I-concrete hydraulic: GOST, ukubunjwa, iimpawu zobugcisa, iipropati, isicelo

Kwizakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo ezidibeneyo kunye namanzi kwii-degrees ezahlukeneyo, kufuneka kubekho izinto ezikhethekileyo ezinokumelana nemiphumo echaphazelekayo yohlobo lwendalo. Ukwakhiwa kweemeko ezinjalo, sebenzisa ubunjineli be-hydraulic engineering. Inempawu eziyimfuneko ekusebenzeni ngokukhuselekileyo kwento eyakhiweyo.

Inkcazo

Ubunjineli be-hydraulic ekhonkco lubhekisela kwisigaba esinzima, sisetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwemigca, iibhuloho kunye nezinye izakhiwo, ezinye zezakhiwo ezingenxalenye okanye zidibene ngokupheleleyo emanzini, okanye zidibanise nayo.

Isici sezinto eziphathekayo kukukwazi ukugcina iimpawu zayo zangaphambili kwindawo engqongileyo ngaphandle kokunciphisa umgangatho kunye nokuthwala amandla okubaluleka. Iminye imisebenzi, umzekelo, amandla, kwimeko kunye nokunyuka kwexesha kunye nemeko yokugcina ingqibelelo kunye nesakhiwo selitye.

Ukwahlula

Kukho iimfuno ezithile zeemfuno ezifunekayo zidibene nobunjineli be-hydraulic engineering. I-GOST 26633-2012 "Ikhonkrithi inzima kwaye ihlelwe kakuhle. Iinkcukacha »ulawula umgangatho wezakhi zomxube kunye neepropati zesisombululo esiphelileyo. Olu xwebhu lunomlingiswa wamazwe ngamazwe, lamkelwa ngamazwe angama-8.

Ngokutsho kweGOST, ikhonkrithi ye-hydrotechnical ihlukaniswe ngamaqela amaninzi ngokwemilinganiselo yokucwiliswa kunye nempembelelo yendalo yendalo:

1. Amanzi angaphezulu.
2. Ngaphantsi kwamanzi.
3. Kwinqanaba lamanzi elingaqinisekiyo.

Ngokomthamo wesakhiwo esakhiweyo, loo nto ihlukaniswe ngo:

1. Ubunzima obubunzima bebunzima kunye nobukhulu obukhulu bento, ehamba kunye nobunzima obungalinganiyo nokukhutshwa kwentsha.
2. Ukungabonakali - izinto ezilula kunye nobukhulu obuncinane.

Njengoko amandla achaphazela into enzima:

1. Iinkqubo zoxinzelelo.
2. Ngezinto ezingaphelelanga.

Ulwahlulo olongezelelweyo lwendawo yokusetyenziswa kwekhonkrithi:

1. Kwizakhiwo zangaphakathi (azincinci ukuhlamba ngaphandle, uxinzelelo lwamanzi, kodwa kufuneka amelane nemiphumo emibi).
2. Iimpawu zangaphandle kunye neengqameko (ezinjalo zichaphazelekayo ngentshukumo esebenzayo yamanzi kunye nesimo semichiza engaqinisekanga).

Umxube wokuxuba

Umdaka kufuneka uhlangabezane neemfuno ze-GOST ngokufumana ilitye lobunzima obaneleyo, amandla kunye nokukhusela. Ulawulo lomgangatho lwenziwa yizo zonke izixhobo ezibandakanya ukukhonkxa kwama-hydraulic. Ukubunjwa komxube:

1. Icandelo eliphambili - i-astringent. Ukuxhatshazwa kwamanzi anonya, isamente engamelana ne-sulfate isetyenziswa. Inqanaba elitshintshisayo lokubhaptiza lithatha i-hydrophobic okanye ukufakwa kwezibonelelo zeplasticizing. Kwezinye iimeko, sebenzisa i-pozzolanic, slag okanye iPennland samente.
2. Isalathiso esihle sisihlabathi se-quartz, sandisa ukungqinelana kwekhonkrithi kumanzi. Akufanele iqule ukungcola amancinci kunye nemfucuza - kwiimeko ezimanzi, iziphumo zingabuthathaka kakhulu.
3. Ubuninzi begrare kunye nelitye elichotshoziweyo ukusuka kwiindawo ezinqabileyo kunye namatye angenanto. Oku kubonakaliswa yi-hydrophobicity ephezulu, ukumelana neqabunga. Iqhekeza lelitye lixhomekeke kwiimpawu zobugcisa zesisombululo sekhonkrithi esifanelekileyo ukusebenza phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Ubume be-aggregate kufuneka bube yi-volumetric kunye ne-convex, ilitye elichithwe okanye i-gravel ineamandla angaphantsi.
4. IziHlomelo - ukuphucula izixhobo zisombululo. Bandisa ukwanda kwelitye kuba tshintsho lokushisa, iimpembelelo zamanzi ezinobundlobongela, ukunciphisa ukuvelisa ukushisa njengoko kuyimfuneko, ukuthintela ukuvela kweentlukwano.

Iipropati zazo zonke izixhobo, iiparitha zabo, ukuzaliswa ngokuchanekileyo kwesisombululo zichazwe kwi-GOST 26633-2012 into yesi-3. Ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho kufuneka kuzaliswe nayiphi na imveliso, umxube ogqityiweyo ufumana uxwebhu ngokuthobela umgangatho.

Iinkcukacha zobugcisa

Izinto eziphathekayo zinemizekelo emininzi. Ziyaziwa ngohlobo kunye neepropati ukuba ikhonkrithi ye-hydrotechnical ifumane. Iimpawu zobugcisa zixhomekeka kwi-brand kunye nohlobo lokubumba. Ezi zinto ziphambili ziquka amandla oxinzelelo, ukugubungula i-axial, ukunweba, ukunqanda kwamaqabunga kunye ne-hydrophobicity. Isisombululo sokusebenza sikhethwe ngokuxhomekeke kokudibanisa kwezi zikhombisi, ekubeni nganye indawo yeepropati ingahluka, engavumelekanga kule ngcaciso.

Amandla

Isalathisi sokuqala nesona sibalulekileyo sisigxina soxinzelelo lokuxinzezela, kuba amaninzi amaziko afumana umthwalo osebenzayo ovela kwisakhiwo esingentla kwesakhiwo.

Amandla okukhonkco anqunywe ngokudala i-cube yokuvavanya aze ahlolisise phantsi kwe-press. Iprototype ikhulile ukusuka kwiintsuku eziyi-28 ukuya kwezingama-180 zamandla okuqesha. Kwimeko yezinto ze-hydrotechnical, i-cube ifakwa emanzini ngexesha lokuqina.

Iimvavanyo zenziwa phantsi kwezenzo zemikhosi ngaphambi kokuvela kwemifuzano.

Ngokweziphumo zolu cwaningo, ikhonkrithi inikezelwa kwiklasi ukusuka kwiB3.5 ukuya eB60. Iindidi eziqhelekileyo ziyi-B10-B40.

Ukukhawuleza nokuguqa amandla

Ukwakhiwa okungaxhatshazwa ngumthwalo wecala kuxhomekeke kwezinye iimpembelelo - ukunweba kwe-axial kunye nokugoba. Ukuqonda ukuba ikhonkrithi iya kukumelana nokukhubazeka okunjalo, ihlolwe kwi-laboratory. Igrasi yamandla e-tensile iBt0.4 ... 4.0.

Ukunyuswa kwamanzi

Inqunywe kwiimeko zebhubhoratri kwiikerubesi-iisampuli zonyaka ofanayo kwimeko yokuqala. Ingundoqo yolu vavanyo iquke kwenyuka ngokukhawuleza kwingcinezelo yamanzi ngaphambi kokuba idibanise umzimba wekhonkrithi. Ngenxa yoko, ilitye linikezelwe ukunyanzelwa kwamanzi i-W2-20.

Ngeemeko ezinobundlobongela bamanzi olwandle, ubuninzi bokusetyenziswa kobunjineli be-hydraulic ingqikithi engaphantsi kweW4.

Ukuxhatshazwa kweFrost

Kwiimeko zokuphakama okuphezulu, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ihlawulwa kwiinguqu zokushisa kunye nokubonakala kwamanzi okuqina. Njengoko kwaziwa, xa ukwanda, i-liquid idibanisa kwaye inonakalisa izinto zokwakha eziye zangena. Ukuthintela oku ukuba kwenzeke kunye noyilo oluxanduva, izongezelo ezizodwa zemigodi kunye neeplasticizers zongezwa kwisisombululo kwimveliso, ukwandisa ukuchasana kwekhonkteri ukuqina.

Udidi lwe-Frost lokumelana neFro lubonisa ukuba zininzi izijikelezo ezigcweleyo kunye nokuqhaqhazela ukumelana nesampuli yekhonkrithi kunye nokulahlekelwa ngamandla angaphezu kwama-15%. Ngomxube we-hydrotechnical, iimvavanyo zenziwa ngamanzi ngokufudumala kwazo kwaye ziphenduke zibe yiqhwa.

Ngokweziphumo zolu cwaningo, ikhonkrithi ye-hydrophobic inikezwa iF50-300 kwibakala lokunyuka kwamaqabunga.

Hlanganisa ukuphucula

Izibonakaliso zamandla, ukumelana kwamanzi kunye nokuxhatshazwa kweqabunga kubakho ngexesha lokuxuba isisombululo kwisityalo. Iipropati ezikhethekileyo zekhonkrithi zemizi-mveliso zichongwa ngamaratha eensimbi ezahlukeneyo kunye nezixhobo ezidibeneyo.

IziHlomelo-iinguqulelo zihlukaniswe ngamaqela amabini.

Iqela liyancipha ukunciphisa kwamanzi ukuya kumaxesha angama-5 ukuya kwixesha lokusekwa kwamandla weesuku ezingama-28. Phakathi kwezinye ezisetyenziswayo zezi:

• I-Phenylethoxysiloxane 113-63 (eyayisakuba yiFES-50).
• I-Aluminomethylsiliconate ye-sodium AMCP-3 (iRashiya).
• "IPlastil" (iRashiya).
• Hydroconcrete (EC).
• I-Addiment DM 2 (eJamani).
• Liga Natriumoleat 90 (iRashiya).
• Sikagard-702 W-Aquahod (Switzerland).

Iqela II linamandla kakhulu (linciphisa amaxesha angama-2-4.8). Ukusebenza kwayo kunokwenzeka ukuxutywa kwekhonkrithi yomhlaba:

• I-Polyhydrosiloxanes 136-157M (eyayisakuba yiGCG-94M) kunye ne-136-41 (eyayisakuba yiGCG-94).
• "COMD-C".
• Stavinor Zn Ei Stavinor Ca PSE.
• UHIDROFOB E (iSlovenia).
• I-Cementol E (iSlovenia).
• Sikalite (eSwitzerland).
• I-Sikagard-700S (eSwitzerland).

Iqela le-III lokudala ikhonkrithi yamanzi ayisebenzisi. Izongezo ziyanciphisa ukutyiswa kwamanzi ukuya kumaxesha ama-2.

Ezinye iipropati

Xa ukhetha umxube osebenzayo, kungekhona kuphela iimpawu eziphambili zekhonkrithi zemizi-mveliso ziqwalaselwa, kodwa nakwezinye iiparitha:

• Xabiso le Shrinkage.
• Ukumelana nokukhutshwa.
• Umgangatho wokumelana nokuhamba kwamanzi kunye noxinzelelo lwepompo.

Ayikho iresiphi enye yekhonkrithi yamanzi: kwimeko nganye, ukusetyenziswa kwamakhemikhali kwamanzi, ubuninzi bexinzelelo kunye neminye imithwalo ithathwa ingqalelo. Ngokuhambelana neemfuno, izalathisi kunye nezongezo zisetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwelitye elizayo.

Isicelo

Ukufakwa kwesisombululo phantsi kocwangco lwamanzi ngumsebenzi onoxanduva kunye nobunzima. Izaliswe imimandla emikhulu ukukhusela ukunganyaniseki kunye nokukhukhula. Ngenxa yezinto ezithile zokufakelwa emzimbeni wesakhiwo sokuqhafaza, ukunyanzeliswa komzimba kunye nokwahlukana okufuneka ukuba kulawulwe. Ukuze ugweme ukugqithisa kunye nokulungiswa kwangaphambili kwesikhunta, iiplasticizers kunye neentlobo ezikhethekileyo zentente zongezwa kwisisombululo:

• Pozzolanic.
• Slag.
• Hydrophobic.

Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zonxweme kusetyenziswe ubunjineli bemishini yobunjineli. Isicelo sayo sisasazeke:

• Iibridges, inkxaso kunye ne-purlins.
• Ulungelelaniso lweentambo kunye nokuqulunqa ibhanki yeendonga, izibuko.

• Amachibi, izitya zabo kunye nemida ejikelezayo.
• Izindonga zokucocwa kwamanzi kunye nemigodi.
• Imigudu ephantsi komhlaba.
• Izixhobo zobuchwepheshe: amamitha, izityalo zemizi yamanzi, iindawo zokuhamba.

Kwizakhiwo zendlu, ikhonkrithi yelunjini yobunjineli obuncinane isetyenziselwa ukuthululela isiseko kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba okanye ukungafani kwaso xa kuncibilika kwekhephu kunye neemvula ezinkulu.