Ephakathi China: ekuqaleni kwembali lobukhosi enkulu.

Igama elithi "aphakathi China" awaziwa kakuhle kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa ne-Western Yurophu, njengoko kwimbali kweli lizwe kungekhona ocacile elinjalo eziqaphelekayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, loo nto ixela ukuba yaqala kwi BC ngenkulungwane yesithathu ebukumkanini Qing Dynasty iqhubeke iminyaka engaphezu kwama amawaka amabini phambi kokuphela Qing Dynasty.

UBukumkani qin, nto leyo ilizwe encinane emantla-ntshona eli lizwe ukuba bahlomela kummandla zizikumkani eziliqela kwi imida emazantsi nasentshonalanga ekulandeleni iinjongo ezicacileyo yezopolitiko yokuqinisa amandla. Ngo-221 BC kwakukho ubunye eli lizwe, ngaphambili kuqulethe ezininzi fiefdoms ezahlukeneyo kunye historiography obizwa ngokuba "China yamandulo". Imbali ukususela ngoko uye kwelinye ndlela - indlela entsha nobunye ihlabathi Chinese.

Qin yaba yeyona ngokwenkcubeko phambili phakathi States elwa kwaye zinamandla ayiqhelileyo imfazwe. Ying Zheng, eyaziwa ngokuba umlawuli wokuqala qin Shi Huang, China wakwazi singamanyana babuye kwindawo yokuqala karhulumente esembindini nekomkhulu layo Xianyang (kufutshane nesixeko namhlanje Xi'an), aphelise le elwa States era, eyathatha kwiinkulungwane eziliqela. Igama wathabatha umlawuli, yaba ezingoonombini kunye negama lomnye abalinganiswa abaphambili yaye kubaluleke kakhulu wentsomi kunye imbali yesizwe - Huangdi, okanye Yellow uKhesare. Ukuba ke sakhe, ying Zheng waphakamisa udumo lwakhe. "Thina - * uKhesare Okokuqala, kunye nenzala yethu iya kwaziwa * uKhesare Okwesibini, uMlawuli Eyesithathu, njalo njalo kungcelele engapheliyo ngezizukulwana" - wamemezela grandly. historiography zamaxesha aphakathi China wabiza "localu asebukhosini."

Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe qin Shi Huang waqhubeka nokwandisa umbuso ulwalathiso empuma esemazantsi, ekugqibeleni kufikelela imida Vietnam. umbuso omkhulu yahlulwa ezingamashumi amathathu anesithandathu chun (izithili zomkhosi), apho co-utyando iirhuluneli iliso kunye commandants zomkhosi, ukulawula omnye. Le nkqubo wakhonza njengomzekelo bonke oorhulumente dynastic e-China de ukuwa Qing Dynasty ngo-1911.

Lo mlawuli yokuqala kuphela iinguqulelo China ephakathi. Yena iinguqu kwinkqubo yokubhala Chinese, ekuvumeleni uhlobo yayo entsha njengoko inkqubo yokubhala esemthethweni (mbali abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba lo nguye ngokutsha lubalulekileyo bonke), inkqubo umgangatho zemilinganiselo amanyathelo lonke kurhulumente. Le yimeko ebalulekileyo ekomelezeni urhwebo lwangaphakathi united izikumkani, iyileyo waba imilinganiselo yalo. Ngethuba kolawulo qin Dynasty (221-206 BC), izikolo ezininzi bulumko, ogama iimfundiso kule okanye yoleyo ngokuchasene ideology komlawuli, kwavalwa. Ngo-213 BC, yonke imisebenzi equlathe iingcinga ezinjalo, kuquka imisebenzi Confucius batshiswa ngaphandle iikopi ukuba bagcinwa kwi-Imperial Library. Abaphengululi abaninzi bayavuma nebinzana ukuba ebudeni bolawulo i qin Dynasty weza igama ubukhosi - China.

Amahlandinyuka elo xesha baziwa ehlabathini lonke. Iikhosi ngabembi kwindawo yokungcwabela wokuqala umlawuli Chinese (kufuphi Xi'an), esasungulwa ngo-1974, lwabonisa bungaphezu kweekhilogram ezingamawaka amathandathu Amanani ubumba (okulwa, amahashe). Zazimele umkhosi omkhulu elimgcinayo kwingcwaba qin Shi Huang. I ubumba Army wayengomnye lwezona omkhulu umdla zakudala China. Iirekhodi zembali koMlawuli yokungcwaba echazwe njengoko mikroversiya namakroza alo Empire waziqaba isilingi elibaleka imilambo wenziwa mercury. Qin Shi Huang wothulelw nokudalwa Enkulu Wall of China. Xa xesha qin iindonga eziliqela yokhuselo zakhiwa kumda osemantla.

Ephakathi China aqala ukuncipha nokwandiswa zorhwebo yaseYurophu umlaliso, nto leyo ebangela destabilization ekuhlaleni yaye ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela umlaliso War (1840-1842; 1856-1860).