Uphi na umlambo iTigris. ITigrisi nomEfrate: ngembali yabo nenkcazo

EMesopotamiya, okanye eMesopotamiya odumileyo - kulapha ubuxoki imvelaphi impucuko kuMbindi Mpuma kunye West Asia. Le ngingqi utyebe kakhulu kwaye yenziwa ngexesha elililo ukuba abantu umsebenzi ofanayo kwi Nile Afrika - ukutya, waziseza zoluntu ezininzi zabantu.

Kuyo yamandulo kwemiphakathi

I vekele River yenye imilambo kakhulu ngokupheleleyo ezantsi emathunjini omhlaba. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, izizwe kuhlala ecaleni ikhondo imilambo emikhulu, yaye oku kungekho ngaphandle. Kwaba entilini kunye bungqamene ngoku ukuya kumlambo iEfrati leminyaka BC yesine, kwasekwa amaziko ephucuke yokuqala. Kukho andiswa kakuhle, kunye noqoqosho eziphuhlileyo kweso sixeko. Xa inani lazo Bakhawuleza, wathabatha elowo ilifa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa bokwakha. Imozulu intle ivumela abahlali izihlandlo eziliqela ukususa isivuno zizityebi konyaka. Oku kwanika imveliso surplus kwaye zichaphazela ngqo kuphuhliso olungaphezulu ukuvela lwamaqumrhu karhulumente. EMesopotamiya, bemeko- umzi-ithi baba Sumerians. Imbali bantu kunye imvelaphi yalo langoku ayikaqondwa kwaye ezininzi amabala ezimnyama. Kwanele ukuba bathi ulwimi kolu hlanga alibhekiseli kusapho zolwimi olufanayo namhlanje.

Imvelaphi imilambo kunye nolwazi eendawo

NeTigrisi River, njengokuba, eneneni, nommelwane wayo mkhulu, emlanjeni ongumEfrati, ithatha kumthombo eziphakamileyo kule nduli Armenian. Kulapha ukuba umkhenkce okunyibilika iminyaka ndisindise ubomi imilambo ezimbini sikhulu Western Asia. Tiger ubude neekhilomitha phantse amawaka amabini (1890 km) kunye echibini lokuqubha - 378 square metres. km. OngumEfrati - ngaphezulu mlambo mde. Ayajika ukuba ngeekhilomitha phantse namawaka amathathu (2790. km). Pool 1065 macala onke. km. Ukususela ezintabeni, emathafeni kweMilambo top, zakha intlambo enkulu. Zombini imilambo isiteshi ngokubanzi kunye neebhanki izidanga, leyo kwezinye iindawo benza izinto ezinxaxhileyo noko ezibalulekileyo kunye kontruklony. I-Tiger awe nemingenela ezine ezinkulu: i Zab Enkulu, Botan, Little Zab kunye Diyalá. Ngako oko, ngenxa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu yayo ngaphezu umEfrate, ziza kungena nemingenela zilandelayo: Tohma, hexyl, Belih, Habur.

Hlangana emfuleni entsha

Xa ungena nizhnemesopotamskuyu esesihlanjeni emlanjeni lingancipha, wakha imigxobhozo enkulu. Imifula kweyela iingalo eziliqela ezinkulu nezincinane. Apha ongumEfrati ngokoqobo angawamkeli amanzi nemingenela. Ngelo xesha linye amanzi omlambo vekele enikwe zeZagros. Ngoko ke, ngeli xesha kuba kakhulu ngakumbi ngokupheleleyo-elibaleka umzalwana wakhe. Amanzi yemilambo zombini zidla nophuphumayo. Ngelo xesha linye ungatshintsha kakhulu kubume kule ndawo. Kwi-195 km ukusuka nePersian Gulf, kufuphi nesixeko Iraqi ka Qurnah, imilambo ezimbini uhlanganise. Oku kwenza ijelo elinye Shatt al-Arabhu. Kodwa yintoni ilizwe umlambo vekele ihlanganise iEfrati! Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Shatt al-Arabhu wabonakala nje kudala kangaka, sele ngexesha yembali, kwaye edibene kokurhoxa chu amanzi nePersian Gulf. Ayahamba na ummandla Iraq kunye Iran ilizwe Umda, oko idolophu Iraqi ka-Al-Kishly aqukuqela kungena bay ngasentla.

Enezityalo nezilwanyana kweMilambo

Uphi na umlambo iTigris, kwaba kanye enezityalo nezilwanyana zizityebi. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, ubutyebi bamanzi abantu wabanika eninzi yeentlanzi. Ukongeza, ibhanti eluhlaza esikufuphi kwakhona unobubele iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana ezincancisayo. impembelelo Anthropogenic ngohlobo kwamadama amaninzi kunye nemijelo, uninzi lwazo zakhiwa iphikise zonke iintlobo imithetho ziye zabangela nokuqhubeka umonakalo omkhulu somfula iTigris. Kwakhona emlanjeni alahlwayo ngokungekho amanzi inkunkuma kwiindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu. Amanzi kuyo ngoku imele ingozi ofayo ngenxa yobukho apho agents izifo ezinobungozi. River izilwanyana sonakaliswa ngamandla nempembelelo imiba yoluntu kunye nezoshishino. Phantse salahlekelwa lokuloba ixabiso. Nangona lo mlambo nangoku carps, catfishes, abantu bayoyika ukuba adle kuyo. Kwisithili Baghdad of Tigre, Nani linganisani ooKrebe zeenkomo, ngakanye ukusuka nePersian Gulf.

Nto ibalulekileyo kuMbindi Mpuma

Ngoko ke uphi na umlambo vekele? Okwangoku, le mfula enkulu ayahamba na imimandla yamazwe ezintandathu. Kuyinto Iraq, e-Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Syria ukuba amkhaphele phesheya kweYordan. imithombo yamanzi zibe yimfuneko ngenxa nayiphi na kummandla Umhlaba kunye naliphi na ilizwe ehlabathini. Kungenxa kule ndawo, ikakhulu bafanekiselwa Arab, kukho ukunqongophala enkulu yeli candelo ebalulekileyo ebomini ebonelisayo. Nazi ezi iindawo ezomileyo emazantsi neentlango enkulu, Umlanjana ngoko iTigrisi nomEfrate ukuba kubalulekile. Ezi imifula emikhulu West Asia nemingenela ezininzi, ziza kusetyenziswa kumazwe ahlukeneyo kule ngingqi. Owayamene umfula ngumba kwimbambano kukrakra phakathi kwamazwe yakuMbindi Mpuma. Ngowe-1987 ukuba basayine isivumelwano amathathu phakathi Aram, Iraq kunye Turkey, ekuthi ngawo amaqela bazibophelela ngokubambisana ukunciphisa ukuhamba kwamanzi.

iingxaki Environmental nezisombululo zazo

Kutshanje, eli lizwe ogama ummandla umlambo neTigrisi, nzulu owaya ngenzuzo yayo. Umonakalo owenziwe ngayo, njengoko uqikelelo preliminary ziingcali yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, ngaphezulu kwama-84% amandla kokuqala. Andisekho iintlobo ezininzi ngokwasendalweni apha. Ngenxa imeko yokusingqongileyo ezimbi kakhulu elisengqayini akhiwa Commission ngaxeshanye kwembumba. Xa liphulo Turkey yasekwa Joint Water Institute, equka Iingcali ezivela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi. Zezomntu izicwangciso mbutho kuquka kudityaniso ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo hydraulic phezu komlambo. Ukongeza, ukuba yenzelwe ukuba esweni inkcitho ngenkathalo ubutyebi bamanzi ngamazwe inxaxheba. Iraq naye kurhulumente emlanjeni ngaphakathi nommandla wayo. Ngo-2012, urhulumente lizwe Arabhu yamkela inkqubo amanzi amdaka akhutshelwe iTigris. Kwakhona umisele ukwakhiwa kweendawo ezininzi unyango amdaka kwiidolophu ezinkulu karhulumente. Kunjalo, le meko ngeenxa imilambo ezimbini yayisathe eladlulayo. amazwe ngasonye apho la machibi kumpompoza, musa ukuvumela ukuseka ukusetyenziswa ngempumelelo kunye nolondolozo lwamanzi.