Yintoni na impumelelo ubukhosi odumileyo Karla Velikogo? Yintoni na iinjongo wabeka phambi kwerhuluneli?

Emva kweminyaka eliwaka elinamakhulu amabini eyadlulayo, ngoJanuwari, we-814, eshiya ubukhosi bakhe ngonaphakade omnye zezindlu zooyise waseRoma-kulwimilwesiJamani, kwimpucuko yaseYurophu ngokwenene, umseki lokuqala European Union. Amakhosi Western Empire zibandakanya ummandla ngaphezu omkhulu; kuba iindawo zale mihla eFransi, Belgium, eSwitzerland, eHolland, Italy, enkulu Germany ne Spain. Kodwa ebehlala eyilwela ubomi bakhe bonke, hayi kuphela kwiindawo: naphi banyathela nempi yakhe, ubuKristu lobungangamsha. EeNtlanga Yuruphu ngenkani babhaptizwa; umlilo nekrele. Oku kubalulekile ukusuka kukuba yintoni impumelelo waduma ubukhosi Karla Velikogo.

Bridge Nangoku

impucuko lenqaba kakuhle kakhulu waziva amandla yokwakhiwa kwe-West kaThixo, senze esibi, Yomelela, ubuqili kusho-ngomoya, xa kufunwa yi iimeko. Ikrele kuphela wawoyisa Carl, kodwa imali, kwaye ubuxoki, ewolo. Ukwabelana, kugcwele. izizwe Slavic wopha kakhulu omnye komnye.

Kuba eminyaka imfazwe yayitsala, uselefile baphambana uKarl. Le nxalenye bayayithanda le nokuxubana ukuba zitshatyalaliswe, abanye waya ngasempuma, abaninzi yayingeyonxalenye yaye yaba Austrians, Danes, amaJamani, kwaye abanye indawo "ikhowudi" beza phantsi kwezandla baseRoma. Umzekelo, izibonda wathabatha umbono weNtshona of Christianity baba ziintshaba Slavic Russia.

Bonke abantu baya ndincome Ngokuqinisekileyo ukuthanda zentsimbi kunye nengqondo okhanyayo * uKhesare Karl, kodwa isifundo mpucuko amakhosi ngesiquphe iba kuvela ecacileyo apho kunye monakalo namhlanje ngayo eYurophu ukuya eMpuma. Le nkqubo lisaqhuba. Oko kungenxa yokuba oko impumelelo waba ubukhosi odumileyo Karla Velikogo (6 iklasi ngokuqinisekileyo aninako na ukuyicalula ulwalamano olunjalo ukuba utitshala uya lokutyhala nomfanekiso-)!

nomlando

Isiseko uBukhosi amakhosi wabumba phambi kokuzalwa Karla Velikogo inyanzela abalawuli ezintathu ezinkulu abatshintsha ubuvila extinct kwi Merovingian Minor. KukaClovis watyala elizimele kwi umfela ndawonye ibandla loopopu; Karlom Martellom wadalwa umkhosi yokwenene, esebenzisekayo zobungcali kunye ezinamanqwanqwa ngokusekelwe kwenkqubo feudal of benefices (iindlwane zobunene), kunye Idabi Poitiers, wayeka ngokuhlaselwa eYurophu ukuya Islam; Pepin i Mfutshane waba ngukumkani yokuqala esemthethweni ubukhosi Carolingian, ukuthumela maxe- wokugqibela wevila Merovingian. Ngenxa Pepin eRoma nezi ukusuka eMpuma (Byzantium) ukuya eNtshona.

Athotywa wabeka isiseko kwimpucuko yaseYurophu - yamaRoma-zesiJamani. Kwakhona uphendula umbuzo wokuba yintoni impumelelo ubukhosi odumileyo Karla Velikogo, ekubeni kanye ukuyilwa kwimpucuko yaseYurophu, kwenzeka kanye ngexesha lolawulo uCharlemagne.

kumkani bobabini

uyise uKarl kaThixo, Pepin i Mfutshane, ekuqaleni wafundisa unyana wakhe ukuba alawule imicimbi karhulumente, ukuphawula ecacileyo izakhono zohlalutyo kunye nokuzimisela ukuba benze izenzo. Charles Young wawusebenza kwiintlanganiso enkundleni, ngokuzithandela wit nokulawula imicimbi ozakuzo, bathatha inxaxheba nemikhankaso Aquitaine. Ekufeni Pepin, ezingamashumi amabini anesithandathu unyana sele ulungele self-ulawulo. Yintoni na impumelelo ubukhosi odumileyo Karla Velikogo kakhulu? imfundo olufanelekileyo iindlalifa, ngexesha, nangona kusekwangoko kakhulu, yesifundo nganye kwaye yonke into efunekayo ukuze ulawulo.

Mna unyana Pepin wayengekho yedwa. Kunye nezinto ohlulwa phantse ngokulinganayo: UKarl wavuka Nuanon kunye Karlomanu - Soissons. Ezi zinto zombini - ngokupheleleyo nangokulinganayo ukumkani Franks. Njengesiqhelo, ubudlelwane emaqandeni azizange. Kuba isivumelwano elula efunekayo imigudu mkhulu, nangenxa ngozi ayengenalo nayinto lincinci.

Kuba iintshaba impucuko franc kuzalwa yaba kwesibhakabhaka: i Aquitani abasandula yoyiswa baphakamisa iintloko zabo, amaSaxons kunye neyabo icinezelwe bevela empumalanga nasentshonalanga, kwaye ukusuka kummandla Italy mihla bafika isoyikiso - ukumkani Lombards Desiderius, uye wahlanganisa phantse lonke elo lizwe. Apha waba umkhosi wokwenene imithombo emikhulu. Ubukhulu becala nokwadala kumazwe kweqiwa, woyisa ngakumbi Pepin inikelwe yi neRoma. Plus, Desiderius abahlobo ngokukhawuleza kwaye atshata kunye ezingqonge Duke, naye akazange ayithande uphuhliso karhulumente amakhosi.

Karl wenza kuyo ngathi lonke ixesha ukuba uqaphele usongo. Wafunda ngenyameko ilizwe labo, baya, othathe, izipho yoonongendi, babeqhele ukuya kwenza isidlo. Phakathi kwezi yasekhaya lula zicinezelwa wombhodamo Aquitaine. umzalwana obizwa nokuhamba kwi Gascony kunye Aquitaine, kodwa iyala. Carl ngayo yena.

Ngelo xesha, Desiderius wathabatha kummandla Pope ngu ndawo. Stephen III ilila wacela uncedo abazalwana ababini - kunye Carloman kunye uCharlemagne. Kodwa andizange balamkele. Carloman akazange afune ukulwa, kodwa Carl owayetshate okwesibini. Unina - Bertrada - kwanyanzeleka unyana ukushiya owayeyinkosikazi Himiltrudy njengesibambiso uxolo nayo ukusuka emazantsi - intombi ka Desiderius, desideratum. CHF isikhundla Italy ngokukhawuleza Eyisongile, impembelelo linyibilike.

amandla United

UKarl ubunzima endaweni elide kakhulu. Ithunyelwe uyise Dezoderatu yahlukana phantse ngokupheleleyo ulwalamano kunye nomkhuluwa wakhe waza waqalisa ukulungiselela imfazwe. Noko ke, Carloman wafa ngequbuliso bonke. UKarl wathabatha ilifa waza waba ngukumkani kuphela abangabo Franks.

Kwaye ngoko nangoko, kunye iminyaka 772, yaqala imfazwe enkulu ubomi; eli phulo, ukuhlasela, uwungqinge, kwezithandani yabamelwane, imfazwe - isangqa eqhubekayo. Ngamnye ngonyaka ngoMeyi malunga emkhosini - apho ukusebenza ekucwangciselwa yena. Ngamanye amaxesha ngonyaka oko abunokwanezisa uhambo mnye, kodwa ababini.

Karl ngokukhawuleza yaba umphathi kunye zephephandaba enkulu. Amaninzi, ugrogriso wayesondela evela kumacala ahlukeneyo, abaninzi ingqiqo ungcikivwe isiphithiphithi nentshabalalo. Nangona kunjalo, zonke kwiindawo ukuba ukusombulula intsinda-badala, kwaye iziphumo ezisemagqabini. Carl ngokukhawuleza ukuqonda kakuhle le meko kwaye ngoko nangoko wathabatha amanyathelo.

Enye imbonakalo yakhe imikhosi exhobileyo ngoyena ndoqo ukuze siphumelele nokuzithemba wabethelela: Karl - phantsi neemitha ezimbini ubude, gorhandini eyinzwana, enamandla nenzolo - ngokuzithemba kwakhokelela ukuba nkqu eyarhaxwayo yamajoni kakhulu. Yintoni na impumelelo Empire odumileyo Karla Velikogo ngenxa yoko, kunzima lokubhengeza.

indalo womkhosi

Karl njalo ukulwa, yaye oko kufuneka imithombo yoluntu nemali eninzi. Ekubeni imithombo kwakungcono - nsimu enkulu wamnika yonke into yaye ngakumbi. Kodwa kwafuneka ukuba ugcine. Kwizithethe neyezingaphambili - noyise wakhe, kunye notatomkhulu wakhe - kwaqhutyekwa ngohlobo yokuvuselelwa emkhosini.

Iinkosi wobukhosi zenkonzo rhoqo songezo zorhwebo yalo mhlaba (benefice), kunye nento - inkqubo idrafti sele likhona. Ngokomyalelo ngomnyaka bonke abanini ezinkulu - izibalo kunye nabaveleli - babekunye nehashe zabo unyawo kwindawo yokuqokelela abantu, sele abaxhobileyo kunye ukunqanda.

Ukungabikho ixesha wathembisa isohlwayo omkhulu, ngoxa dodging - isohlwayo kude kakhulu ngakumbi. Vivo was kunqabile jikelele, wayesoloko esilwa kanye kwezo nkalo apho esongela abamelwane. Kwakuyinto esebenzayo inkqubo kunye franc karhulumente eyandisiweyo yaye ziyaqiniswa. Ngoko ke impumelelo waba yintoni ubukhosi odumileyo Karla Velikogo? ukudaleka umkhosi yokwenene kunye nenkqubo ngokugaya: 6 iimpendulo Grade.

Imfazwe Lombards

Desiderius wacaphuka kakhulu yaye nomsindo kakhulu: ukucoca bonke abaxhasi uCharles kwilizwe lakhe, wathabatha kufutshane Carloman wasaba kwaye bafuna ukuba Pope ibekwa omnye woonyana bakakumkani oswelekileyo ukuya etroneni amakhosi.

Kodwa Pope utshintshile. Endaweni soft owayetyekele kunye uStefano wadibana naye abakuthandayo UAdrian. Sadibana nokubamba, kunye nemfuneko isiqinisekiso. Kunoko, baqala Desiderius kwakhona yonakalisa States Kwenziwa. UAdrian ivaliwe eRoma, wathumela ilizwi Charles malunga bahlaselwa oyiNgcwele yamaRoma Church.

Eli xesha Carl wayekulungele. Kuba zokuhlanjululwa epheleleyo yesazela, yena kabini wazama ukufikelela kwisivumelwano Desiderius, kodwa akazange aphumelele. Ewe, yaye akazange afune ukuba, ndiyaqikelela. Le ntetho kwavuka phantsi. abapase Alps zavalwa, babethelelwe ngqongqo kakhulu. Karl for ezinye iindlela intaba ezingaziwayo wajika wonke umkhosi, ngokudlulisela wahamba ukuya ngasemva lotshaba, ihlasele ku Pavia, apho Desiderius unyamalele, waza wathabatha Verona - likomkhulu yesibini yobukumkani Lombards.

AseRoma Karl wangena umnqobi. Uye wathembisa (kwaye ekhohlisa!) Ubunini entsha Adrian. Ngelo xesha, nasekuxinweni ka Pavia yagqitywa ngempumelelo. Desiderius kunye nezihlobo zakhe sele zalungisa ukuya nezigodlo. UKarl waba ngukumkani Lombards, ubandakanywa izikumkani ezimbini zibe omnye - amakhosi. Lombards zaphela. Yintoni na impumelelo ubukhosi odumileyo Karla Velikogo? Impendulo elifutshane Kunzima ukunika. Enoba embi impiriyali, kodwa nganto feudal uqhekeko - umjikelo wokugqibela kwimbali yaseYurophu. Kwaye kwakhona endlwini yobuncwane ngokuphathelele oko impumelelo ubukhosi odumileyo Karla Velikogo.

Order in Italy

Noko ke, le mfazwe baphela ngokoyiswa Desiderius na. I patrician Karl entsha yaseRoma kwanyanzeleka ngaphezulu kwesinye ukuba phantsi noqhankqalazo uyityhile amayelenqe.

Ekugqibeleni ukuseka uxolo Saxony, wayisa eRoma, unyana wakhe oselula Pepin, lowo uthanjiswe ukuba ngukumkani kwi Lombards zangaphambili. Imithetho emidala zithotyelwe, xa izikhulu lendawo amanye amalungelo, kunye ofisi yoluntu.

Kakade ke, akukho sisombululo lidlule ngaphandle kwemvume Karl - sele enkulu e North and Central Italy, yena ufumene igunya elipheleleyo. Ngoku ndiyaqonda ngakumbi into impumelelo waba ubukhosi odumileyo Karla Velikogo. Impendulo elifutshane - umgaqo sisilumko.

inkanuko wohlobo

Ekubulaleni Lombardy eselumelwaneni zonakala kakhulu kwisizwe yaseBavaria - kwaye emkhosini, kunye nezopolitiko. Duke Tassilo III okrelekrele dyondzisaka: hayi kudala wadala mfelandawonye yaseBavaria kunye Lombards, kwaye ngoku uzama ukubacaphukisa akukho kumkani mkhulu amakhosi. Nkqu ukuqhuba isifungo anikwe ngakumbi uyise Charles. Kodwa ukususela lobuzwilakhe yena thiki izakunikezela kwaye musa akhokele imikhosi ngoMeyi indibano. Isivumelwano eyimfihlo esigqitywe uBukhosi yaseByzantium, bonke abachasi Italian kaCharles, nkqu iDanube yokukhubazeka - nxamnye Karla Velikogo.

UKarl wanyamezela konke oku elide kangaka. Ekubeni awamphatha ngayo imfazwe e-Saxony, wayiqhubela imikhosi kwimida eBavaria. Tassilon waqalisa ukufuna ukukhuselwa Pope, oye wavuma ukuba umlamli ekufuneni uxolo. Carl wacela ukuba asayine iseti ethile yamaxwebhu, kodwa emva kokuba Tassilona wasishiya ngasese isixeko naziphi na izithembiso nga tshiki. UTata waba nomsindo waza wamsikelela uCharles kwi imfazwe.

I Bavarians, ngokungafaniyo Tassilona, ukuya Franks akazange ukondla intiyo kunokuba babesoyika. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukumkani wohlobo washiywa enempi .Ngaphezu ngesiquphe. Yenza nto - Karl bezisa izipho isifungo fief washiya nabafo - nkqu unyana wakhe.

Tassilon kugxekwe i Sejm for lokungcatsha waza wagwetyelwa ukufa. Carl wamxolela, ngonaphakade entolongweni eMonastri. umfazi Tassilona nabo bonke abantwana bakhe ubunzima bebonke isiphelo sinye.

EBavaria ukuzimela kwayekwa. Bala-abalawuli ingxelo ngqo Charles. Kunye ne eBavaria kanye Franks wafumana kumazwe Slavic - ebaxiweyo kunye laseCarinthia, Uyafikelela kwi kwiiBalkans. Ngoko kwakhona indawo. Nantso into impumelelo waba ubukhosi odumileyo Karla Velikogo (History, kwiBakala 6, nenkcubeko kunye eminkarhini) Loo.

Okuthwesa umbuso

Segqitha ke kwiminyaka yokuqala mathathu wobukumkani Charles - kwiimfazwe engaphezi oliqhophololo kunye uloyiso ezininzi kwaziswa amazwe amaninzi kangaka - abantu ezinkulu nezincinane, - hayi imfazwe kakhulu, kwaba nzima ukulawula yonke le uqoqosho, nokugcina isihloko efanayo. King of the Franks wacinga isithsaba asebukhosini.

Yintoni na impumelelo ubukhosi odumileyo Karla Velikogo? Iimpendulo zisenokwahluka, kodwa omnye wabo - oku: xo nokumanyana ngezinto ezahlukeneyo ngendlela zezizwe amaSaxon, Franks, Lombards, Frisians, Alamanov, eBavaria - oko kukuthi, izizwe ezindala-German ezibhotileni - Slavic, Romance kunye namanye amacandelo ezininzi Empire . isihloko esitsha cala kwakufuneka: kuba igunya zingenakuphikwa phakathi zonke izifundo ngokupheleleyo, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi yabo, ulwimi, nkqu ukholo.

Ukusombulula lo mbuzo enzima kuphela eRoma. Kwathi ngamabona-ndenzile. Pope Leo III, ezihlangwini Adrian, wakhwela ibali embi, waza wacela uncedo Karl njengoko imiba ezinkulu patrician ebalulekileyo yoluntu. Nxamnye Pope iyelenqe kunye nokuzama ukubulala. Mhlawumbi isizathu olwalumiselwe kwinkundla kapopu umyalelo wempangelo kakhulu, nto leyo kothusa usapho ophucukileyo Adrian wafa. Leo III ubalekile bangaphandle, wawuwela Alps, wambu uKarl.

UCharles wahlanganisa impi yakhe, ngokukhawuleza basiwe kwezo Italy ukuseka apho igunya elongamileyo ulamlo. Ityala wathabatha ndawo, apho Pope Leo III wakususa isifungo, nabamangaleli bakhe azibanga nako ukubonisa. Kakade, esi senzo iBishops uthande kancinane, kodwa ucinga iindonga imikhosi Karla Velikogo, bambalwa kakhulu abantu bakwazi lokuphikisa. Yintoni na impumelelo ubukhosi odumileyo Karla Velikogo? Impendulo emfutshane inokuba oku: ukubusa umhlaba.

Isenzo adumileyo ibekwa senzeka koSuku lweKresimesi iminyaka 800 kule Basilica of St Peter. ukumkani amakhosi emva ngokubekwa Pope isithsaba zobungangamela lwabhengezwa uThixo izithsaba omkhulu kunye ngoxolo (!) loMlawuli waseRoma uKarl Agasti. La magama ziphindwa izihlandlo ezithathu, bonke abo babekho etempileni.

Kwaye ke ifomula ngokwawo, kunye nenkqubela ityala, kwaye intlanganiso ibandla abameli aphezulu inkampani wasixelela ukuba inkqubo sele zenziwe kwangaphambili ngenyameko, enoba disabuse wonke kunye Papa noCarl ngokwakhe. Ngoko nangoko ukuba isifungo sokuzinikela - nabo bonke abakhoyo, beqalela Pope. Ziziphi izinto esiziphumezileyo ubukhosi odumileyo ngakumbi Karla Velikogo!

Yiloo ndlela kwakhona ukubuyisela uBukhosi baseRoma, eli xesha nge ibandla lamaKristu kunye nenxalenye * uKhesare zesiJamani kwi entloko. UKarl kwafuneka ukuhlela ixesha elide kakhulu yaye ngoloyiso. Yena wangcwatyelwa lomthonyama Aachen wakhe.