshile kulobu busuku, nokuba yimbali, kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla, okanye kwimvelo. Nangona kunjalo, emphefumlweni womntu isiganeko senzekile. Ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo le nkwenkwe, ukuqaphela ubudala bezinto ezintle kunye nenyaniso kwenza ukuba kube lula ukubona ihlabathi ngokuhlukileyo, ukunqoba ukuphazamiseka nokuphelelwa lithemba. Ngoku ubomi bomfundi bubonakala bugcwele ingqiqo ephezulu, ebumnandi kwaye buvuyisa.

UChekhov ucinga

Ngaba kubonakala nje kuye okanye ngaba kunjalo ngokwenene? Yintoni uKhekhov ("uMfundi") ofuna ukusibonisa? Umxholo womsebenzi utshintsho kwimvakalelo yelinye insizwa (umfundi oneminyaka engama-22 kuphela) okanye engapheliyo, iipateni ezingunaphakade? Ibali aliniki impendulo engabonakaliyo. UChakhov uthe akuyena umsebenzi womculi ukunika iingcebiso. Umsebenzi walo kukuphakamisa imibuzo. Oku kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo xa uhlalutya umsebenzi "Umfundi" nguKhekhov. Kubalulekile ukuba imibuzo malunga nokuba yintoni na indlela isimo sethu sengqondo ebomini kunye neembono zehlabathi ezivela ngayo. Akukhona nje ukuphazamiseka nokuphazamiseka kunendawo ehlabathini. Kuyo unokufumana ubuhle kunye nenyaniso. Kananjalo ukuphelelwa lithemba kunye nokuphelelwa lithemba ngezinye iinkqubo kubangela ithemba kunye novuyo.