Iikhamera ze-USSR: I-FED, "iVoskhod", "iMoscow", "iZenith", "Smena"

I-Soviet Union yayidume ngembali yayo enezityebi kuzo zonke iindlela ngaphandle kokungafani. I-Cinema, isikhokelo, ubugcisa abuzange bushiywe ngaphandle. Iifoto-zengcali zizama ukuqhubeka zize zizukise amandla amakhulu kwi-front tech tech. Yaye ingqondo yeSoviet ingqungquthela yabalisa abafotozi be-amateur emhlabeni jikelele.

Iyintoni imfihlelo yempumelelo yabadali beekhamera? Ngenxa yezigidi zabantu abantu emhlabeni jikelele ngokungathi phantsi kwe-hypnosis bebukele ubugcisa beRussia? Ngenxa yoko iikhamera ze-USSR zaziwa emhlabeni wonke? Kule nqaku uza kubona kubo bonke ubuqaqawuli bayo.

"Cima"

Ngowe-1954 lo mzekelo wekhamera wawuqwalaselwa ngokwenene nophuhliso lwetheknoloji oluninzi kakhulu kwintsimi yobugcisa bezithombe. Ngokumalunga ne "Zorkom" phantse bonke abalingisi bezithombe, abahlali beefoto kunye nabasebenzi bezesayensi abaphuphayo. Isiseko sokusebenza ngokuphumelelayo kwesi sixhobo kusetyenziswe i-cassettes yengcali yezakhono.

Thatha iifoto usebenzisa ikhamera "Sharp", kwakunokwenzeka ngezandla ezimbini kwaye usebenzisa i-tripod. Kwimeko yokugqibela, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba iphantsi kwekhamera iyisiseko esikhethekileyo, esivumela ukuba inkxaso ifakwe ngokuqinile ngokukhawuleza. Icala lesikhumba lenze ukuba kube lula ukudubula ngaphandle kokukhipha ifowuni.

Ikhamera "Sharp" yaba ngumsebenzi wangempela wobunjineli. Kwinkqubo yokusebenza kunye naye, ukulandelelana okulandelayo kuphakanyisiwe:

1. Ukuba i-lens ehoxisiweyo ingeniswa kumatshini, yibeke kwindawo yokusebenza.
2. Enye yeendlela ezikhoyo zokugqiba ixesha lokubamba kweso sithuba esinikeziwe.
3. Hlela ukuvula kwilensi.
4. Qala i-bolt.
5. Hlela isivinini sokuvala.
6. Gxininisa i-lens ngobukhali.
7. Qala ukudubula ngokuchukumisa ngenyameko iqhosha.

Ukuthatha umfanekiso ngezandla zombini, kwakudingeka ukugcina ifowuni ngokuzithemba, kodwa ngaphandle kobunzima obungadingekile. Esi sixhobo sibonisa kwakhona ukuba iikhamera ze-USSR zifanelwe inhlonipho!

FED-2

Ikhamera ye-FED yinkqubo yobuchwephesha bezithombe, ezenziwe ngo-1952. Ngokwesimo kunye nokusebenza phakathi kwekhulu leminyaka elidlulileyo kwakukho uphuhliso olumangalisayo kwaye luhlala kwindawo ehloniphekileyo kwinqanaba "i-USSR ikhamera".

Ukudubula kunokuqhutyelwa kuyo nayiphi na indawo kunye nayiphi na indlela eyaziwayo ngelo xesha. Ifoto esheshayo, kunye ne-tripod, ngezandla, ngokunyamezela-nantoni na. Kwi-FED-2 kwakungekho nto engenakwenzeka. Wayeyithanda kakhulu intatheli kunye neefoto zabaculi ababethabathe imifanekiso yemifuno, imicimbi yezemidlalo kunye nama-panorama.

I-FED yenziwe kwimboni ekhethwe ngokukodwa ye-NKVD Troodkommuny ye-Ukrainian SSR. F. E. Dzerzhinsky ngokupheleleyo kwizinto ezibonakalayo zaseSoviet kunye nezinto eziphathekayo. Njengempahla engalunganga kuye, ifilimu ehambelana nemigangatho yayisetyenziswe kwiimitha eziyi-1.60 m, ezinikezela ukuhlawulwa ngexesha elifanayo kwezixhobo zokuvelisa iifoto ezingama-36.

Isiseko sokwakheka kwekhamera ye-FED-2 yimiqathango yokusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwezixhobo. Ngamanye amagama, xa uqala ukuvala i-shutter, umfaki-zifisi wabuyela ngokufanayo ifilimu waza wabala inani lemifanekiso ethathwe.

"EMoscow"

Ngo-1959 ikhamera ene-professional shutter "I-Moment-24C", ityala, i-coil yefilimu, intambo ye-trigger, ibhokisi yokudluliselwa kunye nokugcinwa, kunye nomyalelo ocacileyo kunye nepasipoti kunye nenkcazo yenkqubo yokusebenza ifakwe kwikiti kunye nale khamera.

Kwikhamera "yaseMoscow", umenzi wanikezela ngenkonzo yewaranti kwisithuba sonyaka owodwa emva kokuthenga, ngaphandle kokuba idivaysi ayivulekanga kwaye ingaqondwa ngaphandle kwesityalo.

Into ebalulekileyo yekhamera yayiyi-optics ephezulu. Kwakhona ukudibanisa okuhle kubo bonke abaxhamli bekungumzekelo wecala elithile legxala.

Ekuveleni kwalo mzekelo, iinjongo zaseSoviet zazikhupha ngokwenene. Ugxininiso olucacileyo, i-rangefinder kunye nesiseko esiphezulu sama-65 mm, kunye ne-shutter ephakathi, enezantya ezisibhozo zokuvala i-automatic shutter, kunye ne-flash synchronizer, ayikwazi ukushiya ukungabandakali naliphi na umfoto we-amateur kwi-USSR.

Ikhamera "yaseMoscow" inokuyenza imifanekiso engama-12 kwifomathi ye-6x6 cm ngaphandle kokuhlaziywa okongeziweyo. Ngoku ezi zibalo zinokubonakala zihlekisayo kuthi, kodwa ngo-1954 kwakukude kwindalo, apho, ngokuqinisekileyo, kulungele kwakhona ukubulela iinjongo zeSoviet eziye zavelisa iindlela ezichanekileyo kwiminyaka emva kwempi. Esi sixhobo sizukisa iikhamera ze-USSR, sibancedise ukuba bahlale kwindawo ephakamileyo eluhlu lwezinto ezilungileyo kwihlabathi!

"Zenith"

"Zenith" yayiyinkalo yezixhobo zesikrini. Yenzelwe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokudubula kwaye iyakwazi ukuxhasa umbala kunye nomfanekiso omnyama nomhlophe. Abantu abasebenzisa le fowuni badla ngokuchazwa ngamagama amabini: i-photographer yomtsalane onamandla. Ngaloo ndlela imodeli endala ye "Zenith" yayisinzima kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa kwi-photographer eqhelekileyo kwaye ingabi ngempumelelo kwi-photojournalist yezobugcisa, ngoko yahlulwa ngokuthi "ngaphezu komyinge".

Inzuzo ebalulekileyo yalo mzekelo ngokuqinisekileyo yayiyi-mirror ye-focus focus. Ivumelekile kwimodi eqhubekayo ukugcina into, kugxininisa ubuchule kunye nokwandisa ukucaca nokucaca komfanekiso. Ikhamera endala "iZenith" ingasetyenziselwa iilensi ezivela kwi-37 ukuya ku-1000 mm ubude obude, kunye neendandatho ezizodwa ezivumela ukuvelisa nokususa izinto ezincinci-ezibizwa ngokuba yi-macro kunye ne-micro shots.

"Smena-2"

Ikhamera "iSmena-2" yile klasini yezixhobo ezincinci. Inomxholo oqinileyo, injongo ephambili ye-photography. Kwixesha lamaSoviet, oogqirha bawuphepha lo mzekelo. Ngeenjongo zabo, kwakunzima kakhulu, nangona, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba iziqhelo eziqhelekileyo ukusebenza kwazo kwakulula kwaye zenzekile.

Le khamera yayixutywe kunye nepasipoti yezobuchwepheshe, kunye nenjongo eyenza lula ukudala izilwanyana ezi-othomathiki ezihlanu ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nenani elingenanto. Esi sixhobo saye saxhotyiswa ngomsebenzi we-self-timer kunye ne-synchronizer ekhethekileyo ekusebenzeni ngesibane esikhanyayo.

Ngokujikeleza i-lens, kwakulula ukukhupha into efunwayo. Imida yomfanekiso ofanayo yayibhalwe ngekhompyutheni isebenzisa injini yokukhangela, eyayiqala kwikhamera "iSmena-2." Le sixhobo ingahlawulwa ngaphandle kweengxaki ekukhanyeni, nto leyo ibalulekile. Ukongezelela, ixhotywe ngeendlela ezikhethekileyo zokubuyisela kwakhona ifilimu kwisakhelo esisodwa kuphela, okwakusenokwenzeka ukuba uphuhliso lwezobugcisa obuphakathi kwe-20 leminyaka.

"ISputnik"

Ukumemezela ukukhululwa komzekelo olandelayo wekhamera "Sputnik", umenzi wachaza iindawo ezibanzi malunga ne-so-called stereokomplekt. Abavelisi bathi iifoto ezikhethekileyo ziza kunceda ukwenza imifanekiso eya kunika ukubonakaliswa okwenene kwendawo yezinto, izinto kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo.

Kule kethi kwakukho ngqo ikhamera ngokwayo, "Sputnik", kwakunye nesakhelo esikhethekileyo sokukopisha kunye ne-stereoscope. Ngoncedo lwe "Sputnik", umfanekiso ufunyenwe, uqulethe iifoto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, xa ucinga ukuba ubani unokubona ukudibanisa, umfanekiso wesithathu. Ngokwababoni bokuzibonela, lo mboniso wawumnandi. Ikhamera ngokwayo inokuhlawulwa ngefilimu eqhelekileyo. Umfaki-zithombe angenza ama-6 akhethiweyo ama-stereoscopic ozimele okanye ezi-12 eziqhelekileyo. Ukongezelela, lo mzekelo wawuxhotyiswe ngomsebenzi wezityalo ezizenzekelayo, okwenze ukuba iifestile zisebenze emva kwemizuzwana engama-7-8. Ngaphambili, iikhamera ze-USSR azikwazanga ukuziqhayisa ngohlobo olunjalo.

"Ukuphuma kwelanga"

"Ukuphuma kwelanga" kwaveliswa kwi-USSR ngexesha eliqala ukususela ngo-1964 ukuya ku-1968 kwisixeko saseLeningrad, kwimbutho ye-Optical kunye neMechanical Association egama linguLenin. Le yunithi inomzimba okhangelekayo, ngokusekelwe kwintsimbi ye-aluminium kunye nodonga lwangaphambili oluvulekileyo (ngendlela, kwakulungeleka kakhulu). Ukubuyiselwa kwakhona kwefilimu, kunye ne-platoon ye-apparatus, kwenzelwa ngoncedo lwe-trigger.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-trigger yayisemgangathweni yecala, into engavamile kakhulu kwiimodeli zelo xesha. Ikhamera "Voskhod" yayinebunzima be-850 amagremu kwaye yayinokukwazi ukudubula ifowuni yobukhulu obungama-24x36 mm usebenzisa i-flash kunye neenkcukacha zokudibanisa kwiindidi "X" kunye "M".

Inqaku elithandekayo

Ngokuqinisekileyo, oku kukhangeleka, akuyikho imodeli ethandwa kakhulu ngelo xesha kwiSoviet Union eneenombolo ezipheleleyo ezikhutshwe ngamacala angama-59,225. Ngokungafani nezinye iimodeli, le khamera inako kwaye ithengwa ngokulula kumazwe aseRashiya nakwa-CIS. Kuze kube ngoku, inani elikhulu lemisebenzi elungileyo ye "Sunrise" ligcinwe.

Siyakhumbula, siyaziqhayisa

Kule nqaku, iimpawu zobugcisa, iimpawu kunye nezinto ezinomdla zeekhamera eziqhelekileyo zeSoviet zazingcoliswa. Ngokuqinisekileyo, inkqubela ayizange iqhubeke, kwaye, ngokuqonda le nto, ndifuna kwakhona ukuphawula umsebenzi weenjini zeSoviet. Kwabulela kwimigudu yabo yokuba iiKhamera zaseSoviet zazingenamahloni okubonisa kubangaphandle, kwaye iifoto ezithathwe ngoncedo zazo ziphezulu kakhulu!