Silawule Markovnikov VV ubunjalo nemizekelo

Abasabela ngayo imichiza kwindawo ukutshatyalaliswa iqhina kabini alkenes kunye alkynes kwi triple banokungenelela amasuntswana ezahlukeneyo. Yintoni ngokuxhomekeke kwimithetho kule nkqubo? Ndiye ndafunda indlela homologues azilingani ethylene kunye gidrogalogenirovanii ukuxovwa Isazinzulu Russian VV Markovnikov. Wafumanisa ukuba indlela abasabela ngayo amanzi kuxhomekeke kwindlela inani hydrogen icarbon enxulumene ngokuzikhanyeza, makangalihlambeli ilizwi kabini. Hypothesis iqhutywe zezenzululwazi, kuqinisekiswa emva ezifunyaniswe entsimini lwesakhiwo atomic. ulawulo Markovnikov uye wabeka isiseko ekudalweni kwingcamango yenzululwazi kunye nesicelo practical. It ikuvumela ukuba alungiselele ngendlela eyiyo ukuveliswa Iipholima, izinto zokuthambisa, alkoholi.

ulawulo Markovnikov kaThixo

Isazinzulu Russian kumsebenzi wachitha ixesha elininzi ekufundweni mechanism yezi wezenzi uncamathiselo hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo. Kwinqaku yakhe, eyapapashwa ngesiJamani ngowe-1870, uV Markovnikov wawurhola ingqalelo zoluntu lwezenzululwazi kwi selectivity kwe impefumlelwano halides hydrogen kunye athom carbon imi iqhina kabini kwi alkenes unsymmetrical. ngumphandi Russian ezicatshulweyo idatha isekelwe kumava elabhoratri. Markovnikov wabhala ukuba halogen ngokuyimfuneko angenelelayo atom carbon eba nani lincinane -athom hydrogen. Uninzi imisebenzi zenzululwazi athandwa ezifunyenwe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX. Wacela hypothesis womatshini yentsebenziswano ubizwa ngokuba "kulawula Markovnikov."

Ubomi kunye nomsebenzi sisazinzulu-zomgquba

Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov wazalwa 25 (13 ngokungqinelana nqaku. Style) ngoDisemba 1837. Wafunda kwiYunivesithi Kazan, yaye kamva wafundisa kwisikolo esinye kunye neYunivesithi eMoscow. Markovnikov wafunda ukuziphatha hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo ukusabela kunye halides hydrogen ukususela 1864. Kude kube 1899, izazinzulu kwamanye amazwe akabaphulaphulanga nezigqibo le yemichiza Russian. Markovnikov, ngaphandle kolawulo, igama esihombo sakhe, wenza inani ezinye iziphumo:

• Ndafumana cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid;
• Ndahlola ioli zaseCaucasus waza wavula nezinto eziphilayo kuqamba ezizodwa - avuthayo;
• Ndamisa umahluko kwi amanqaku ukunyibilika ezi zinto kunye chain branched yaye ithe tye;
• angabanga acid isomerism okunamafutha.

Iinkqubo Scientist negalelo elibonakalayo kuphuhliso lwamashisini wemichiza yasekhaya kunye nenzululwazi.

Kakuhle eli hypothesis iqhutywe Markovnikov

Le Isazinzulu wachitha iminyaka emininzi ukufunda kongezwe reactions reagent ukuya hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo omnye bond kabini (alkenes). Kuyaphawuleka ukuba xa iikhompawundi hydrogen langoku, ngoko ke ithunyelwe kwi-atom carbon, equlethe amasuntswana ngaphezulu kolo hlobo lwentlanzi. Le anion iqhotyoshelwe kule carbon okufuphi. Lo mthetho Markovnikov umongo walo. genius Scientific ukuqikelela yokuziphatha amasuntswana, isakhiwo apho ngelo xesha awucacanga kakhulu. Ngokommiselo, ukuya ethylene ezizizembiwa wokujoyina izinto ezimbaxa ukuba HX ukubunjwa, apho X:

• halogen;
• OH;
• amasalela acid kwe-sulphuric acid;
• amanye amasuntswana.

Modern sound Markovnikov ulawulo olwahlukileyo imixube Scientist: i-atom hydrogen evela H. iimolekyuli alkene attachable sibhekiswe carbon iqhina kabini ngelo sele iqulethe hydrogen ngakumbi, kwaye X kwisuntswana iya atom ubuncinane hydrogenated.

Indlela wokuthimba kwamasuntswana electrophilic

Cinga kwiindidi ekudibaneni kwemichiza apho mthetho usebenza Markovnikov. imizekelo:

1. Ukudibanisa indlela hydrogen chloride ukuya propene. Ngexesha intsebenziswano phakathi kweengqakumbana wamginya bond kabini. Chlorine anion sibhekiswe carbon ngaphantsi hydrogenated imi iqhina kabini. Hydrogen idityaniswe uninzi lwezi atom hydrogenated. Senziwe propane, 2-chloro.
2. Kwemolekyuli yamanzi hydroxyl Ukongeza indlela ubulungu balo uza carbon ngaphantsi hydrogenated. Hydrogen lifakiwe kuninzi atom hydrogenated kwi bond kabini.

Kukho angayi kwi Markovnikov umthetho ocetywayo kwezo zinto apho reactants aba alkenes, apho carbon kwi iqhina kabini sele inani lamaqela negative. Oku kukhetha ukuba mninzi ngokungaphelelanga elektroni, nto leyo edla ababetsaleleke hydrogen kakuhle ityala. Musa ukulandela imithetho kwi abasabela eyenzekayo olukhulu kunokuba electrophilic indlela (isiphumo Harish). Ezi nketho musa aluphambuki yemfaneleko imithetho eyenziwe abadumileyo Russian organic yemichiza V. Markovnikovym.