Heritage World Amazwe. UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Kangangexesha elide abantu abazange bacinge ukuba baya ashiye ngayo inzala yabo. Ngaba indawo yi nabaphathi, wabatshabalalisa iinkcubeko lonke, ukuba akunjalo, azafunyanelwa ndawo wahlala. Kamva, abantu baye ngobuchule yaye alondolozwe imisebenzi yobugcisa, izakhiwo ngobuhle emangalisayo, ezikhumbuzo umdla njalo njalo. N. Ekugqibeleni, ubuntu lifikelele kwisigqibo sokuba izinto zexabiso kufuneka zifakwe kuluhlu ekhethekileyo. Namhlanje, abakhenkethi abatyelela kumazwe athile, leMveli World Amazwe. projekthi ixesha elide UNESCO ingabizwa ngaphezu ngempumelelo.

lemveli World

Ngaxa ethile, abantu kwabothusa yi ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo kwaye uqonde imfuno yokukhusela kokwemvelo ezikhumbuzo zembali, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Le ukuzibophelela ichazwe kuluhlu ekhethekileyo, ingcamango leyo ndaqonda ngowe-1972, "Ngomhla woKhuselo of the World yezeNkcubeko Natural Heritage" kwi-sikhokelo yoMgaqo-Convention, leyo bamema uxanduva jikelele ukhuseleko izinto ezibalulekileyo.

Namhlanje uluhlu kuquka ngaphezu kwewaka amanqaku, yaye zonke ezi ezikhumbuzo ibekwe 161 karhulumente. Phakathi kwazo iikona entle endalo kunye nomfanekiso ngemisebenzi emangalisayo wezandla zabantu, kodwa ezinye izinto Basenokothuka abo bangamaziyo, yintoni na le migaqo yenziwe kolu luhlu.

criteria

Heritage World Amazwe, kwaye eRashiya - akukho izakhiwo nje ezikhumbuzo zendalo. into nganye ufana yedwa kwaye zibandakanyiwe kuluhlu kunye iikhrayitheriya ezicaciswe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba yahlulwe iinxalenye ezimbini.

Ngokuba izinto eyenziwe ngumntu yimilinganiselo ezibalulekileyo ezifana zibonisa ukuzalana imilinganiselo yabantu, uphuhliso lwezakhiwo, ukohluka kanye wedwa, uqhagamshelwano kunye nezimvo zokuba yomphakathi. Kakade ke, nayo kuthatha ingqalelo ubuhle bayo. Zonke izinto ezintandathu eziphambili.

Njengokuba kude zesikhumbuzo zendalo, kufuneka ibandakanye isenzeko okanye indawo iimpawu ezingaqhelekanga yobuhle, ube ngumzekelo manqanaba eziphambili imbali, iinkqubo zejoloji okanye zebhayoloji okanye ezibalulekileyo ngokwemigaqo yokugcina zezinto eziphilayo izilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Enikezelwa zonke iindlela ezine.

Abo lweziza leMveli yeHlabathi ebekwe phesheya okanye eRashiya, apho oku kubangelwe malunga ngokufanayo omnye elinye iqela kuthiwa engumxube, okanye zenkcubeko zendalo. Ngoko ke, yintoni kanye iqukiwe kuluhlu UNESCO?

neentshatsheli Country

UNESCO World Heritage Sites saa ehlabathini lonke akulingani kakhulu. States apho elona nani likhulu ezikhumbuzo - oku Italy, China, Spain, eFransi, eJamani, Mexico, India, Great Britain, eRashiya kunye United States. Sisonke, kummandla wabo kukho izinto ezingaphezulu kwama-350, emele ngaphezu kwesinye kwisithathu uluhlu yonke. Phantse onke la mazwe, singatsho ukuba iindlalifa kukho impucuko enkulu, kunye nezibonelelo zendalo. Nakowuphi na umzekelo, oku phezulu kuluhlu zange ndothuka.

izinto ezenziwe

Kolu didi-2014, kukho izinto 779. Ezi ziquka izakhiwo edume kakhulu futhi ezibalulekileyo kunye nezakhiwo zehlabathi, uninzi lwazo iisimboli kumazwe abo: Angkor Wat e Cambodia, iEaster Island, i-Great Wall of China, Abu Mena eYiputa, Versailles, Cologne Cathedral, Acropolis eAthene, Taj Mahal, neetempile prambanan and Borobudur e Indonesia, i-Samarra yamandulo, ibekwe kwi ummandla Iran mihla, uPetra eYordan, Chichen Itza kunye Teotihuacan e Mexico, Cuzco, Peru, Kizhi umngcwabo, ibandla Kolomenskoye, Stonehenge, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ka-Liberty, Sydney opera ... kaninzi bonisa into enye yangoku ko nzima ukuba uluhlu ufumana iziko embalini lonke kwizixeko ezahlukahlukeneyo - rhoqo liyasetyenziswa eYurophu. Zonke ezinomtsalane kubakhenkethi edume ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuwa kolu luhlu. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha, ukuba kubekho iinguqu ezinkulu, i-object "eshiya" World Heritage. Kwamanye amazwe, siyazi iimeko ezimbini: iElbe Valley kufuphi Dresden sele ziphelisiwe ngokunxulumene ukwakha le ndlela; Reserve White njengeula eli - uhlobo olulodwa njengeula eli - Oman uzakususwa kuluhlu ngenxa ekunciphiseni ummandla wayo kunye nolawulo okungafanelekanga ngaphandle kwemvume. Mhlawumbi ngokuhamba kwexesha, kodwa ukuba akunjalo, nyaka ngamnye ikomiti ekhethekileyo ucinga iziphakamiso ezintsha entsha nokuhlanganisa izinto ezahlukeneyo ilifa ehlabathini aphesheya.

ezikhumbuzo zemvelo

Ozibonayo kakhulu umdla kwaye zintle udidi "World Heritage Amazwe" - izinto zendalo. ukudalwa womntu, oko kukuthi, izakhiwo, izakhiwo, njalo njalo. e., nomdla kakhulu, kodwa ke kubaluleke ngakumbi umdla ukubona ukuba wadala ngaphandle uncedo kunye nongenelelo zabantu. Uluhlu ezikhumbuzo ezinjalo (2014) iquka amagama 197. Mihlaba ibekwe kumazwe 87 ehlabathini lonke. 19 kubo zisemngciphekweni (nangasiphi na isizathu). Hi ndlela leyi, uluhlu lwe-UNESCO World Heritage Site luqala lesikhumbuzo yendalo - zeGalapagos Islands, bona abo bangekamkeli Luzuko ngo-1978. Kwaye, mhlawumbi, oko kubizwa ngokuba kakhulu enobulungisa, ngokuba apha ekhaya kwizilwanyana ezininzi enqabileyo kunye nezityalo, Nqabakazi kwakhona eyaziwa ngokuba izimvo zalo emangalisa. Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, emva konke, indalo na ubutyebi zexabiso abantu.

isigaba mixed

Ezinye izakhiwo wadala ngumntu, ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo ne-mhlaba kunye nokusingqongileyo ekunzima ukuba igama ngokukodwa indoda-eyenziwe. Okanye, ngokuchasene noko, umntu watshintsha kancinci nje wabonakala ngenxa yeenkqubo zejoloji, bemvelo kunye nezinye zendalo. Xa kunjalo, i-Natural World leMveli Cultural yi-UNESCO, zimelwe izinto kolu didi, wahlukile ngokwenene.

izibonelelo ezifana ambalwa - 31, kodwa nkqu ngokufutshane chaza nganye nje akunakwenzeka, ngoko ke ubhetyebhetye kwaye umdla ngendlela yaso. Oku kuquka iipaki zesizwe e-Australia nase-New Zealand, iNtaba iAthos, Machu Picchu, maxe- ka Meteora, izilwanyana Tasmania, kumhlaba kunye ubomi Lapland and more. Ngummangaliso ukuba yonke le mfumba lifikile ixesha lethu kule fomu, kunye ingxaki ngokubanzi uluntu - ukulondoloza le lilifa kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

amazwe Russia and ico

Kwi-USSR kukho inani elikhulu ezikhumbuzo zifakwe kuluhlu UNESCO. Abanye wabeka phambili njengoko abaviwa. Xa iyonke kukho izinto 52, kuquka Struve arc geodetic, ibekwe kwi emdeni States eziliqela.

Olu luhlu luquka amagama afana le Moscow yesicelo, Samarkand, Chersonese, eBukhara, Ichibi izimvu, le Pillars Lena, Putorana yehewu, intaba Sulaiman-Too njalo njalo. D. Akuba ingqalelo ngenyameko uluhlu lwe-UNESCO World Heritage Site ibekwe kwi kummandla ico, ungaze ukusombulula ungaze ukuya laya kude, hayi ngokuhlola imizi yabo - izinto kangaka ezahlukahlukeneyo yaye umdla kulo kuvula. Kulungile, uze ke wena uze ukhangele ukuba abamelwane, kwaye ukuya phesheya kolwandle ezintathu - elinokuthelekiswa.

UNESCO Heritage World e Ukraine - ukuba iiprojekthi 7 mzuzu, nomnye 15 zisalindelwe. Phakathi kwamazwe ico, eli lizwe unenani lesibini liphezulu lamanqaku ziqukwe kuluhlu phambi kwethu. Ezi ziquka, umzekelo, Kiev-Pechersk Lavra ne St Sophia Cathedral e Kiev, iziko embalini saseLviv, amahlathi beech le Carpathians.

isimo

Kusenokubonakala ngathi ukufakwa kwi-World Heritage Amazwe - yinto ibhonasi nje kumnandi lula abakhenkethi kunye abahambi ingxaki ukukhetha apho ukuya noko ukuze ubone. Kodwa ke akunjalo, kuba izinto ezininzi basengozini wokutshabalala okanye ukutshatyalaliswa buso, yaye kufuneka unyango olulodwa. abashiywa kuluhlu UNESCO nga ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabo. Ngaphezu koko, ukongeza kweendawo ezithile kuluhlu uphakamisa iwonga labo kunye bathandwe, nto leyo utsala abakhenkethi ngakumbi kweli lizwe. Uphuhliso lweli candelo loqoqosho uvelisa ukuba ziyisebenzise imali engakumbi, onokuwatshintsha ukubuyisela abo ezikhumbuzo zenkcubeko efanayo zibonakele kuluhlu lwe-UNESCO. Ngoko ke eli phulo luncedo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi.

Izinto sisongelwa

Ngelishwa, akukho nto kamnandi kangaka. Kukho icandelo elikhethekileyo loluhlu, edwelisa yezikhumbuzo zendalo nenkcubeko, leyo ezisongela utshintsho ezibalulekileyo okanye zanyamalala ngokupheleleyo. Izizathu inokuba nomahluko: iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ziintlekele neengozi, imfazwe, ifuthe elibi zemozulu kunye nexesha. Ayizizo zonke oku ungalawuleka, ukuze kwixesha elizayo kufuphi loluntu zinokulahlekelwa ezinye izinto zifakiwe kwi-World Natural leMveli Cultural. Ngoku le "ophawulekayo" uluhlu lwezinto 46. Akukho namnye kubo engafakwanga World Heritage Sites eRashiya. Phesheya, lo meko efanayo, ngelishwa, asinto ingaqhelekanga. Kodwa ikomiti esebenza kweli cala.

sites UNESCO Heritage World phantsi kogrogriso, kuquka abo babonakala kakhulu kwakudala - kwi-3-5 leminyaka BC, ngoko ukubaluleka kwayo kunganzima ukuba nemikhuba. Noko ke, iingxaki ezininzi, izicwangciso ukuba ukwakhiwa ngokutsha okulwa, izikhukula, ukuzingela, njalo njalo. N. Musa ukuvumela ukuba kuthi ukuba ezi iindawo ezikhuselekileyo.

le komiti

UNESCO - umbutho omkhulu anikelwe ezininzi iingxaki, World Heritage Amazwe - mnye kuphela kubo. Kwaye yonke imibuzo enxulumene kulo mxholo, ikomiti ekhethekileyo agqibe. It idibana kanye ngonyaka isigqibo malunga iiprojekthi isicelo ukuze zifakwe kuluhlu. Ukongeza, ikomiti kwabakhwetha ukudalwa kumaqela abasebenza egxininisa izinto ngamnye. Kusebenza ngemali, ukwabiwa kwemali kumazwe iqela le Convention, ngokwesicelo sabo. Xa iyonke, ikomiti inamalungu 21. Ithuba lokuba sesikhundleni uninzi lwabo ziyaphelelwa ngo-2017.

izintlu ezifanayo

Kakade ke, lo ezikhumbuzo yenkcubeko bendalo kubaluleke kakhulu kwaye zexabiso, kodwa abantu izama ukugcina hayi kuphela. Mu kuya kwa nshita izinto eziphathekayo zadalwa izintlu equlathe weyona mizekelo okubalulekileyo ubuchule, ulwazi kunye njalo njalo. D. Ukususela ngo-2001, UNESCO igcina irekhodi Ubuciko ubuchule yomlomo kunye nezo zingabonakaliyo. Kodwa musa ukucinga ukuba sithetha imisebenzi uncwadi - uluhlu ibanzi kwaye ezahlukeneyo ngaphezulu kakhulu kunokuba ibonakala. Oku kuquka amasiko okupheka lwamazwe ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, ubuchule obubodwa neentlanga, iivesi ezithile nemidaniso, nokuba falconry!

Enye iprojekthi ziyilelwe ukulondoloza i-UNESCO World Heritage Site, ubizwa ngokuba "Inkumbulo of the World". Kwaye ngokwenene into entsha ukugcina ulwazi ezahlukeneyo - kuba uluhlu iqulethe, amaxwebhu ibalulekileyo esekhona lobuntu onke amaxesha. Ezi ziquka iimovie, imifanekiso, izandi, imifanekiso, yesandla ezigcinayo abantu abaziwayo.

iiprojekthi UNESCO ejolise ukuzoba ingqalelo ezikhumbuzo zenkcubeko neziganeko zonke iintlobo, masenze ukulibala ukuba wonke umntu uyakwazi ukuyila into enkulu kwaye ufanele ukuba uhlale ngonaphakade kwimbali. Kwakhona kunceda uyeke sisithi ucinge izinyanya zingaphi ezintle zadalwa kunye nendalo, yaye oko bekuya kuba eyoyikekayo ukuphulukana nayo ngayo.