I-United States kule nkulungwane yama-20: ezopolitiko, uqoqosho kunye noluntu

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, eMelika kwakungasekho uyiRhiphablikhi, ukulwa elibonakalayo inkululeko yabo basinde. It ingachazwa njengomnye iintlanga sikhulu ahambele phambili ehlabathini. nkqubo yangaphandle kunye zangaphakathi USA kwinkulungwane yama-20 yayisekelwe umnqweno kunye nomnqweno ukuba athathe isikhundla ngakumbi kwibala ehlabathini. Urhulumente ilungele izenzo ezinzulu kwaye isigqibo ukuba indima ephambili hayi kuphela zezoqoqosho kodwa kwezopolitiko.

Isifungo ngo-1901 wazisa esinye ngumongameli ezingonyulwanga kwaye mncinane - 43- oneminyaka ubudala Teodor Ruzvelt. Ukufika kwakhe e White House kungqamane sisiqalo sexesha elitsha, kungekhona kuphela US kodwa kwimbali yehlabathi, atyebe iingxaki kunye imfazwe.

Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela malunga awohluke zophuhliso ze-USA kwinkulungwane yama-20, imiyalelo eziphambili nkqubo basekhaya angaphandle, uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nezentlalo.

Ulawulo Theodore Roosevelt: ezopolitiko zasekhaya

Roosevelt, ngexesha isifungo ngumongameli, unike abantu bakhe isithembiso sokuba uza kuqhubeka inkqubo basekhaya angaphandle ngokungqinelana nomgaqo-nkqubo ezihlangwini zakhe, McKinley, owabulawa kalusizi yesandla radicals. Wayecinga ukuba eya ivuthwa inyukela ixhala loluntu malunga trust kunye bodwa zingenasihlahla kwaye uninzi lwabo engenanjongo, waza wavakalisa amathandabuzo malunga ngemfuneko naziphi na izithintelo ezibekwe ngurhulumente. Mhlawumbi oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba abahlobo abakhulu uMongameli kwentloko imibutho eziphezulu.

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho olukhawulezileyo US kwinkulungwane yama-20, balandela umendo umda endalo ukhuphiswano emarikeni, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukuvuthuluka amashishini amancinane kunye naphakathi. Kokubona okugqithileyo ebangela ukukhula urhwaphilizo kunyebeleziso abadibeneyo kwezopolitiko kunye noqoqosho karhulumente. Theodore Roosevelt zenza konke Nokwethisa ixhala ekhulayo. Wakwenza oku ngenxa yokuhlaselwa emininzi urhwaphilizo amashishini amakhulu kunye wanceda ukuzisa ubulungisa i trust ngamnye kunye bodwa, laqalisa inkqubo yomthetho esekelwe zazifumanayo ngo-1890 i-Sherman Act. Uhlalutyo kwenziwa ukuba inkampani wehla ngenhlawulo kunye lavela phantsi amagama amatsha. Kwakukho isiphithiphithi yotshintsho eUnited States. Ngenkulungwane yama-20, uthi abasele bethathe iimpawu yongxowankulu yobambiswano uhlobo yayo Classic.

UMongameli Theodore Roosevelt wangena imbali ye-USA njengoko kakhulu melo. umgaqo-nkqubo wakhe akazange akwazi ukuphelisa naziphi kakubi abadla bodwa nokwandisa amandla abo kunye nempembelelo, akukho kumbutho wabasebenzi. Kodwa imisebenzi yangaphandle eli lizwe laba sisiqalo yokwanda ububanzi kwezopolitiko kwihlabathi jikelele.

indima karhulumente kuqoqosho kunye nobudlelwane kwezentlalo

Uqoqosho US kwi ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni kweyama-20, wathabatha iimpawu capitalism odidi corporate, apho kungekho naziphi na izithintelo baqalisa imisebenzi yabo trust ngxilimbela, adla. Eqatha ukhuphiswano emarikeni yendalo kwaye phantse Niwonakalisile amashishini amancinci naphakathi. Yamkelwa ngo 1890, i-Sherman kuMthetho ibekwe njenge "somqulu wenkululeko mveliso" Noko ke, loo nto yaba negalelo limited yaye ngokufuthi zitolikwe ngokungafanelekanga. Imibutho Ukulingwa lifike abadibeneyo, kunye agalele abasebenzi eziqhelekileyo lajongwa njenge "iyelenqe ukunciphisa urhwebo simahla."

Ngenxa uphuhliso lwentlalo US kwinkulungwane yama-20, kukuba kwicala nzulu ukungalingani (ukungcola) lenkampani, indawo baseMerika eziqhelekileyo yaba yintlekele. Ubukhula ukunganeliseki nxamnye ikomkhulu lweshishini phakathi kwamafama, abasebenzi, zizifundiswa progressive. Baya kumgweba lodwa khangelani njengento esisisongelo intlalontle iindimbane. Konke oku kunegalelo intshukumo antitrust, zikhatshwe umsebenzi nangakumbi imibutho yabasebenzi kunye bezabalazela ukuba ukhuseleko loluntu yabemi.

Iimfuno 'nokuhlaziya "-nkqubo yezentlalo noqoqosho aqalile umsindo nje kuphela ezitratweni kodwa amaqela ezopolitiko (Democratic kunye Republican). Abonakala inkcaso, ngokuthe ngcembe bathimba iingqondo iqembu elibusayo, nto leyo ekugqibeleni kukhokelela utshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo ekhaya.

izenzo zomthetho

US ukukhula kwezoqoqosho kule nkulungwane yama-20, kufuneka ukwamkelwa izigqibo ezithile yi intloko karhulumente. Isiseko lo ubuzwe ekuthiwa omtsha sele kuseyimfuneko Theodore Roosevelt ukwandisa amagunya Mongameli, urhulumente wathabatha phezu olawula trasti, imisebenzi ngenjongo ulawulo kunye kwezithandani of "ukudlala intlonti."

Ukuphunyezwa kwale nkqubo eUnited States kwinkulungwane yama-20 yayikukukhuthaza umthetho wokuqala azipase 1903 - ". Act ukuba kukhawuleziswe inkqubo kunye isigunyaziso zolingo ngobulungisa" Eqalisiwe amanyathelo malunga nokukhawulezisa izilingo kwamatyala anti-trust, ethathwa ngokuba "ngokubaluleka enkulu yoluntu 'kunye' ephambili phezu kwelinye."

Okulandelayo yaba umthetho phezu ukusekwa kwe-US Department of Labour kunye Commerce, kwisangqa ogama umsebenzi kuquka ukuqokelelwa kolwazi malunga trust kunye ingqalelo lwabo "umsebenzi embi." kwiimfuno zabo 'fair play' Theodore Roosevelt, yaza yasasazwa kubudlelwane koosomashishini kunye nabasebenzi eziqhelekileyo, ethetha zokusonjululwa esinoxolo ingxabano phakathi kwabo, kodwa efuna mda US umsebenzi zemanyano yabasebenzi ukufana kwinkulungwane yama-20.

Wena uyakwazi ukuva uluvo lokuba kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini urhulumente American lifikile zero "iimpahla" yobudlelwane bezizwe. Le yinyaniso, kuba kude 1900 i-US ebexakekile ingqalelo ngokwabo. Ilizwe Akabandakanyeki kubudlelwane enzima amagunya yaseYurophu, kodwa ukuba ngenkuthalo ukwenza ukwandiswa kwiiPhilippines, Hawaii.

Ubudlelwane amaNdiya zemveli

Imbali abemi zemveli kwilizwekazi neentlobano zokwazana baseMerika "white 'uyaziveza ngokwemiqathango indlela United States co-yayikhona kwezinye iintlanga. Yaba yonke evela ekusetyenzisweni open amandla ukuze iingxoxo wengcibi ukuzithethelela kuyo. Bayahlelwa abantu bomthonyama kwakuxhomekeke ngqo kwi baseMelika emhlophe. Kwanele ukuba ukukhumbula ukuba 1830 zonke izizwe zasempumalanga wafuduselwa entshonalanga elunxwemeni Mississippi, kodwa sele kumiwa amathafa Indians cut, Cheyenne, Arapaho, eSioux, Blackfoot kunye Kiowa. US Policy zikaRhulumente ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni 20 ijoliswe xi abantu bomthonyama kwiindawo ezithile ezikhethiweyo. Kuye kwafakwa ingcamango "wekhaya" bamaNdiya kunye nomanyano eluntwini yaseMelika. Nje ngaphezu kwekhulu omnye (1830-1930 GG.), Babe eksperimenti karhulumente. Abantu kuqala baphangwe welizwe loonyana babantu, yaye ngoko ke ubuzwe.

Uphuhliso US kwinkulungwane yama-20: The Panama Canal

Le ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 ukuba eUnited States yabalasela ukuvuselelwa Washington umdla ingcamango Inter-Oceanic Canal. Oku incediswa uloyiso kwi Spanish-American War kunye nokusekwa ezilandelayo yolawulo phezu koLwandle zeCaribbean wonke ummandla wePasifiki, kufutshane kunxweme Latin American. Theodore Roosevelt wanika ingcamango kwakhiwe umsele kakhulu. Nje unyaka phambi kokuba umongameli, wathetha ngokuphandle malunga yokuba "kumzabalazo ubukhulu elwandle kunye US ezorhwebo kufuneka anganomeleza ngamandla alo ngaphaya kwemida yayo, kunye bathi ekugqibeni bayahlelwa West kunye East kwezilwandle."

Abameli Panama (hayi noko ngokusesikweni khona njenge geqe) kunye ne-United States kwinkulungwane yama-20, okanye mandithi, ukuba utyikitye isivumelwano ngoNovemba 1903. Namasolotya ayo, eMelika zafunyanwa ingqesho okungunaphakade weekhilomitha 6 Isthmus Panama. Kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva, iNdlu Yeengwevu Colombian bala ukuqinisa lesi sivumelwano, bephawula lokuthi isiFrentshi baye banikela ngokoMthetho kakuhle ngakumbi. Oku kwabangela Ndilicukuceze Roosevelt, yaye kungekudala kweli lizwe, ngaphandle kwenkxaso baseMerika, intshukumo ngenxa ukuzimela Panama. Ngelo xesha kufuphi nonxweme lizwe yaba umkhumbi luncedo kakhulu kwi eUnited States - esweni izenzakalo. Emva nje kweeyure ezimbalwa emva kokuba isibhengezo geqe Panama Melika waqonda urhulumente omtsha kwaye imbuyekezo bafumana isivumelwano elide ilindelwe, eli irente obungunaphakade xesha. kuvulo ngokusesikweni i-Panama Canal senzeka Juni 12, 1920.

Uqoqosho US kwinkulungwane yama-20: William Taft and uWoodrow Wilson

Republican Uilyam Taft ixesha elide ahlala izithuba enkundla kwaye yasemkhosini, waba ngumhlobo osenyongweni Roosevelt. Le yokugqibela, ingakumbi, ixhaswe ngaye ezihlangwini. Taft waba ngumongameli ukususela 1909 ukuya 1913. umsebenzi wakhe waphawulwa yi ekomelezeni ngakumbi indima edlalwa ngurhulumente kwezoqoqosho.

Relations ziye muncu phakathi abongameli ezimbini, yaye ngowe-1912 bobabini azama ukubaleka kuba kunyulo oluzayo. Ukutshiza labavoti Republican kwiinkampu ezimbini kwakhokelela uloyiso Democrat uWoodrow Wilson (umfanekiso), apho kukho ubungqina enkulu kuphuhliso lwe US kwinkulungwane yama-20.

Yena ingqalelo sezopolitiko ezinkulu, intetho yakhe yokuqala, waqalisa ngala mazwi, "ngamandla kwabakho utshintsho." I 'idemokhrasi omtsha "Wilson yayisekelwe migaqo ezintathu: inkululeko ngamnye, inkululeko ukhuphiswano kunye entsha exabisekileyo. Wathi yena njengotshaba trust kunye bodwa, kodwa akulindelekanga ukuba ukuphelisa kubo, kwaye ukuguqulwa kunye kususwe zonke izithintelo kuphuhliso loshishino, ikakhulu amancinci kunye leyonto nokunqanda "ukhuphiswano ayinabulungisa. '

izenzo zomthetho

Ukuze kuphunyezwe le nkqubo eyamkelwe woLuhlu Act ka-1913, ngokusekelwe apho ke uphicotho epheleleyo ababethinjwe phandle. irhafu Trade uvikivwa wamvusa irhafu yengeniso, ulawulo egcina imali yaye yandiswa ubunakho import.

uphuhliso lwezopolitiko ngakumbi eUnited States kwinkulungwane yama-20 yabalasela eliqela imithetho emitsha. Kwakhona ngo-1913 i-Federal Reserve System yadalwa. Injongo yawo malilawule ukukhutshwa kumanqaku yebhanki, imali, kunye nokusekwa kwe-mboleko yebhanki umdla efanelekileyo. Lo mbutho uquka 12 National Reserve Bank of lizwe oluhloniphiweyo.

Ngaphandle ingqalelo sashiya kwisigaba weziphithiphithi zentlalo. Yamkelwa ngowe-1914, i-Clayton Act ochaziweyo amazwi impikiswano womthetho Sherman, kwakunye nokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokunxulumene NEEMANYANO ZABASEBENZI EZAZIWAYO.

ixesha uguquko Progressive kwaba nezinyuko ngokwemvelo kuphela ekuyeni US nolwamkelo kwenkulungwane yama-20 ukuya imeko omtsha inzondo ngokunxulumene ne kwenguqu lizwe zibe kwimeko enamandla olutsha lweziko longxowankulu. Le ikhula kwenzeka emva kokuba iifom zokungenela Melika likaThixo kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi. Ngowe-1917, uMthetho kwi kolawulo lwemveliso, amafutha kunye nezinto ekrwada. Yena wandisa amalungelo nguMongameli kunye wamvumela ukuba unikeze kwizithuthi kunye nomkhosi kunye yonke kuyimfuneko, kuquka ukwenzela ukuthintela uqikelelo.

LeMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi: i US isikhundla

Europe kunye United States kwinkulungwane yama-20, yaye ihlabathi wema phezu elunxwemeni cataclysms zehlabathi jikelele. Revolution nemfazwe, kwawa imibuso, iingxaki zoqoqosho - konke oku kungabanga kodwa kuchaphazela imeko yangaphakathi kweli lizwe. amazwe aseYurophu got imikhosi omkhulu, simanyene ngamaxesha eziphikisanayo kunye nemibutho nengqondo ukukhusela emideni yabo. Isiphumo isimo saba kokuqhambuka eladlulayo leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi.

Wilson ekuqaleni impi wenza ingxelo eluhlangeni America umele "balondoloze umoya lokwenyaniso cala" yaye ngobubele ziphathe zonke amagqala emfazwe. Wayesazi ukuba ungquzulwano lobuhlanga ngokulula kutshabalalisa Republic ngaphakathi. cala aya lwalunentsingiselo kunye nengqondo ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela. Europe kunye United States kwinkulungwane yama-20 kwakukho e imibutho, yaye oku eye wavumela ilizwe ukuhlala kude nezidubedube yomkhosi. Ukongeza, bangene imfazwe wawuza komeleza inkampu yezopolitiko Republican ubanike i inzuzo kunyulo olulandelayo. Kaloku, sasingakwazi kunzima ukuchazela abantu kutheni eUnited States yaxhasa i Entente, apho yazinyaswa yi kulawulo yokumkani uNicholas II.

US ukungena emfazweni

Imfundiso cala obukholisayo kakhulu kunye nengqiqo, kodwa practice kwaba abukho. Utshintsho kwenzeka emva kokuba i-United States wayiqaphela kwafa yomkhosi wamanzi waseJamani. Ukususela ngo-1915, umkhosi waqalisa isandiso nto ayikuthinteli American ukubandakanyeka emfazweni. Lo mzuzu Bayingenisa isenzo eJamani phezu kolwandle kunye ukufa zabemi American iinqanawa ezazikayo of England France. Emva kwafika izisongelo uMongameli Wilson yinto senze, olwaqhubeka kwaze ngoJanuwari 1917 emva koko waqalisa imfazwe ngokupheleleyo iinkundla German nxamnye bonke abanye.

History of the USA kwinkulungwane yama-20 othathe ngendlela eyahlukileyo, kodwa iziganeko ezimbini ezenzeka leyo eqhuba ilizwe bangenelele xa yeHlabathi yokuQala. Okokuqala, ezandleni ingqondo got iitelegram, apho amaJamani wavula Mexico wacela ukuba bucala kubo ahlasele America. Eso elikude, imfazwe phesheya enjalo sisondele kakhulu, emngciphekweni ukhuseleko abemi balo. Okwesibini, kukho revolution eRashiya, kwaye ukusuka imeko yezopolitiko ushiye Nicholas II, owenza nangokuxabana ndinesazela esihlambulukileyo ngokwentelekiso ukujoyina Amanyeneyo. Ukuma namahlakani leyo akuyona indlela engcono bahlupheka ilahleko enkulu elwandle yi ngwenya German. US ukungena imfazwe yaye wancedisa lokutshintsha indlela lweziganeko. Iinqanawa ziye kwanciphisa inani ngwenya German. NgoNovemba 1918, mfelandawonye kotshaba yanikezela.

US koloni

ukwandiswa Active kweli lizwe yaqala ngenkulungwane ye-19 ezifike zayigubungela Caribbean Atlantic Ocean isitya. Ngoko ke, lo amathanga US kwinkulungwane yama-20 yayiquka Guanovye Island, Hawaii. Le yokugqibela, ingakumbi, umbuso ngo-1898, yaye kwiminyaka emibini kamva wafumana iwonga ummandla self-geqe. Ekugqibeleni Hawaii baba m 50 akhawunti US karhulumente.

Kwakhona ngo-1898, yena yathinjwa eCuba, nto leyo eye yabangela ngokusemthethweni Melika emva kokusayina iSivumelwano Paris ne Spain. Isiqithi waba phantsi nomsebenzi, wafumana inkululeko ngokusesikweni ngo-1902,

Ukongezelela, inani nwe welizwe ngokukhuselekileyo kubangelwa Puerto Rico (siqithi wavota 2012 ukuya eUnited), i-Philippines (yafumana inkululeko ngo-1946), i-iPanama Canal Zone, Corn kunye Virgin Islands.

Le uhambo olufutshane kungena kwimbali USA kuphela. Kwisiqingatha sesibini kwinkulungwane yama-20, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane 21th, inkcazelo elandelayo ingachazwa ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Le ihlabathi eyayimi ngxi, njalo into eyenzekayo kuwo. I-Second World War yashiya uphawu nzulu kwimbali planethi, ngeentlekele kwezoqoqosho emva kunye kwiMfazwe Yomlomo waxa Sukugcina. Kulo lonke elimiweyo oluphucukileyo kuxhonywe isisongelo entsha - ubunqolobi, ayinazo izikhokelo sobummandla kunye nakuzwelonke.