Ehlasela UNapoleon ngayo eRashiya. War of 1812

Umhla lokuhlasela uNapoleon ngayo Russia - enye nemihla kwimbali ezinkulu yelizwe lethu. Esi siganeko kwavusa iintsomi ezininzi kunye izimvo malunga ngoonobangela, izicwangciso amaqela inani imikhosi kunye neminye imiba ebalulekileyo. Makhe zama ukulungisa lo mba ngokungakhethe cala kwaye ukuqaqambisa ekuhlaselweni uNapoleon ngayo eRashiya ngo-1812. Masiqalise nembali.

Imvelaphi ingxabano

ehlasela UNapoleon ngayo eRashiya wayengekho ngengozi kunye isiganeko engalindelekanga. Le noveli LN "War Noxolo" Tolstoy kaThixo Njengokuba ubufanasini njenge "inenkohliso engalindelekanga kunye." Enyanisweni, yonke into zendalo. Russia ngezenzo zalo emkhosini ngokwayo umeme inkathazo. Okokuqala uCatherine II, esoyika iziganeko olululo eYurophu wanceda mdibaniso lokuqala anti-French. Emva koko uPawulos I angamxoleli uNapoleon woyisa Malta - siqithi ophantsi ukusekelwa lobuqu umbusi yethu.

Basic izidubedube zomkhosi phakathi Russia, France lwaqalisa manyano yesibini anti-French (1798-1800), apho amajoni kunye Turkish, British kunye Austria Russian bazama ukuyoyisa umkhosi Directory eYurophu. Kwaba ngexesha ezi ziganeko zenzeka kwi amaholo odumileyo lweMeditera Ushakov nokobuqhawe intshukumo amawaka yomkhosi Russian phezu Alps ngaphantsi ngokomlomo Suvorov.

Ilizwe lethu yaba okokuqala wadibana "ukunyaniseka" le namahlakani Austrian, apho amawaka yomkhosi Russian yawela kokusingqongileyo. Oku, umzekelo, kwenzeka Rimsky-Korsakov eSwitzerland, ethe yalahleka malunga nama-20 amawaka. Of amajoni ayo lidabi olungalinganiyo nxamnye isiFrentshi. Yaba umkhosi Austrian wemka Switzerland washiya lwezindlu enye 30000th Russian ngomhla omnye 70,000th igobhogobho French. Kwaye ke iphulo edume Suvorov naye ngenkani, njengoko bonke abacebisi ezifanayo Austrian kubonisiwe Oyintloko yethu ngendlela engalunganga kwicala ephosakeleyo, okusileleyo ngokupheleleyo iindlela kunye zokunqumla.

Ngenxa yoko, Suvorov Wayengqongwe, kodwa benza izigqibo yakwazi ukuba baphume emgibeni namatye ugcine umkhosi. Noko ke, phakathi kwezi ziganeko kunye Second World War kwenzeka iminyaka elishumi. Kanye ehlasela UNapoleon ngayo eRashiya ngowe-1812 akavuma ukuba yenzeke xa iziganeko ezingakumbi.

Le manyano yesithathu neyesine anti-French. Ukophulwa iSivumelwano Tilsit

Alexander I naye waya kulwa eFransi. Ngokutsho kuguqulelo mnye, ngenxa amaNgesi ubunzima ubhedu eRashiya, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni i-Alexander oselula etroneni. Le nyaniso eyaviwa noMlawuli omtsha ukulwela British.

Ngowe-1805 oko ezikhandelwa wesithathu angalawuliyo anti-French. Oku kuquka Russia, iBritani, Sweden kunye Austria. Ngokungafaniyo ezimbini ezidlulileyo, kukho umfelandawonye entsha iyilwe njenge ukuziphendulela. Akukho mntu uza kulubuyisela indlu Bourbon eFransi. Uninzi yonke Union kwakufuneka eBritani njengoko Channel Tunnel sele 200 lamawaka. Amajoni French belungele lokutyala e Albion, kodwa manyano wesithathu linqanda ezi zicwangciso.

Luvuthondaba le manyano yaba 'Battle of uMlawuli Three "November 20, 1805. Eli ligama lafumana ngokuba edabini ka Austerlitz yazinyaswa ngabo bonke zontathu usilwa izintlu yoMlawuli - uNapoleon, Alexander I Franz II. mbali Military bakholelwa ukuba ubukho "abantu abathile eziphakamileyo" yabangela namahlakani ukudideka iyonke. Kwaliwa zaphela ukoyiswa epheleleyo zemikhosi Coalition.

Sizama ukuchaza ngokufutshane iimeko, ngaphandle ekuqondeni ukuba ekuhlaselweni uNapoleon ngayo eRashiya ngowe-1812 engacacanga.

Ngowe-1806, kwakukho womanyano yesine anti-French. Austria akusekho ukuthatha inxaxheba emfazweni nxamnye uNapoleon. Le manyano omtsha ibandakanya eNgilani, eRashiya, Prussia, Saxony naseSweden. Kungelula ukulwa ukwenza ilizwe lethu kwakunye eNgilani wanceda ikakhulu kuphela yemali, kwakunye elwandle, lo gama abanye abathathi-nxaxheba abazange imikhosi umhlaba enamandla. Ngamini-nye, umkhosi lonke Prussia kwi Idabi Jena iphangiwe.

Juni 2, 1807, umkhosi yethu woyiswa kwi Friedland, waphumela ngaphaya Niemen - umlambo umda kwi nezinto yasentshona yoBukhosi baseRashiya.

Emva koko, iRussia yasayina iSivumelwano Tilsit kunye uNapoleon, ngoJuni 9, 1807 phakathi kwe Neman River, apho ngokusemthethweni mayingatolikwa yokulingana amaqela xa kokusayina uxolo. It kukwaphula iSivumelwano Tilsit yaba isizathu sokuba kwenzeke ukuhlaselwa uNapoleon ngayo eRashiya. Uqwalaselo olubukhali isivumelwano ngokwawo, ukuba izizathu uqondakale oko kwenzekayo iziganeko kamva.

Imigaqo iSivumelwano Tilsit

Tilsit uxolo sivumelwano wacebisa eqale eRashiya loo nto ibizwa ngokuba yinkqubela-kuvalwe iindlela kuneZiqithi zaseBritane xa zizonke. Lo mthetho yasayinwa uNapoleon ngakumbi November 21, 1806. Kakuhle eli "yaye kuvalwe" kukuba France kudala ummandla kwelizwekazi laseYurophu, apho eNgilani balelwa kurhwebo. UNapoleon ayikwazanga ukuvimba siqithi ngokwenyama, ngokuba France akazange abe nkqu isahlulo seshumi se-fleet, esibe kulahlwe British. Ngoko ke, igama elithi "yaye kuvalwe" lunemiqathango. Enyanisweni, uNapoleon weza oko namhlanje kuthiwa izohlwayo kwezoqoqosho. England ngenkuthalo wasebenza eYurophu. Ukusuka Russia ngayo kwamanye amazwe ingqolowa, ngoko ke 'yaye kuvalwe "usongela ukhuseleko lokutya of Albion. Enyanisweni, nkqu uNapoleon wanceda eNgilani njengoko yokugqibela ukufumana ngokukhawuleza amaqabane orhwebo omtsha Asia and Afrika, kungabi kakubi ukwenza lwemali kwixesha elizayo.

Russia kwinkulungwane XIX yaba lilizwe kwezolimo, nto wathengisa yokuthumela okuziinkozo. Umthengi enkulu kuphela kwiimveliso zethu ngelo xesha nje eNgilani. ie ukulahleka kweemarike elidlavula ngokupheleleyo isigwebo elite wabanumzana eRashiya. Into efana sibona namhlanje kwilizwe lethu, xa kontrsanktsii kunye nezohlwayo ziye hit kanzima kolu shishino oyile nerhasi, kunye result ukuba iqembu elibusayo na ilahleko enkulu.

Enyanisweni, iRashiya ujoyine ukwayo anti-British eYurophu, umqalisi kwawo France. Le yokugqibela ngokwakho yayingumvelisi enkulu yezolimo, ngoko kwakungekho ithuba lokuthath'indawo iqabane zorhwebo ukuze ilizwe lethu. Kakade ke, ukuba elibusayo yethu ayikwazanga ukuthobela imiqathango Tilsit, njengoko oku kuya kukhokelela ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo lonke uqoqosho Russian. Indlela kuphela ukunyanzela eRashiya ukuthobela nemfuneko "kwafa" kwaba ngenkani. Ngoko, kwakukho lo ayehlasela "Enkulu Army" of kukaNapoleon eRashiya. Lo mlawuli efanayo kakhulu French thiki ukuya nzulu kwilizwe lethu, efuna nje ukuba ukunyanzela Alexander ukuzalisekisa iSivumelwano Tilsit. Noko ke, umkhosi wethu mlawuli French kwanyanzeleka ukuba ezikude imida yasentshona eMoscow.

usuku

Umhla lokuhlasela uNapoleon ukuya kummandla Russia - Juni 12, 1812. Ngale mini, amabutho esitha wawela umlambo umda Neman.

Iphupho ayehlasela

Kwakukho intsomi yokuba ekuhlaselweni uNapoleon ngayo eRussia engalindelekanga. I koMlawuli wabamba ibhola, nabo bonke ngamagosa konwaba. Enyanisweni, iibhola zonke ngookumkani yaseYurophu ixesha kwenzeka rhoqo kakhulu, yaye akaxhomekekanga Uphuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo kunye, phezu koko, yaba ingxenye ebalulekile. Yaba isiko rhoqo zoluntu monarchical. Ukuba zenzeka ngokoqobo Iindibano zoluntu malunga nemiba ebalulekileyo. Nokuba ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi I ngowe zokuhlala iingangamsha zaye zabanjwa imibhiyozo emikhulu. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba Alexander ibhola yokuqala Vilna wemka ngxi waza waya eSt Petersburg, apho wahlala kulo lonke Second World War.

heroes ukhohliwe

umkhosi Russian wayelungiselela ukuba ukuhlasela olude French ngaphambi koko. UMphathiswa of War Barclay de Tolly wenza konke okusemandleni umkhosi uNapoleon kuthethana eMoscow kumda umthamo wabo kunye nelahleko enkulu. Umfundisi empini efanayo kakhulu igcinwe nempi yakhe ukulwa lokulungela ngokupheleleyo. Ngelishwa, imbali kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II baphathwa ngokungekho yi Barclay de Tolly. Phela, nguye lowo eneneni wadala imiqathango ikamva le ntlekele isiFrentshi, kwaye ngokuhlaselwa yomkhosi uNapoleon kaThixo eRashiya ekugqibeleni yaphela nya ngokupheleleyo yotshaba.

Le Amaqhinga uMphathiswa of War

Barclay de Tolly wasebenzisa "namaqhinga zamaSkitiya 'odumileyo. Umgama phakathi Niemen kunye eMoscow kakhulu kunene. Akukho ukudla, amalungiselelo yamahashe okusela amanzi "Grand Army" ibuye ibe kwinkampu kwintolongo enkulu, apho ekufeni yemvelo axhome kakhulu ilahleko umlo. The French abazange silindele umonakalo awudalileyo kubo Barclay de Tolly, abalimi baya kungena emahlathini, bethabathe nabo iinkomo kunye nokutshiswa amalungiselelo, amaqula emkhosini en kwindlela anetyhefu, okubangela umkhosi French imfazwe kubhubhane ngamaxesha. Amahashe kunye nabantu ewa nendlala; ukweqa ngobuninzi, Noko ke, kwaba ndawo ukubaleka kwindawo ongayazi kakuhle. Ukongeza, i-ngezigaba ngokunomkhethe amafama watshabalalisa amanye amaqela French wamajoni. Unyaka lokuhlasela uNapoleon ngayo Russia - kulo nyaka kukho ulangazelelo ibonwe wokuthand bonke abantu Russian bemanyene ukutshabalalisa umhlaseli. Le ngongoma lubonakala kwaye LN inoveli zikaTolstoy "War Noxolo", apho abalinganiswa yakhe ngokuqaqadeka ukwala ukuthetha isiFrentshi, njengoko oku njengolwimi umhlaseli, kwaye banikele yonke imali yabo kwi kwiimfuno yomkhosi. Russia ine wayengazi ixesha elide engenelwayo enjalo. Ixesha lokugqibela phambi kokuba balwa wahlasela phantse elikhulu kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kwilizwe lethu. Kungekudala ngaphambi koko, ihlabathi liphela yehlabathi Russian iyayithanda ubungqondi uNapoleon, babecinga ukuba loo mntu mkhulu ehlabathini. Ngoku le misebenzi kusongela ukuzimela yethu waba lutshaba efungelweyo.

Inani kunye osemqoka yomkhosi French

Inani yomkhosi uNapoleon kweli ngokuhlaselwa eRussia nama-600 lamawaka. Man. peculiarity balo ukuba kwakukhangeleka ngathi Quilt ombaxa. Ukwakhiwa yomkhosi uNapoleon kweli ngokuhlaselwa Russia yayiquka lancers Polish, dragoons isiHungary, cuirassiers iSpanish, dragoons isiFrentshi kunye nabanye. Kule lonke Europe, uNapoleon ndawonye "Grand Army 'yakhe. Yaba motley, bethetha iilwimi ezahlukeneyo. Maxa wambi, nabathetheli kunye namajoni abazange baqondane, andifuni ukuba baphalaze igazi ngenxa France Enkulu, ngoko xa uphawu yokuqala iingxaki ezibangelwa yethu "umhlaba, yatsha," ukuba usilahlile. Noko ke, kwakukho amandla ebambe yonke yomkhosi uNapoleon kule bay - abalindi lobuqu uNapoleon. Oku elite imikhosi French, esenzeka kunye buchopho zomkhosi zonke iingxaki iintsuku zokuqala. Kukho kwakunzima gqitha kuyo. Abalindi zahlawulwa imivuzo emikhulu, baye bafumana naziphi na izinto ngcono ukutya. Naxa eMoscow indlala abantu bathole ukudla entle, ngoxa abanye kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukufumana amabuzi ofileyo ukutya. Balindi into ethile yabucala uNapoleon yokhuseleko mihla. Ebona iimpawu okungaziwa, izinto ukuze kwindawo motley umkhosi uNapoleon kaThixo. Njengoko waphoswa umlo kumacandelo ingozi ngaphambili apho kokurhoxa nkqu elinye ijoni kungakhokelela ekubeni imiphumo ebuhlungu yonke impi. Oonogada abazange ethekwini wabonisa nokumelana bubonwe ubuqhawe. Noko ke, babembalwa kakhulu ngokwalo ipesenti.

Zonke kumkhosi uNapoleon yaba malunga nesiqingatha French ngokwabo, abonisa ngokwabo kwi imfazwe e-Europe. Ngoku, ke, lo eyahlukileyo umkhosi - ukoyisa, nomsebenzi, kubonakala umoya wayo.

impi

"Grand Army" sele efakwe ilayisenisi phantsi kwizikhundla ezimbini. Amabutho eziphambili - abantu malunga 500 amawaka nemipu malunga 1 amawaka - .. bezibandakanya amaqela amathathu. Iphiko ekunene phantsi umyalelo Jerome Bonaparte - 78 amawaka abantu 159 ngemipu -. Ukuba ukuya Grodno nokukhethwa amandla eziphambili Russian. iqela Central elikhokelwa Beauharnais -. 82 amawaka abantu nemipu 200 - yaba ukunqanda isiphambuka bemikhosi ezibini eziphambili Russian, Barclay de Tolly kunye Bagration. UNapoleon yena kunye nemikhosi ezintsha bafudukela Vilna. umsebenzi yakhe ukuba ndimaphule Army Russian kuphela, kodwa wavuma eziwafaka. Ngasemva wahlala ibutho reserve ka amawaka 170. Abantu malunga 500 ngemipu Marshal Augereau. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi le mbali wamajoni Clausewitz, uNapoleon bonke abathatha inxaxheba kwiphulo Russian, ukuya 600 lamawaka. Abantu, kubo ubuncinane 100 lamawaka. Abantu bawela umda umlambo Neman ebuya eRashiya.

UNapoleon izicwangciso ukunyanzelisa idabi imida yasentshona eRashiya. Noko ke, cormorants de Tolly ezibekwe umdlalo yakhe "Ikati kunye nempuku". izinto ezininzi neziphambili Russian soloko zibuye ukusuka edabini lihambe liye kungena kwelo lizwe, iyalibazisa kude isiFrentshi evela ezitokisini Polish, kwaye ndiwuhlutha nje naye ukutya kunye nezibonelelo kwintsimi yayo. Yiloo nto ayehlasela imikhosi uNapoleon kaThixo eRashiya kwakhokelela yengozi ngakumbi "Grand Army" Loo.

amandla Russian

IRussia ngexesha ubudlova malunga 300 lamawaka. Abantu ngemipu 900. Noko ke, umkhosi yahlukana. Okokuqala Western Army umthetho nguMphathiswa of War ngokwakhe. Ngokwamaqela Barclay de Tolly, kukho malunga 130 lamawaka. Man ngemipu 500. It Wasolula ukusuka Lithuania ukuya Grodno e Belarus. Okwesibini Western Army Bagration abantu abamalunga nama-50 amawaka -. Phezulu umgca ukuya kwimpuma Bialystok. Tormasov Okwesithathu umkhosi -. Kwaye malunga 50 amawaka abantu 168 nemipu - ngo Volyn. Kwakhona, amaqela amakhulu e Finland - nje ngaphambi kokuba imfazwe nxamnye Sweden - neCaucasus, apho iRussia ikhokele imfazwe Turkey, Iran lakwaNtu. Kwabakho iqela imikhosi zethu iDanube, phantsi ngokomlomo PV Admiral Chichagova kule mali ka-57 amawaka. Abantu ngemipu 200.

ehlasela UNapoleon ngayo eRashiya: ekuqaleni

Ngokuhlwa, Juni 11, 1812 angabalindi le Guards Life Cossack webutho, wafumanisa intshukumo ibitheni kwi Neman River. Ngokuhlwa, le sappers utshaba waqala ukwakha ukuwela kwi neekhilomitha ezintathu nomfula ukusuka kwi Kovno (langoku Kaunas, Lithuania). Ekudibaneni lomlambo yonke imikhosi bathabatha iintsuku ezi-4, kodwa French avant-garde waye Kovno kusasa ngomhla we-12 Juni. Alexander I ngelo xesha kwi ibhola e Vilna, apho ndachazelwa ngayo uhlaselo.

Ukusuka Niemen ku ESmolensk

Buyela ngoMeyi 1811, into ke leyo exela ithuba lokuhlasela uNapoleon ngayo eRashiya, Alexander I wathetha French Ambassador: "Siya kuba bhetele ukuya eKamchatka, kunokuba asayine uxolo ngoonobumba zethu Kuba siza ukulwa ebandayo kunye mmandla.".

Esi sicwangciso kusebenzise: amajoni Russian ngokukhawuleza lihambe ukusuka Niemen ukuya ESmolensk imikhosi emibini, ukuba angabi nako ukudibanisa. Zombini imikhosi zisoloko basenokuhlaselwa isiFrentshi. Kwakukho amadabi eziliqela apho Russian yaba umbingelelo amaqela rearguard yonke ukuze kwandiswe ixesha elide ukubamba amandla enkulu isiFrentshi, ukuze abanike lokuzikhumbuza kunye nemikhosi yethu engundoqo.

Ngo-Agasti 7, imfazwe yenzeke kufuphi neValutina Intaba, eyabizwa ngokuba yimfazwe yeSmolensk. UBarlay de Tolly wabumbene ngeli xesha kunye ne-Bagration kwaye wenza nemigudu emininzi yokulwa. Nangona kunjalo, zonke ezo zinto zazikhohlisa nje ezenza ukuba uNapoléon acinge ngedabi eliqhelekileyo elizayo kufuphi neSmolensk kwaye ahlanganisane iikholam ukusuka kumyalelo wokuhamba ukuya kumhlaseli. Kodwa umlawuli oyintloko waseRashiya wakhumbula umyalelo kaMbusi "andinayo impi," kwaye akazange alinge ukunikela imfazwe jikelele, ngokucacileyo ukuxela ukutshatyalaliswa kwangaphambili. Ngaphantsi kweSmolensk, amaFrentshi ahlupheka kakhulu. UBarlay de Tolly ngokwakhe wayengumsekeli wecala lokubuyela ekhaya, kodwa uluntu lonke lwaseRashiya lucinga ukuba lingumgqwetha kunye nomrhwebi wokubuyela kwakhe. Kwaye kuphela umbusi waseRashiya, owayesebalekile ngokusuka eAusterlitz esuka eNapoleon, waqhubeka ethemba umphathiswa. Ngoxa imikhosi yahlula, uBarlay de Tolly wayenokujamelana noburhalarha jikelele, kodwa ngokuhlanganisana komkhosi kufuphi neSmolensk wayesebenokumelana neqela likaMurat. Olu hlaselo lwadinga ngakumbi ukuzolalisa abalawuli baseRashiya, kunokuba banike imfazwe eqinile kwiFrentshi. Kodwa, nangona kunjalo, umphathiswa utyholwa ngokungahambi kakuhle, ukugweba, ukugweba. Kwakukho ukuphazamiseka kokugqibela kunye ne-Bagration, eyayihlaselela ngenzondelelo, kodwa ayikwazanga ukunika umyalelo, kuba wayifake ngokusemthethweni kwi-Barkal de Tolly. UNapoleon ngokwakhe wabonisa ukukhathazeka kwakhe kukuba amaRashiya awazange anike imfazwe jikelele, ekubeni ulawulo lwakhe olujikelezayo lwalunokubangela ukuba kuqhutywe kumaRashiya, ngenxa yoko umkhosi wethu wawuya kutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo.

Utshintsho lomlawuli oyintloko

Ngaphantsi kwengcinezelo evela kuluntu, uBarkalja de Tolly wayesalokhu enqatshelwe njengomphathi-oyintloko. Abalawuli baseRussia ngo-Agasti 1812 sele bexakeke ngokucacileyo yonke imiyalelo yakhe. Nangona kunjalo, umlawuli omtsha-mkhulu uMI. Kutuzov, ogunyaziwe lwalo lukhulu kwintlalo yaseRashiya, wanikela umyalelo wokuba uphumelele kwakhona. Kwaye ngo-Agasti 26 - nangaphantsi kwengcinezelo karhulumente - esasinikela imfazwe jikelele kufuphi neBorodino, ngenxa yoko amaRashiya ayanqotshwa kwaye aphuma eMoscow.

Iziphumo

Masibhale. Umhla wokuhlasela kwe-Napoleon yaseRashiya ngenye yeemeko ezibuhlungu kwimbali yelizwe lethu. Nangona kunjalo, esi siganeko sinegalelo ekukhuleni kwelizwe kuluntu, ukuhlanganiswa kwayo. U-Napoleon wayephosakele ngokuba umlimi waseRashiya wayeya kukhetha ukuqeda iseshishini ngokutshintshela ukuxhasa abahlali. Kwavela ukuba uluntu lwabantu baseburhulumenteni lugqithiseleyo kunokuba luphikisana phakathi kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho.