I amazwe Politika Nikolaya 1 ngo-1826-1849 gg. Iziphumo ze-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle uNicholas I

Domestic Politika Nikolaya 1, ngamafutshane, kunegama isiganeko ezimbini ezibalulekileyo. Owokuqala ingaqatshelwa ekupheleni kweMfazwe ka-1812. Okwesibini - imvukelo Decembrists kwaye endaweni bolawulo (kunyaka 1825-th). Kulo mzekelo, i angaphandle Politika Nikolaya 1 (jonga kwi table iya kuba njalo ekuphelisweni kweli nqaku) yayityhefwe yi imeko e Europe, intsimi leyo kwavuka i-revolution yongxowankulu. Okulandelayo, cinga oko aba-nkqubo eziphambili uNicholas 1.

kuqala

Yayiyintoni yangaphakathi Politika Nikolaya 1? Ngokufutshane ekuthatheni iinjongo kwindawo yokuqala kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba njongo ephambili ebekwe iNkosi uPhilip, waye ifundwe imithetho. Umlawuli ne ingqalelo ekhethekileyo izigxeko kunye namacebiso Decembrists, rhoqo esalatha ngokungabi yomyalelo eziyimfuneko, ngenxa yoko, kakubi ezininzi kulawulo kunye nenkundla. Eyona njongo iphambili yale ngokulandelelanayo irhuluneli wabona ukuba balungelelanise mthetho, lo gama wayengavelisi ezintsha. Ngoko ke wayefuna ukuqinisekisa isiseko ichanekileyo ukuba absolutism. Phantse wonke umsebenzi kwi ifundwe lwaqhutywa Speransky.

izigaba ifundwe

Ngokuhambelana kunye icebo Speransky umthetho odola kufuneka luqhutywa ngokwamabakala amathathu. Eyokuqala wacebisa ukuba ukuqokelela nokupapasha onke amalungiselelo kwi ngokulandelelana wokulawula Alexei Mikhailovich, de kugqitywe wokulawula Alexander I. Ngelo Inqanaba lesibini, kwakukho ingxaki kwi kopapasho Code of Laws, leyo zazimi phezu ngendlela Domain-ngendlela. It ayifanelanga ukuba benziwe naluphi na utshintsho (additions okanye izilungiso). In inyathelo sesithathu ukudibanisa kokupapashwa "uMthetho Code" omtsha kwacetywa - iqumrhu eyondeleleneyo komthetho okhoyo. Kolu hlelo Sifanele izongezo nezilungiso, kuthathelwa ingqalelo amasiko kunye namalungelo, kwakunye neemfuno yokwenene karhulumente. Xa isebe yesibini babenziwe cofa zayo wokushicilela. Iphekwe imiqulu eshicilelweyo zeMithetho ye-Russian Empire (collection ngokupheleleyo). Kweli xesha ukususela 1828 kude kwiminyaka 1830th, lona iziqwenga 45. Kwakhona, imiqulu emithathu izicelo nemiqondiso zashicilelwa. Zonke ezi ndawo ziyinxalenye intlanganiso yokuqala. Wawuhlanganisa izenzo zomthetho-31 000 kwisithuba ukususela 1649 ukuya kwiminyaka-1825-th. Ukongeza, nemiqulu ezintandathu ziye zapapashwa. Baphuma phezu 1825-30 biennium. Bayiqala intlanganiso yesibini. Wawuhlanganisa imimiselo ezikhutshwe ebudeni bolawulo Alesandire Nicholas 2 1.

imithetho

Wakufanelekela ngokwesiseko Complete Collection. Ekwenzeni iKhowudi nya izenzo engasekho amandla okanye kufakwe imithetho ezilandelayo. Kwakhona imiqathango processing itekisi wenziwe. Zonke izilungiso, kokukhona ungaphindi-ons zingenziwa kuphela ngemvume yoMlawuli. Lo mlawuli ngokwakhe kweliso ikhondo lomsebenzi. Pre-Laws ingqalelo amalungu uthumo elikhethekileyo yeeNgwevu. Emva koko, ezinye iinxalenye zayo yathunyelwa kwiSebe. Code of Laws wapapashwa nemiqulu eli-15 ngo-1832, lo unyaka. Iqulethe 40 lamawaka amanqaku.

ezinye iincwadi

Speransky lalungiselela 12 imimiselo zomkhosi imiqulu, kwakunye ikhowudi kwemithetho ye-Grand Duchy of Finland kunye amaphondo eBaltic kunye Koloni. Ebudeni bolawulo Nicholas 1 yapapashwa "Assembly of zaselwandle kunye nemithetho ngokomoya" yaye "Regulations on yabasemzini amadlelo Mpuma eSiberia."

enye ukuguqulwa

Eminye imigaqo Nicholas 1 ezinxulumene nemfundo kunye nobomi abalimi. Kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo umlawuli ihlawulwe serfdom. Ngenxa ukupapashwa imithetho eziliqela kwindawo engcono wawuxhomekeke abalimi mhlaba. izenzo olumisiweyo wagxininisa ukuba ngamakhoboka akukho ipropati olula umntu labucala. Ba, kuqala, abemi karhulumente. Kwaya angqingqwa ngakumbi Politika Nikolaya kwinkalo yemfundo. Ngowe-1828, unyaka they guqula ka embindini kunye namaziko aphantsi ezizodwa zemfundo lwenziwa.

iziphumo zomsebenzi

Kuqhutywa ngexesha lokulawula Nicholas 1 ifundwe kwemithetho, Kakade ke, kuya kuhlenga umthetho okhoyo. Noko ke, loo nto ayizange ukutshintsha ubume yedwa wobukhosi Russia. Ngokukodwa, kumayelana kwindawo yezopolitiko kunye nezentlalo. Ifundwe akazange ukutshintsha inkqubo yolawulo iye akakhange ayiphelise urhwaphilizo, iteyiphu ebomvu kunye nalwazelelelo, obabufikelela ngexesha layo waba ebudeni bolawulo Nicholas. Uyilandela kwakhokelela olugcinwa iphepha, leyo senzeka kamabhalana ngasese angalawuleki. Kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XIX, liye landa kakhulu inani lamagosa. Savela ngokugqibeleleyo wabona zonke ezimbi zonke bureaucracy, kodwa nya ngokwemiqathango absolutism akunakwenzeka. Le yayiyimeko Politika Nikolaya 1 (ngokufutshane).

indawo Russia ehlabathini

Kwikota yesibini kwinkulungwane XIX, iRussia kutshintsha ithi enamandla amakhulu. Kwaba ngelo xesha kakhulu akwazi ukugqiba ngokwabo yonke imiba yemigaqo-nkqubo angaphandle. Ekuqaleni kobukumkani uBukhosi kumkani lag ukusuka eYurophu kwiikota zomkhosi-technical, akuzange kube lubonakale. impi Russian laba likhulu kwaye ingqalelo omnye yehlabathi the best.

I amazwe Politika Nikolaya 1: amanqaku aphambili

Izinga isiseko wahlala eRashiya ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII, ukususela ngoko, njengoko ilizwe ukuba libe umbuso omkhulu yaseYurophu. I-kwenkosi entsha wenyuka emva ukuqhubeka isaziso komanduleli sayo sobukhosi. Emva koko, ke, lo mlawuli wenza kwacaca ukuba iRussia kwi imeko yaseYurophu elide ukuxhomekeka kwizibonelelo zazo, kunokuba sithembele kwi "solidarity federal." 1 Nicholas baqhubeka intsebenziswano kunye ithi isiJamani, Prussia, indawo yokuqala, kuba ixesha elide ahlala indawo ephambili kurhwebo. Kwangaxesha nye, umkhwa ecacileyo rapprochement Russia kunye eFransi England. I amazwe Politika Nikolaya 1 ezijolise ekolulweni indawo kunxweme Sea Black, ngokunjalo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kwimida esemazantsi karhulumente. Ngenxa yoko, indawo esembindini awuthimba umbuzo Eastern, ngokukodwa, intsebenziswano kunye Ottoman. OLwandle Omnyama ngeli xesha kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba iRussia.

iingxaki ezinkulu

Omnye wabo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimeko elihle kunawo kwiStraits Sea Omnyama - i Bosporus kunye iDardanelles. Ngenxa indlela simahla iinqanawa zabarhwebi ngabo uphuhliso loqoqosho kwimimandla ekumzantsi karhulumente khona. I amazwe Politika Nikolaya 1 lalijolise neCaucasus. Russia uye wafuna ukwandisa iifama balo ndawo, nokuzinzisa lokugqibela imida kwi ngingqi, ekuqinisekiseni uqhagamshelo olukhuselekileyo simahla kunye nokufunyanwa ezisanda imimandla. Ngenxa yoko, kwacetywa uqhagamshelwano ngamandla uBukhosi zaseCaucasus.

Ukuqala kwemfazwe Russian-Persian

Utshaba eko- nemimandla eCaucasus wenza Iran. Ngokungqinelana nesivumelwano uxolo phakathi kuyo neRashiya, le yokugqibela esekwe ngokwalo kwiindawo ezinkulu kwimpuma Transcaucasia kunye kwinxalenye esentshona kunxweme oLwandle lweCaspian. Ngu-s 20 kwinkulungwane XIX, Iran (iPersi) waqalisa ukufuna ukubuya Nagorno-Karabakh kunye Talysh khanate. Xa wenkundla Shah wenziwe ngokweyelenqe anti-Russian uba amandla elikhulu ngokwaneleyo. Ngenxa yoko, imfazwe. Commander oyinhloko we Iran wayeceba ngasihlandlo sinye ukunciphisa eRashiya ukususela ubunini imimandla Transcaucasian.

Yandisa amandla

I amazwe Politika Nikolaya 1 akuthethi inyathelo emkhosini. Beza etroneni, * uKhesare wafumana ubudlelwane kakhulu ixesha phakathi eTurkey naseRashiya. Kunjalo, kokukuqwalasela oku kungafaneleki ukuqalisa uyawalwela namaGrike. Ekuqaleni, Russia kunye United Kingdom iye yanika uxinzelelo ozakuzo kwi eTurkey. Ukuqala banesifo yenkulungwane XIX yaba esisityebi kunene isithuba zombini kuMbindi Mpuma kunye kwicala yaseYurophu. Xa nenani-1830-31. iliza yeenguqu wacanda Europe. I bemchukumisa naseRashiya. Ngokukhawuleza emva kokugqitywa Persian neemfazwe Turkish yoBukhosi ukuba bathi bangquzulane Poland. Ukuvukela kweli lizwe negalelo imeko ye revolution eFransi Belgium. Ngenxa yoko, ngowe-1830 saqalisa Izidubedube evulekileyo Warsaw. Romanov ubukhosi ukubhengezwa etrone- ePoland. A Urhulumente lwethutyana kwasekwa. Wadala umkhosi sabavukeli. Ekuqaleni, baba nempumelelo. Nangona kunjalo, le amabutho ukungalingani. Kungekudala amajoni kakumkani ngeenyawo olo qhankqalazo. Ngokungqinelana Ndiwise epapashwe Poland wabhengezwa yinxalenye Russia. Ekupheleni kwale novalo lencinibakazi entsha, enamandla ngaphezu yokuvukela qheke intsimi Western yaseYurophu. EFrance Revolution aduma 1848, ngoFebruwari; eJamani, lahlaselwa, Wallachia, Italy kunye Austria - entwasahlobo. Iziganeko Nicholas 1 ithathwa njengento esisisongelo ngqo kwi lobuzwilakhe eRashiya. Oku kule nkalo, wagqiba ekubeni bathathe inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwezithandani lo mbuso.

ngemva kwempi

Emva ekupheleni neziphithiphithi eYurophu of sharing-1848-49. Nicholas 1 msebenzi ezijolise ekolulweni indawo ecwangcisiweyo bukhosi. Okona kuphambili yaba umba Black Sea ezingxingongweni. Phantsi izivumelwano esebenzayo ngexesha Navy Russian wavula indlela i iDardanelles kunye Bosphorus. Ngelo efanayo UNikolai 1 wafuna ukomeleza impembelelo yezopolitiko Balkan Peninsula. Ngenxa Turkey eNgilani kuzakuthathwa ukomeleza indawo yayo e Asia Minor, kwakunye imimandla abaseAfrika, yaye ngaloo ndlela, ukuba amsunduze eRashiya ngaphandle iinqanawa. I iCrimea War wabonisa backwardness zobugcisa lombutho yombuso Russian evela kumazwe aseNtshona.

Iziphumo ze-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle uNicholas 1

ukuphazamiseka Russian kwimicimbi zaseYurophu, umnqweno ukukhusela umyalelo omdala Bamqumbisa Ndilicukuceze Izangqa zobunene. Yibone Russian waze isiteketiso. Wathi igama elithi "i gendarme of Europe." Ngenxa yoko, abantu kunye noorhulumente bamanye amazwe abazange singafani eRashiya abasoyika asabela ngukumkani nekratshi. Bavuya nawuphi na ithuba ukutshabalalisa impembelelo namandla yoBukhosi kwimicimbi zaseYurophu.

Ekuphetheni

Echazwe ngasentla bezizwe Politika Nikolaya 1. Le theyibhile ibonisa iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezenzeka ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe. Zibonisa umongo kakumkani.