I-anti-tank imbhamu Degtyarev. I-Antitank izibhamu zeMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini

Ifilimu ethi "Ballad of Soldier" iqala ngengozi egcwele ingozi. I-soldier ye-Soviet-i-trailer isilandela i- tank yaseJamani, akukho ndawo yokufihla isosha elingahlaselwanga, igijima, kwaye inkemba yensimbi iyakumfica ize imtyumle. Ijoni libona i-antigeyarev ye- anti-tank bunduli ephoswe ngumntu. Yaye wasebenzisa ngokungalindelekanga ithuba lokusindiswa. Utshixa kwinqanaba leentshaba aze alithwale. Elinye itanki lisondela kuye, kodwa i-signalman ayilahlekanga kwaye iyitshise, nayo.

"Oku akunakwenzeka! "Ezinye iingcali" kwimbali yempi "ziya kuthi namhlanje. "Awukwazi ukufumana iinqwelo ezivela kwinqwelo ye-tank!" - "Unako!" - Abo baqhelene nale ngongoma baya kukwazi ngakumbi. Ukungacaciswanga kwimbali yenkcazo inokuthi yamukelwa, kodwa ayixhalabeleli amandla okulwa nale klasi yezixhobo, kodwa ixesha lexesha.

Ncinane malunga namaqhinga

I-Antitank izibhamu zadalwa kwi-thirties yenkulungwane ye-XX kumazwe amaninzi. Babonakala bengqiqweni kunye nesisombululo esilungileyo somcimbi wokujongana neenqwelo zokulwa zeso sikhathi. Iinqwelo zezixhobo zaziza kuba yindlela ephambili yokulwa nayo, kunye ne-PTR - incedisi, kodwa ininzi yeselula. Amaqhinga okuqhuba ukuhlaselwa okugwenxa okukhatywayo ngamathangi e-tank okubandakanya ininzi, nangamakhulu eemoto, kodwa impumelelo yohlaselo yaqulunqwa ukuba ngaba kuya kwenzeka ukuba kulungelelaniswe imimandla yamagosa engabonwa ngabutshaba. Ukulwa nemigca ekhuselekileyo eqinekileyo eneenkcukacha zokuxhoba izixhobo zokubhukuda, kunye nemigca yamashishini kunye nezakhiwo zobunjineli (izigodo, i-hedgehogs, njl.) Yayinomdla kwaye ilahlekelwe yintlawulo yezixhobo ezininzi. Kodwa ukuba utshaba lukhawuleza luhlasele kwindawo engakhuselekanga ngaphambili, akuyi kuba yihlaya. Siya kufuneka 'siqhoboze imingxuma' ekukhuseleni, ukudlulisa izibhamu kunye nosana, okufuneka kusetyenziswe. Ukuhambisa ngokukhawuleza inani elifanelekileyo lezibhamu kunye neenqwelo kwiindawo eziyingozi kunzima. Yilapho i-gun-resistant gun ifikeleleka. I-PTRD - izixhobo zihambelane kwaye zingabizi (izibhamu ezincinci). Ziyakwazi ukuveliswa okuninzi, kwaye zize zibophe zonke iiyunithi. Kwimeko apho. Amajoni ahlomile nawo, mhlawumbi zonke iitankitha zintshaba, aziyi kutshiswa, kodwa baya kukwazi ukuvalela. Ixesha liya kuphumelela, umyalelo uza kuba nexesha lokukhupha umkhosi. Iinkokeli ezininzi zemikhosi zazicinga ekupheleni kweminyaka yesithathu.

Kwakutheni ukuze abalweli bethu bangenayo iMFR

Izizathu zokuphuhliswa nokuveliswa kwezibhamu ezichasene ne-USSR kwiminyaka engaphambi kwemfa zapheliswa, zininzi, kodwa eyona nto yayiyiyo kuphela imfundiso yempi ye- Red Army. Abanye abahlalutyi bakhankanya ulwazi oluswelekileyo lweenkokheli zaseSoviet, baqhelanisa ukulingana kweempahla zokhuselo lweetanki zaseJamani, ngoko ke benza isigqibo esingalunganga malunga nokusebenza okuphantsi kwe-APG njengeklasi yenkalo. Kukho ukubhekisela kwintloko yeGlavartupra, uGI Kulik, obonise le ngcamango. Kamva kwavela ukuba ne-14.5-mm ye-Rukavishnikov ibhentshi ye-tank-P 39-eyamkelwa ngo-1939 yi-Red Army kunye nonyaka kamva yachithwa, yayingena kalula iinqwelo zaso zonke izixhobo zokusebenza i-Wehrmacht eyayinayo ngo-1941.

Oko kwafika amaJamani

Umda we-USSR umkhosi kaHitler udluliselwe ngamathangi kwisixa samawaka angamawaka amathathu. Kunzima ukuvavanya le ngxowa ngokubaluleka kwayo, ukuba awusebenzisi indlela yokuthelekisa. Iitanki ezintsha (T-34 ne-KV) ezivela kwi-Army ebomvu zincinci kakhulu, ngamakhulu ambalwa kuphela. Ngoko, mhlawumbi amaJamani ayenomsebenzi owawufana nomgangatho ofanayo kunye wethu, ngokuphakamileyo okwemilinganiselo? Akunjalo.

I-tank yeTI yayingeyona nje into elula, ingabizwa ngokuba ngumda. Ngaphandle kwesibhamu, kunye nabasebenzi ababini, wayelinganise ngaphezu kweemoto. I-antitank gun gun Degtyarev, eyamkelwa ngowa-1941, yahlaba isigxina sayo. I-German T-II yayingcono kangcono, yayinezixhobo ezikhuselekileyo kunye nesibhamu esifutshane se-37 mm. Kwakukho ne-T-III, eyayiya kumelana nefuthe le-cartridge ye-PTR, kodwa kuphela xa ithetha inxalenye yangaphambili, kodwa kwezinye iindawo zecandelo ...

Omunye "i-Panaffeffe" yayineCzech, isiPolish, isiBelgium, isiFrentshi kunye nezinye iimoto ezifunyenwe (zibandakanyiweyo kwinani elipheleleyo), zigqityiwe, ziphelelwe yisikhathi kwaye zinikezelwe ngokungafanelekileyo ngamacandelo. Inyaniso yokuba nabani na kubo bangenza imfucuza ye-tank Degtyarev, ngandlela-thile abafuni ukucinga.

"Ama-Tigers" kunye nama-"Panthers" avela kumaJamani emva koko, ngo-1943.

Ukuqaliswa kwemveliso

Kubalulekile ukuhlawula umkhokheli ku-Stalinist, uyakwazi ukulungisa iimpazamo. Isigqibo sokuqalisa umsebenzi kwi-PTR senziwe ngosuku emva kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe. Eli qiniso liphikisa inguqu malunga nolwazi olubi malunga nezigxobo eziphathekayo zokhuselo ze-Wehrmacht, akunakwenzeka ukufumana olo lwazi ngosuku. Ngomyalelo ophuthumayo (ngaphantsi kwenyanga esetyenzisiweyo ekuveliseni amanyathelo okuhlola), ithenda ithe yabanjwa kwiisampuli ezimbini, malunga nokulungele ukuqaliswa ekuvelweni kweetch. Isibhamu sokulwa nesitampu se-Simonov sibonise iziphumo ezilungileyo, kodwa ngokweteknoloji, yayingaphantsi kwe-MTA yesibini ukuvavanywa. Kwakuyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi kwisixhobo, kwaye ngaphandle kwayo kunzima, oku kwaye kwachaphazela isigqibo sekhomishini. Ngomhla wokugqibela ka-Agasti, isibhamu se-Degtyarev sokulwa ne-tank samukelwa ngokomthetho yi-Red Army kwaye saqalisa ukuveliswa kwimveliso yezixhobo kwisixeko saseKovrov, kwaye emva kweenyanga ezimbini e-Izhevsk. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka emithathu bavelisa amaqhekeza angaphezu kwama-270 lamawaka.

Iziphumo zokuqala

Ekupheleni kukaOktobha 1941, imeko ebusweni yayihlakulele. Iinqununu ze-avant-garde ze-Wehrmacht zafika eMoscow, ii-echelons ezimbini ezicwangcisiweyo ze-Red Army zazichithwa ngokubanzi kwi "boilers" ezinkulu kakhulu, iindawo ezininzi eziseYurophu kwinxalenye ye-USSR zaziphantsi kwezithende zabahlaseli. Kule meko, amasosha aseSoviet akazange aphelelwe yintliziyo. Ukungabi namatye eenani elaneleyo, imikhosi ibonisa ubuqhawe obude kwaye ilwa namathangi, isebenzisa iibrenti kunye neenkwenkwezi zeMolotov. Ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwinqanaba leqela, izixhobo ezintsha zangena phambili. Iimfazwe zikaNovemba 16 ze-1075 ye-Infantry Regiment ye-316th Division yabhubhisa amatanki amathathu ezitha, esebenzisa i-PTRD. Iifoto zamaqhawe kunye neteknoloji ye-fascist ayitshisa yanyatheliswa ngamaphephandaba aseSoviet. Kungekudala ukuqhutyelwa phambili, ngaphantsi kweLuvovoi iitanki ezine, ngaphambili ezahlula iWarsaw neParis, zazingumsi.

IiMTA zangaphandle

Iindaba zamabutho emfazwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo zathatha abagadi beentonga zethu zokulwa nezibhamu. Iziqendu zokulwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo kwimifanekiso yefilimu nazo zaboniswa (umzekelo, kwi-masterpiece ye-S. Bondarchuk "Balwa noMama wabo"). Amasosha aseFransi, aseMerika, aseBrithani okanye aseJamani aneempendulo ze-PTRD ezibhalwe kwimbali ngaphantsi. Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba i-anti-tank gun ye-Second World War yayiyiSoviet? Kwinqanaba elithile ewe. Ngale manani, ezi zixhobo zaveliswa kuphela kwi-USSR. Kodwa ukusebenza kuyo kwenziwa eBrithani (inkqubo yeB Boyce), naseJamani (i-PzB-38, i-PzB-41), nasePoland (UR), naseFinland (L-35), naseCzech Republic (MSS-41) . Kwaye naseSwitzerland engathathi hlangothi (S18-1000). Enye into kukuba iinjineli zazo zonke, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, amazwe athe gqwepheshe kwezobuchwephesha awakwazi ukugqithisa izixhobo zaseRashiya ngokulula, ubuchule bezisombululo zobugcisa kunye nobunjani. Akunjalo onke amajoni angakwazi ukutshuntshiswa ngokubanda kwimizi ebusweni kwi-tank ezayo ukusuka kumsele. Lwethu unako.

Ungangena njani iinqwelo?

I-PTRD ineemeko ezifanayo kunye nezobugcisa ezifana nesibhamu se-anti-tank sika-Simonov, kodwa lilula ngaphezu kwayo (17.3 vs. 20.9 kg), mfutshane (2000 no-2108 mm, ngokulandelanayo) kwaye ilula ngokuklanywa, kwaye ke ixesha elincinci liyadingeka Ukucoca nokulula ukuqeqesha abaphangi. Ezi meko zichazela ukhetho olunikezwa yiKhomishoni kaRhulumente, nangona i-PTRS ingatshisa ngomlinganiselo ophezulu womlilo ngexabiso le-five cartridge shop. Umgangatho oyintloko wale sixhobo kwakungona kunjalo ukukwazi ukungena ekukhuselweni kweentonga ezikude. Ukuze sikwenze oku, bekufuneka sizithumele i-bullet ekhethekileyo enesiseko sensimbi (kwaye, ngokunye, kunye necala elongezelelweyo elitshiswayo, liqaliswe emva kokudlula kwi-barrier) ngesantya esiphezulu esaneleyo.

Ukubhoboza izixhobo

Umgama apho izibhamu zikaDegtyarev ezithintekayo ziba yingozi kwiinqwelo zentshaba ezithintekayo. Ukusuka kuyo kunokwenzeka ukubetha ezinye iithagethi, njengeibhokisi zeepilisi, iibunkers, kunye neenqwelo. I-cartridge ye-cartridge yi-14.5 mm (ibakala lesi-B-32 eliqhelekileyo-ukubhoboza-ukutshaya okanye i-BS-41 enekotam ephezulu kakhulu). Ubungakanani beempawu zihambelana ne-projectile yombhobho womoya, 114 mm. Umda wokutshatyalaliswa ekujoliswe kuyo kunye ne-30 cm yeembambano i-40 mm, kwaye ukusuka kwikhulu leemitha le bulub i-6 cm.

Ukuchaneka

Ukuchaneka kweehits kunquma ukuphumelela kokudubula kwizinto ezisetyenziselwa ziintshaba. Ukukhusela kwakusoloko kuphuculwe, ngoko ke, kubalawuli, imiyalelo ecetyisa indlela yokusebenzisa umpu wokulwa neTanki ngokukhawuleza ikhishwe kwaye ihlaziywa ngokukhawuleza. Iingcamango zanamhlanje zokulwa neenqwelo ezizikhuselekileyo zithatha ingqalelo ukuba kungenzeka ukungena kwiindawo ezibuthathaka. Xa ukudubula ekuvavanyeni ukusuka kumgama wamamitha-cent, i-75% yeenqweloji ze-cartridges zawela kwindawo engama-22 ecentimeter kwinqanaba elijoliswe kuyo.

Ukwakhiwa

Naluphi na isisombululo esicacile sezobugcisa, akufanele sibe yinto yokuqala. Isixhobo seMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini savame ukuveliswa kwiimeko ezilukhuni ngenxa yokukhutshwa ngunyanzeliso kunye nokuthunyelwa kweeworkshops kwizikwere ezingalungiselelwanga (kwakuqheleke ukuba kwenzeke ukuba kusemfuneko ukuba kusebenze emoyeni ovulekileyo). Le nto yayigwenywe yizityalo zaseKovrovsky neIzhevsk, apho ngaphambi ko-1944 i-PTRD yenziwe. Isibhamu se-tank anti-tank Degtyarev, naphezu kokulula kweso sixhobo, sithatha yonke into eyenziwa yi-Russian gunsmiths.

Umbhobho uqhutywe, i-blade blade. Umbono ngowona oqhelekileyo, nge-fly and bar-position position (ukuya kwi-400 m ne-1 km). Ukuhlawulwa kwe-PTRD njengesibhamu esiqhelekileyo, kodwa impembelelo enamandla imisele ubukho bherake kunye ne-absorber shock absorber. Ukuze kube lula, ipenini inikwe (omnye wabaphathi abathwalayo angayibamba) kunye neebipods. Yonke into: ukukrazula, indlela yokutshitshiswa, ummkeli, i-butt kunye nezinye iimpawu zesibhamu, zicatshulwa nge-ergonomics ukuba izixhobo zaseRashiya zihlala zidumiwe.

INkonzo

Kwintsimi, ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuhlaziywa okungaphelelanga kwenziwa, kubandakanywa ukususwa nokuxoshwa kwe-shutter, njengeyona node engcolileyo. Ukuba oko kwakungekho okwaneleyo, bekufuneka ukuba kususwe i-bipods, butt, uze udibanise indlela yokuqhawula kwaye uhlukanise ukulibaziseka kwesango. Kwiindawo eziphantsi kweqondo lokushisa, i-lubricant-resistant-resistant is used in, kwezinye iimeko ioli eqhelekileyo ayi-21. Iikethi ziquka i-ramrod (i-collapsible), i-lubricator, i-screwdriver, iibhanti ezimbini, Kukho iimeko zokuqeqesha kunye nokusetyenziswa kokulwa, kunye neentlekiso kunye nokungaphumeleli.

Korea

Ngowe-1943 imboni yaseJalimane yaqala ukuvelisa amatanki aphakathi kunye anzima kunye nezixhobo ezikhuselayo zokulwa. Amajoni aseSoviet aqhubeka nokusebenzisa i-PTRD ngokubhekiselele kwiinqwelo zokukhanya, ezingakhuselekanga, kunye nokucima amanqaku okudubula. Ekupheleni kwemfazwe, imfuneko yokulwa nezibhamu ze-tank yawa. Ukulwa namathangi aseJamani asele ngo-1945, izixhobo ezinamandla kunye nezinye izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo zisetyenzisiwe. Imfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibili yaphela. Kwakubonakala ngathi ixesha le-PTRD lenzeke ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, iMfazwe yaseKorea yaqala, kwaye "isibhamu esidala" saqala ukudubula, nangona kwakunokubambisana nabantu baseMerika. Kwakusekonzweni nomkhosi we-DPRK kunye ne-PLA, eyalwa kwi-peninsula kude kube ngo-1953. Amathangi aseMerika omhla wokulwa kwemfazwe ahlala ephikisayo, kodwa konke kwenzeka. I-PTRD esetyenziswayo kwaye njengendlela yokukhusela komoya.

History of Postwar

Ukuba khona kwenani elikhulu lezixhobo ezintle ezineempawu ezikhethekileyo kwamenza ukuba afune isicelo esiluncedo kuye. Amashumi amawaka eenyunithi ayegcinwe kwi-lubricant. Kutheni kusenokusetyenziswa isibhamu sokulwa nesitraki? Ukukhuselwa kwamanqwanamhla okwangoku kunokumelana nokubetha i- projectile ye-accumulate, ngaphandle kokukhankanya ibhola (nangona ikhona ingundoqo kunye nesicu esikhethekileyo). Kwiminyaka engama-60 banquma ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuzingela iimpawu kunye nemikhomo nge-PTRD. Ukucinga kuhle, kodwa kunzima kakhulu le nto. Kwakhona ukusuka kuloo mpu ingasetyenziselwa umlilo wesikhupheli kude kumgama weekhilomitha, isivinini sokuqala esiphezulu sikwenza ukuba udubule ngokuchanekileyo ngamehlo e- optical. Iinqwelo ze-BMP okanye i-BTR i-PTRD ibetha ngokukhawuleza, ithetha, kwaye namhlanje isixhobo asilahlekanga ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko ihlala kwindawo yokugcina impahla, ilinde ixesha layo ...